Networks, Network Governance, and Networked Networks
In: International review of public administration: IRPA ; journal of the Korean Association for Public Administration, Band 11, Heft 1, S. 19-34
ISSN: 2331-7795
In: International review of public administration: IRPA ; journal of the Korean Association for Public Administration, Band 11, Heft 1, S. 19-34
ISSN: 2331-7795
In: Lecture notes in social networks
Networks and Network Analysis for Defence and Security discusses relevant theoretical frameworks and applications of network analysis in support of the defence and security domains. This book details real world applications of network analysis to support defence and security. Shocks to regional, national and global systems stemming from natural hazards, acts of armed violence, terrorism and serious and organized crime have significant defence and security implications. Today, nations face an uncertain and complex security landscape in which threats impact/target the physical, social, economic and cyber domains. Threats to national security, such as that against critical infrastructures not only stem from man-made acts but also from natural hazards. Katrina (2005), Fukushima (2011) and Hurricane Sandy (2012) are examples highlighting the vulnerability of critical infrastructures to natural hazards and the crippling effect they have on the social and economic well-being of a community and a nation. With this dynamic and complex threat landscape, network analysis has emerged as a key enabler in supporting defence and security. With the advent of 'big data' and increasing processing power, network analysis can reveal insights with regards to structural and dynamic properties thereby facilitating greater understanding of complex networks, their entities, interdependencies, vulnerabilities to produce insights for creative solutions. This book will be well positioned to inform defence, security and intelligence professionals and researchers with regards to leading methodologies and approaches.
In: Perspectives on public management and governance: PPMG, Band 2, Heft 3, S. 213-233
ISSN: 2398-4929
AbstractIn light of the burgeoning literature in whole, goal-directed networks for managing wicked problems in public management, it is timely to examine the theoretical evolution that has both shaped and constrained our understanding of these networks. In this article, we argue that contemporary study of whole networks has been dominated by an internal theoretical lens aimed at understanding how internal characteristics influence network functioning and effectiveness. This perspective assumes networks operate in differentiated environments rather than emphasizing interdependence as part of a broader ecology—networks of networks. In this article, we draw from population ecology to introduce the concept of network domains and offer evidence drawn from a population of 60 health-oriented networks in three counties to illustrate domain level characteristics. Using an inductive mode of theorizing, we leverage insights from these domains to consider population dynamics and pose propositions for advancing a program of study into domain level characteristics that may shape and constrain whole networks and their members.
In: Brock , A L 2018 , Networks . in W A Pettigrew & D Veevers (eds) , The Corporation as a Protagonist in Global History, c. 1550-1750 . Brill , Leiden, Netherlands , Global Economic History Series , vol. 16 , pp. 96-115 .
The chapter explores how trading companies relied on global networks to ply their trade and secure the position far from British shores. The companies constituted a very fertile and durable global space for exchange and dissemination of commodities, information and ideas over large distances. To successfully do this, the forming and strengthening of networks with other numerous agents, companies, and English trading companies with knowledge of long distance extra-European trade became increasingly important. Between 1550–1750 new connections were formed to answer the changing political and commercial realities globally and domestically. England developed from a peripheral power in Europe to a country at the centre of a global commercial imperial web. Corporate interests spanned from America and the Caribbean to South-East Asia and from Russia to southern Africa. The early modern corporations were created by networks and would come to facilitate a space globally where new networks were formed and, in time, strengthen the corporations.
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In: In: Rasche, Andreas/Kell, Georg (Eds.): The United Nations Global Compact: Achievements, Trends and Challenges, Cambridge 2010, pp. 340-354.
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In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies
"Networks" published on by Oxford University Press.
This deliverable describes the methodological approach for the network and stakeholder selection for setting up an online network of networks for the Forum and Observatory. The names of the stakeholders are on a protected online registry and can only be accessed by project partners with permission. The report examines five main features of RRI networks: the main actors, the theoretical structures, the funding sources, the dissemination structures, and the possibility of expanding RRI beyond the European context. Six main actor groups in RRI networks are distinguished: national governments; regional governments; international governmental organisations; civil society actors; businesses, scientific research projects, and policy researchers. Although RRI has emerged recently as a theoretical approach, the number of definitions of the concept has proliferated quite rapidly – as is shown in the discussion of RRI theories later in this deliverable. In terms of constructing a network, this raises something of a dilemma. At present, the main sources of funding for RRI networks and projects have been regional (i.e. EU) and national government funding bodies with some extra support from independent research bodies and foundations. Some RRI projects have succeeded in obtaining funding from businesses and private sources – obtaining such funding seems vital for the long term sustainability of the Forum and Observatory. Existing dissemination structures for RRI are the funding streams for RRI, in addition to online sources such as blogs and forums, and conferences. It is argued that such structures are potentially effective but need more co-ordination and a focus in an overarching structure to avoid fragmentation. Increasing attention is being paid to the possibility of expanding RRI beyond the European context – for example, through governance structures at the global level in the Progress project. Given that RRI is still an emergent concept and is not clearly defined [1] there is currently room to address a range of different conceptions from both within and beyond the European context – this is something that may need to be taken into account in the design of the forum.
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In: Public administration: an international journal, Band 84, Heft 3, S. 673-691
ISSN: 1467-9299
This paper challenges a common understanding, implicit in many governance studies, that once policy networks are in place, the form of governing that follows is network governing. It is argued that policy networks may be understood as a way of organizing stakeholders and only under specific conditions may the governing mode in which the networks operate be termed network governing. Consequently, policy networks may subsist under other governing modes, for example, under a hierarchical mode. The present study uses actor‐centred case studies in the area of Danish employment policy. Employment policy in Denmark is municipally implemented and the study found that the local governing mode was determined mainly by the municipality's approach to local co‐governing. Less important, but nevertheless significant, is the capacity and interest of key private actors. Thus it is argued that nationally mandated local policy networks are insufficient in themselves to assure network governing in all settings. The reasons hierarchical governing modes prevail over those of network governing are identified and discussed in terms of agency and structure.
In: http://hdl.handle.net/1885/95464
Role of Project On Monday, 1 September 2014, the Australian Capital Territory Internal Omnibus Network (ACTION) launched Network 14, promising more direct, more frequent and better alignment between weekday and weekend routes (ACTION, 2014c). The redesign also reduces services in the evenings and the inter-peak, but significantly increases those during weekends. This report evaluates Network 14 with reference to Network 12, and the public transport vision as set out in Transport for Canberra (ACT Government, 2012c). This takes place through a mixed methods approach, combining an analysis of community consultation as part of the network implementation, anecdotal evidence from Network 14 customer interface, and a detailed study of route coverage, resource allocation and patronage trends using ACTION's critical business systems, including HASTUS and netBI. Patronage trends formed the primary point of analysis, and were identified at various temporal scales, by suburb and district, at bus stations and corridors, as well as in particular scenarios where network planning principles could be tested. Such included the impact of adding routes, withdrawing routes, as well as the effects of introducing and discontinuing through-routing. Summary of Key Findings • An increased focus from an all-day to a peak-first network has not hurt patronage to the extent expected, but a continued trend in this direction is ill-advised • Investments in the weekend network have paid off, where patronage has increased by 10.2 percent • Through-routing does work, as evident by a 43 percent patronage increase seen when introduced, and a 30 percent patronage drop when discontinued • Effective information design is critical, as embodied by the success of Route 250 in generating 30 to 45 percent additional trips between Belconnen and Gungahlin town centres • A range of unexplained anomalies in patronage trends have been identified, including an imbalance of outbound and inbound trips, as well as origin and destination passengers Recommendations for ACTION The following recommendations are devised based on the discussion in Chapter 6: • Simplify the network- Run less routes at a higher frequency Layer routes onto corridors to improve effective frequency Reduce the number of trip variants Through-route all-day along the Blue and Red Rapid corridors, supplementing the trunks with additional services (Routes 300 and 200 respectively) during the peaks Operate this weekday network at a reduced frequency on weekends • Improve information design- Redesign timetables and destination signs on buses Introduce frequent network branding incorporating frequency mapping Rationalise routes and route numbers Use NXTBUS to its full potential, for instance by displaying connection information in real time • Implement the bold reforms- Argue the case that mass transit exists to serve the masses Change community expectations by incorporating roads into any discussion of 'equity' in the provision of public transport Redesign future networks without fear of community pressure Challenge established work practices and refrain from predicting union reaction • Consider the benefits of franchising- A new Transport for Canberra agency can set Service Level Agreements (SLAs) for operators, with penalties and incentives in place for meeting Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Franchising has cut costs around Australia whilst modernising work practices (TTF Australia, 2012) Savings can be reinvested back into the network
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In: Policy studies journal: the journal of the Policy Studies Organization, Band 36, Heft 4, S. 497-524
ISSN: 1541-0072
The importance of policy networks has long been emphasized within the field of policy analysis. However, few attempts have been made to investigate the explanatory power of policy networks using the tools and theoretical concepts provided by social network analysis (SNA). This paper aims to address this need by determining if a relationship exists between the structural features of policy networks, their organizing capacities, and their performance. A comparative case study of four networks within the higher education policy sector confirms the assumption related to the existence of such a relation. It is proposed that an efficient and innovative policy network consists of a heterogeneous set of actors that are centrally and densely integrated. Furthermore, while the level of network heterogeneity is positively related to the function of resource mobilization in the process of policymaking, the level of centralized integration promotes the function of prioritizing. These findings are believed to contribute to our understanding of policymaking in contemporary society. The current paper indicates that a significant explanatory power exists in the concept of policy networks and that SNA is one way of advancing its possibilities. Adapted from the source document.
The study of networks, including computer networks, social networks, and biological networks, has attracted enormous interest in recent years. The rise of the Internet and the wide availability of inexpensive computers have made it possible to gather and analyse network data on an unprecendented scale, and the development of new theoretical tools has allowed us to extract knowledge from networks of many different kinds. The study of networks is broadly interdisciplinary and developments have occurred in many fields, including mathematics, physics, computer and information sciences, biology, and the social science. This text brings together the most important breakthroughts in each of these fields and presents them in a unified fashion, highlighting the strong interconnections between work in different areas
In: TILEC Discussion Paper No. 2018-001
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Working paper
In: Policy Networks in British Government, S. 124-148
In: Lecture Notes in Social Networks
In: Lecture Notes in Social Networks Ser.
This book presents a perspective of network analysis as a tool to find and quantify significant structures in the interaction patterns between different types of entities. Moreover, network analysis provides the basic means to relate these structures to properties of the entities. It has proven itself to be useful for the analysis of biological and social networks, but also for networks describing complex systems in economy, psychology, geography, and various other fields. Today, network analysis packages in the open-source platform R and other open-source software projects enable scientists from all fields to quickly apply network analytic methods to their data sets. Altogether, these applications offer such a wealth of network analytic methods that it can be overwhelming for someone just entering this field. This book provides a road map through this jungle of network analytic methods, offers advice on how to pick the best method for a given network analytic project, and how to avoid common pitfalls. It introduces the methods which are most often used to analyze complex networks, e.g., different global network measures, types of random graph models, centrality indices, and networks motifs. In addition to introducing these methods, the central focus is on network analysis literacy - the competence to decide when to use which of these methods for which type of question. Furthermore, the book intends to increase the reader's competence to read original literature on network analysis by providing a glossary and intensive translation of formal notation and mathematical symbols in everyday speech. Different aspects of network analysis literacy - understanding formal definitions, programming tasks, or the analysis of structural measures and their interpretation - are deepened in various exercises with provided solutions. This text is an excellent, if not the best starting point for all scientists who want to harness the power of network analysis for their field of expertise.