Suchergebnisse

Cet ouvrage offre un tour d'horizon des questions relatives à la neutralité et à l'ouverture d'internet: liberté d'information, non-discrimination dans l'accès à internet, problèmes de concurrence et de régulation dans une perspective comparative

Since Raymond Aron's preface to Max Weber's book, Le savant et le politique, published in 1959 at Plon in a translation of Julien Freund, the idea has long emerged that the German sociologist would have fundamentally defended the incompatibility of the virtues of politics with those of the savant. The book brings together two Max Weber conferences at different times and contexts: The profession and motherhood declared on 7 November 1917 in Munich, one year before the end of the First World War and the defeat of the German Reich, at the invitation of the Bavarian Committee of the Free Students' Association; The profession and political vocation, on 28 January 1919 within the same framework but in a completely different context, in the midst of the revolution of the Councils (Aron, 1990 [1959]: 8). A few years later, Wertfreiheit's concept of Wertfreiheit, which strictly means that there is no value judgment (the adjective wertfrei means free value judgement), is translated as 'axiological neutrality'. Julien Freund takes over the expression Axiological neutrality used in 1949 in the first American translation of the Der Sinn der Wertfreiheit der soziologischen und ökonomischen Wissenschaften ('Test on the meaning of 'axiological neutrality' in sociological and economic sciences') published in 1917. The theme of supposedly neutral skavant will now be sustainable, especially in French-speaking social sciences. Aron is part of the approach opened by the functionalist sociology of the United States, in particular Talcott Parsons, which instrumentalisa Max Weber to promote sociology favourable to the established social order. ; International audience ; Since Raymond Aron's preface to Max Weber's book, Le savant et le politique, published in 1959 at Plon in a translation of Julien Freund, the idea has long emerged that the German sociologist would have fundamentally defended the incompatibility of the virtues of politics with those of the savant. The book brings together two Max Weber conferences at different times and ...

La neutralidad religiosa del Estado liberal — que fue una neutralidad por ignorancia - ya no es eficaz en el marco del Estado contemporáneo. En efecto, el principio según el cual el Estado necesita intervenir para satisfecer las necesidades de los ciudadanos tiene también aplicación en lo religioso. ¿ Pero de qué manera esta neutralidad intervencionista puede realizarse ? El ejemplo de Italia enseña que el Estado no es neutro ni respecto a lo religioso en general, ni respecto a las confesiones religiosas. El Estado es en realidad pluriconfesional. Considera positivamente la religión en general, pero no sostiene una confesión única (como en el pasado) sino diferentes confesiones (aunque queden algunas confesiones excluidas). En este contexto, la palabra « neutralidad » solo puede definir una manera de proceder, con el objetivo de garantizar que los poderes públicos no se identifiquen con uno de los diferentes grupos en el interior de la sociedad, que el Estadotome en cuenta las demandas procedentes de la misma y que ponga sus estructuras y sus medios a disposición de los grupos religiosos con imparcialidad.

La manière dont sont formulées bien des exigences de "neutralité de l'Etat" dans le débat public est souvent ambiguë. Ces exigences, dans beaucoup de cas visent les citoyens ordinaires tout autant que l'Etat. Elles manquent de fondement normatif et elles ne correspondent pas toujours aux pratiques réelles (et consensuelles) au sein de nos sociétés. Elles semblent parfois taillées sur mesure pour la défense de ce que Jean Baubérot appelle "le communautarisme républicain" et que l'on pourrait baptiser, en Belgique "communautarisme laïque".

This thesis aims to investigate on the validity of monetary neutrality hypothesis in CFA zone, in respect with the new neoclassical synthesis (Goodfriend and King, 2000) and his resurgence due to the extension of monetary unions. In short run, nominal rigidities may induce some real effects of monetary policy due to information asymmetries, prices viscosities or rigidities [Gordon (1980), Akerlof and Yellen (1977), Mankiw and Reis (2002)]. This confers a capability of managing negative effects of business cycles to monetary policy, with respect to the necessity of tying down agents expectations and knowing monetary transmission mechanism. In long run, monetary neutrality hypothesis steel holds, justifying the necessity to target and inflation rate around the natural rate of unemployment, as preconized by Milton Friedman (1968) and Edmund Phelps (1968). This inflation-unemployment trade-off, a fundamental relationship of macroeconomic models suppose for a full employment equilibrium that the medium or long run inflation target corresponds to the intersection of short run Phillips curve to the long run one: "a natural rate of inflation". The above trade-off between inflation and unemployment may seem somewhat problematic in monetary unions, due to the diversity of Phillips curves with respect to time and space. This difficulty may be overcome in an optimal currency area, as defined by Robert Mundell (1961), Ronald McKinnon (1963) and Peter Kenen (1969). Unfortunately, CFA zone has been and steel mostly a simple monetary bloc, due to the unification of exchange rate rules as pointed by Philippe Hugon (1997). For Ondo Ossa (2000), rather than standard criterion, his optimality may be found on solidarity. Chico Eboué (2000, 2002) claims the goals of monetary policy of the zone induces a bias against inflation, traducing a preference for unemployment over inflation for growth. Also, it results an exchange constraint and a reserve constraint witch induce an excessive accumulation of reserve as in currency board, ...

This thesis aims to investigate on the validity of monetary neutrality hypothesis in CFA zone, in respect with the new neoclassical synthesis (Goodfriend and King, 2000) and his resurgence due to the extension of monetary unions. In short run, nominal rigidities may induce some real effects of monetary policy due to information asymmetries, prices viscosities or rigidities [Gordon (1980), Akerlof and Yellen (1977), Mankiw and Reis (2002)]. This confers a capability of managing negative effects of business cycles to monetary policy, with respect to the necessity of tying down agents expectations and knowing monetary transmission mechanism. In long run, monetary neutrality hypothesis steel holds, justifying the necessity to target and inflation rate around the natural rate of unemployment, as preconized by Milton Friedman (1968) and Edmund Phelps (1968). This inflation-unemployment trade-off, a fundamental relationship of macroeconomic models suppose for a full employment equilibrium that the medium or long run inflation target corresponds to the intersection of short run Phillips curve to the long run one: "a natural rate of inflation". The above trade-off between inflation and unemployment may seem somewhat problematic in monetary unions, due to the diversity of Phillips curves with respect to time and space. This difficulty may be overcome in an optimal currency area, as defined by Robert Mundell (1961), Ronald McKinnon (1963) and Peter Kenen (1969). Unfortunately, CFA zone has been and steel mostly a simple monetary bloc, due to the unification of exchange rate rules as pointed by Philippe Hugon (1997). For Ondo Ossa (2000), rather than standard criterion, his optimality may be found on solidarity. Chico Eboué (2000, 2002) claims the goals of monetary policy of the zone induces a bias against inflation, traducing a preference for unemployment over inflation for growth. Also, it results an exchange constraint and a reserve constraint witch induce an excessive accumulation of reserve as in currency board, ...

Switzerland definitively adopted, on 25 September 2020, a law adapting its federal law to distributed ledger technology (DLT). As the European Commission had just tabled its own proposal for a legislative package on crypto-assets the day before, the scheme devised by Switzerland, not constrained by EU law but with a sophisticated financial market, deserves consideration. ; Switzerland definitively adopted, on September 25, 2020, a law adapting its federal law to distributed ledger technology (DLT). While the European Commission had just presented, the day before, its own proposal for a legislative package on crypto-assets, the framework designed by Switzerland, a country not constrained by European law, but endowed with a sophisticated financial market, deserves an exam. ; Switzerland definitively adopted, on 25 September 2020, a law adapting its federal law to distributed ledger technology (DLT). As the European Commission had just tabled its own proposal for a legislative package on crypto-assets the day before, the scheme devised by Switzerland, not constrained by EU law but with a sophisticated financial market, deserves consideration. ; La Suisse a adopté définitivement, le 25 septembre 2020, une loi d'adaptation de son droit fédéral à la technologie des registres distribués (TRD). Alors que la Commission européenne venait de déposer, la veille, sa propre proposition d'un paquet législatif sur les crypto-actifs, le dispositif conçu par la Suisse, non contrainte par le droit européen, mais dotée d'un marché financier sophistiqué, mérite un examen.

La neutralité de l'Etat en RFA, définie par la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel constitue un élément pivot du droit allemand. Ce principe doit s'interpréter dans le cadre d'une prise en compte de l'Etat pluraliste. L'Etat reste certes neutre en matière religieuse et idéologique tout en soutenant activement la mise en oeuvre des libertés dont fait partie la liberté religieuse. Le rôle de l'Etat est aussi d'aménager un espace de liberté aux divers secteurs d'activité de la société tout en favorisant la recherche d'un équilibre entre ces secteurs.

in the field of managing discrimination on grounds of religion in business, the concept of neutrality is all. but neutral. Formalised in legal language through regulations, charters and other employment contracts, convictional neutrality is a tool used by the company to formalise its policy towards both its employees and its clients. However, its indiscriminate application is questionable. In France and Belgium, a series of judicial cases make it possible to understand how the use of religious neutrality within the company works and its consequences for the religious freedom of employees and the fight against discrimination. ; Dans le domaine de la gestion des discriminations pour motif de religion dans l'entreprise, la mobilisation de la notion de neutralité est tout… sauf neutre. Formalisée en langage juridique par des règlements, des chartes et autres contrats de travail, la neutralité convictionnelle représente un outil mobilisé par l'entreprise pour formaliser sa politique à l'égard de ses salariés comme de ses clients. Cependant, son application indifférenciée est sujette à caution. En France comme en Belgique, une série d'affaires judiciaires permet de comprendre le fonctionnement du recours à la neutralité religieuse au sein de l'entreprise et ses conséquences vis-à-vis de la liberté religieuse des salariés et de la lutte contre les discriminations.