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The present article reflects on the claiming "movements" for the social development of Sub-Saharan Africa seen from the discourses of the leaders: an internal colonialism? in the context of social progress, checking the discourses of the leaders in the period between (1957 - 2021) in a historical-social and political perspective, a work that was developed within the framework of a module of the PhD programmer. In relation to the objectives, we sought to question whether or not it is colonial continuities that condition the advance and retreat of the African continent south of the Sahara in matters of social development. The choice of theme is justified because there are many contradictions between the speeches made by African leaders during the period of the struggle for independence where they guaranteed the well-being of the population, which reached its peak in the 1960s, and the implementation of commitments made and which are embodied in the charter of the Organization of African Unity, now the African Union. Methodologically, the study was based on descriptive research with a qualitative approach. We also used specialized bibliography on the subject. We also made use of direct observation through news broadcast on various national and international television and radio stations. Finally, we also made use of the information available on the websites of institutions we consider to be reliable, which periodically publish reports on the social situation of the countries in this region. Regarding the results, we note that the speeches proclaimed by the leaders of this geographical space are adverse to social, economic and political emancipation, conditioned in part by the former colonies that still exert certain influences. We also note that there is a lack of feasible public policies from the African governments themselves to satisfy the primary needs of their populations.

APRESENTAM-SE subsídios para o debate sobre políticas de migração internacional que já se estende para movimentos sociais de expressivos contingentes documentados e não-documentados nos principais países de destino. Recomendações de organismos internacionais defendem políticas migratórias em termos de direitos humanos e na supervisão de remessas, consideradas um dos aspectos positivos das migrações e auxílio no combate à pobreza dos países de origem. O contraponto com formulações teóricas sobre o fenômeno evidencia incoerências e inviabilidades dessas propostas se não forem articuladas com esforços para o desenvolvimento econômico e social dos países envolvidos. ; THE TEXT presents arguments for the debate concerning international migration policies; this debate, nowadays, involve social movements of increasing number of documented and undocumented migrants in the main destination countries. International organisms recommend migration policies based on human rights and remittances, considered as a way of reducing poverty in origin countries. Nevertheless, considering theoretical approaches and recent mass movements we can argue about the viability of the propositions as well as the necessity of also considering the structural conditions for the development efforts in these countries as a fundamental manner of combating poverty and improving their level of life.

The aim of this work is to understand the ideological processes in the relationship between Brazilian State and social movements during Lula and Dilma Rousseff Governments until June 2013. For this purpose, we will see that there are some subjects that enjoy themselves when join any cynical apparatuses in the capitalist society, and also identified themselves with this lifestyle. On the other side, there are subjects that are indignant with this situation and seek to politically organize themselves, in this case in social movements. The article discusses these politically organized subjects, since the Brazilian State uses the "engodo" to put them in the cynical logic of capitalist social control. In this logic, the "engodo" is a discursive formation that puts at stake a symbolic and imaginary dimension for one to take cynically the other as object of his satisfaction. ; O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender os processos ideológicos presentes na relação entre o Estado brasileiro e movimentos sociais durante os governos Lula e Dilma até junho de 2013. Para isso, veremos que há alguns sujeitos que gozam quando aderem a todo aparato cínico presente na sociedade capitalista e ainda se identificam com esse modo de vida. Por outro lado, há sujeitos que se indignam com essa situação e buscam se organizar politicamente, neste caso em movimentos sociais. Tratamos sobre esses sujeitos que se organizam politicamente, porque eles também sofrem as investidas do Estado brasileiro que usa do engodo para colocá-los na lógica cínica de controle social capitalista. Nessa lógica, o engodo é uma formação discursiva que coloca em jogo uma dimensão simbólica e imaginária para tomar cinicamente o outro como objeto de sua satisfação.

Occupational divisions in any country are understood largely as change in the activities of the membersin a given society and the way to earn their livelihood. Mostly, the change is observed in terms of changes in the distribution activities in the socio-economic structure of the society. India is a traditional caste-based society and so it is pertinent to describe occupational activities in terms of socio-cultural rather than the socio-economic structure. The socio-cultural implications of these occupational changes of the communities' opted alternative occupational options and understanding their development, requires interrelations of various aspects with holistic approach. The researchers felt that there is inadequacy of empirical studies relating to socio-cultural, economic and political attributes of different occupational groups. The point of departure of this paper is the caste affirmation and its ramifications on traditional communities by claiming their traditional occupations for new social identity. This affirmation in turn is expected to lead to a shift in the socio-political relationships of the community with the other dominant communities in social hierarchy. In India, occupational changes are taking place more widely than statistical changes and emerging with alternative social movement. This paper also critically analyses the existing caste theories, lacuna in the existing nomenclature, and gives a glimpse of Constitutional Privileges and their reflection on contemporary Government Orders (GOs) with special reference to a community (Scheduled Caste) in Tamil Nadu (State in South India). The paper empirically validates the emerging alternative collective social movement of a community, their social status through traditional occupation, knowledge system and their resistance to inclusion in the existing nomenclature

In this paper, the child participation in collective actions in dialog with the academic production about the Movimento Nacional de Meninos e Meninas de Rua (MNMMR) - National Movement of Street Boys and Girls - and the Sem Terrinha - Little Landless -, a collective of children linked to the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) - Landless Workers' Movement is analyzed. The text seeks to reveal the participation of children in each movement, in the tension between the legal provisions on the rights of the child and their concrete experiences. When seeking to understand the meaning of fulfilling children's rights in their daily lives, the perspective of rights governance, the relationship with the State and the political dimension stand out in each movement. The intent was to discuss the conceptions of participation and "protagonismo" faced by the hierarchical relations of power between adults and children, both in the organization and management of movements and in the legitimation of discourses. Thus, the work contributes to the theories of the studies of social movements and collective actions, since it demonstrates that the concepts of agency and participation cannot be taken as a priori assumptions, as they demand analysis of the conditions and contradictions for their effectiveness. In this direction, the understanding of the child as a social actor is revealed, in both movements, as a way of overcoming the victim mentality in order to occupy the place of a subject who collectively fights for his/her rights. ; Este artigo analisa a participação da criança em ações coletivas, em diálogo com a produção acadêmica acerca do Movimento Nacional de Meninos e Meninas de Rua (MNMMR) e os Sem Terrinha, coletivo infantil vinculado ao Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST). O texto busca desvelar a participação das crianças em cada movimento, na tensão entre os marcos legais sobre os direitos da criança e suas experiências concretas. Ao buscar compreender o significado de fazer os direitos das crianças em sua vida cotidiana, destaca-se, em cada movimento, a perspectiva da governança de direitos, da relação com o Estado e a dimensão política. Procurou-se discutir as concepções de participação e protagonismo tensionadas pelas relações hierárquicas de poder entre adultos e crianças, tanto na organização e gestão dos movimentos quanto na legitimação dos discursos. Assim, o trabalho contribui para as teorizações dos estudos dos movimentos sociais e de ações coletivas demonstrando que os conceitos de agência e participação não podem ser tomados como pressupostos apriorísticos, mas que demandam análise das condições e contradições para sua efetivação. Nessa direção, a compreensão da criança como ator social revela-se, em ambos os movimentos, como forma de superação do lugar de vítima para o lugar de sujeito que luta coletivamente por seus direitos.

O artigo analisa o fenômeno da abolição da escravidão no Brasil a partir de uma sociologia política relacional. De um lado, o abolicionismo é analisado como parte de uma dinâmica que envolvia instituições políticas, espaço público e clandestinidade, arenas nas quais se travou o jogo entre movimento, Estado e contramovimento escravista. De outro lado, a análise insere o movimento em seu contexto internacional, apontando a apropriação do repertório de experiências abolicionistas estrangeiras por ativistas brasileiros. O objetivo é evidenciar a modernidade e a relevância do movimento abolicionista nacional para o processo político de abolição da escravidão.

Introduction: in health promotion, practices are necessary to trigger mechanisms aimed at the creation or recreation of a new mode of enhancing health, in order to overcome the still-oriented actions of the biological approach. Prevailing actions oh health care, although important to the sector, do not advance toward a positive concept. Objective: to analyse the historical process of health as a concept and care models in the search for a new model of health promotion. Methods: This is a refl ective review designed to understand and appraise the international and national literature from Medline/PubMed, Lilacs and the Scientifi c Electronic Library (Scielo). For the organization of data, articles were separated by themes, and the process of categorisation was conducted based on content analysis.Results: Despite having the knowledge that consistent actions with the assumptions of health promotion are of great importance to quality of life and equity in health, implementing them remains a challenge due to the predominance of curative practices and an individualistic approach. These practices, in turn, are revealed to be a refl ection of the concept of health that has passed from the absence of disease to a process related to social, political, economic and cultural factors. Conclusion: The concept of health has been transformed from historical ideas, refl ecting the emergence of new formulations about thinking and doing and, consequently, new proposals for changes in welfare models of health. Therefore, although the new model of healthcare has been structured from a health promotion perspective; there are still features of hegemonic models with the predominance of curative practices.

This article has as goal to analyze the contributions of rural social movements to the construction of inclusive educational policies from the 90's of the 20th century, a period that in Brazil and Latin America the neoliberal policy was underway in all dimensions of society redesigned the state action. It is in this period, too, that the rural social movements place, with greater emphasis, in the political agenda of their organizations, formal education as a banner of struggle. The research, based on bibliography and documents, mapped the collective actions developed by the Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST) in order to guarantee the right to school education in agrarian reform settlements and camps, focusing on the proposals and what managed to ensure within the scope of educational policies. ; Este artículo objetiva analizar las contribuiciones de los movimientos sociales del campo para la construcción de políticas educacionales inclusivas a partir de la década de 90 del siglo XX, período em que en Brasil e en América Latina la política neoliberal en curso en todas las dimensiones de la sociedad rediseñaba la acción del estado. Es en ese período, también, que los movimientos sociales del campo insieren con mayor ênfasis, em la agenda política de sus organizaciones, la educación formal como bandera de lucha. La investigación, de base bibliográfica y documental, mapeó las acciones colectivas desarrolladas por el Movimiento de los Trabajadores Rurales Sin Tierra (MST) a fin de garantizar el derecho a la educación escolar em los asentamientos y campamentos de la reforma agraria, teniendo como enfoque las proposiciones y lo que se consiguió asegurar em el ámbito de las políticas educacionales. ; Este artigo objetiva analisar as contribuições dos movimentos sociais do campo para a construção de políticas educacionais inclusivas a partir da década de 90 do século XX, período em que no Brasil e na América Latina a política neoliberal em curso em todas as dimensões da sociedade redesenhava a ação do Estado. É nesse período, também, que os movimentos sociais do campo inserem com maior ênfase, na agenda política de suas organizações, a educação formal como bandeira de luta. A pesquisa, de base bibliográfica e documental, mapeou as ações coletivas desenvolvidas pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) a fim de garantir o direito à educação escolar nos assentamentos e acampamentos de reforma agrária, tendo como foco as proposições e o que se conseguiu assegurar no âmbito das políticas educacionais.

The present article intends to investigate in what way the social alienation entails the process of denaturation of the individual and advocates for the formulation of a new existence. The social "I" is corrupted by the environment in which it lives impossible to live alone. The "light" of reason leads to moral decay, providing an imbalance between reason and feeling. Rousseau's dichotomy between appearance and authenticity will be analyzed from the anthropological point of view and its political consequences.

ABSTRACT. This article has as objective the understanding of the social actions performed by Lourival Soares da Silva, who stood out for a life dedicated to activism in the movements of rural workers acting for several years as president of the Rio das Pedras Settlement Association, in Uberlândia. To understand and analyze their actions, a qualitative, observational approach was used and also through semi-structured interviews, in the methodological perspective of oral history. The theoretical framework consisted of a combination of Max Weber's comprehensive sociology, which is based on the understanding of human conduct endowed with meaning, more specifically the rational action in relation to values, with Jürgen Habermas' theory of communicative action, centered on oriented actions by the intersubjective agreements that are revealed in language and communication. It is concluded that the meanings linked to the social actions carried out by the social movement leader are summarized in categories based on the values of equality, justice, right to work, dialogue, democracy and collective social action. These ethical and emancipatory standards are not limited to their finalistic aspect, or their results, but above all in the value of a daily course that is very present in the imagination of social movements. ; ABSTRACT. This article has as objective the understanding of the social actions performed by Lourival Soares da Silva, who stood out for a life dedicated to activism in the movements of rural workers acting for several years as president of the Rio das Pedras Settlement Association, in Uberlândia. To understand and analyze their actions, a qualitative, observational approach was used and also through semi-structured interviews, in the methodological perspective of oral history. The theoretical framework consisted of a combination of Max Weber's comprehensive sociology, which is based on the understanding of human conduct endowed with meaning, more specifically the rational action in relation to values, with Jürgen Habermas' theory of communicative action, centered on oriented actions by the intersubjective agreements that are revealed in language and communication. It is concluded that the meanings linked to the social actions carried out by the social movement leader are summarized in categories based on the values of equality, justice, right to work, dialogue, democracy and collective social action. These ethical and emancipatory standards are not limited to their finalistic aspect, or their results, but above all in the value of a daily course that is very present in the imagination of social movements. ; RESUMEN. Este artículo tiene como objectivo la comprensión de las acciones sociales realizadas por Lourival Soares da Silva, quien se destacó por una vida dedicada a los movimientos de trabajadores rurales, actuando durante varios años como presidente de la Asociación de lo Asentamiento Rio das Pedras, en Uberlândia. Para comprender sus acciones, se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo, observacional y de entrevistas semiestructuradas, con base en la historia oral. El marco teórico consistió en una combinación de la sociología integral de Max Weber, que se basa en la comprensión de la conducta humana dotada de significado, más específicamente la acción racional en relación con los valores, con la teoría de la acción comunicativa de Jürgen Habermas, centrada en acciones orientadas por los acuerdos intersubjetivos que se revelan en el lenguaje y la comunicación. Los significados vinculados a las acciones sociales llevadas a cabo por el líder del movimiento social se resumen en categorías basadas en los valores de igualdad, justicia, derecho al trabajo, diálogo, democracia y acción social colectiva. Estos estándares emancipatorios no se limitan su aspecto finalista o sus resultados, mas sobre todo en el valor de un curso diario que está muy presente en la imaginación de los movimientos sociales. ; ABSTRACT. This article has as objective the understanding of the social actions performed by Lourival Soares da Silva, who stood out for a life dedicated to activism in the movements of rural workers acting for several years as president of the Rio das Pedras Settlement Association, in Uberlândia. To understand and analyze their actions, a qualitative, observational approach was used and also through semi-structured interviews, in the methodological perspective of oral history. The theoretical framework consisted of a combination of Max Weber's comprehensive sociology, which is based on the understanding of human conduct endowed with meaning, more specifically the rational action in relation to values, with Jürgen Habermas' theory of communicative action, centered on oriented actions by the intersubjective agreements that are revealed in language and communication. It is concluded that the meanings linked to the social actions carried out by the social movement leader are summarized in categories based on the values of equality, justice, right to work, dialogue, democracy and collective social action. These ethical and emancipatory standards are not limited to their finalistic aspect, or their results, but above all in the value of a daily course that is very present in the imagination of social movements. ; O objetivo primordial deste artigo é a compreensão das ações sociais desempenhadas por Lourival Soares da Silva, que se destacou por uma vida dedicada à militância nos movimentos dos trabalhadores rurais, atuando há vários anos como presidente da Associação do Assentamento Rio das Pedras, em Uberlândia. Para compreender e analisar suas ações, foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa, observacional e também entrevistas semiestruturadas, na perspectiva metodológica da história oral. O referencial teórico consistiu numa combinação da sociologia compreensiva de Max Weber, que tem como fundamento a compreensão da conduta humana dotada de sentido, mais especificamente a ação racional em relação a valores, com a teoria da ação comunicativa de Jürgen Habermas, centrada nas ações orientadas pelos acordos intersubjetivos que se revelam na linguagem e na comunicação. Conclui-se que os significados vinculados às ações sociais executadas pelo líder de movimento social sintetizam-se nas categorias baseadas nos valores igualdade, justiça, direito ao trabalho, diálogo, democracia e ação social coletiva. Além disso, esses padrões éticos e emancipatórios não se resumem ao seu aspecto finalístico, ou em seus resultados, mas, sobretudo no valor de um proceder cotidiano que está muito presente no imaginário dos movimentos sociais. Palavras-chave: movimentos sociais, ação social orientada a valores, ação comunicativa, educação extra escolar, liderança. University of life, rational and communicative action of a social movement leader ABSTRACT. This article has as objective the understanding of the social actions performed by Lourival Soares da Silva, who stood out for a life dedicated to activism in the movements of rural workers acting for several years as president of the Rio das Pedras Settlement Association, in Uberlândia. To understand and analyze their actions, a qualitative, observational approach was used and also through semi-structured interviews, in the methodological perspective of oral history. The theoretical framework consisted of a combination of Max Weber's comprehensive sociology, which is based on the understanding of human conduct endowed with meaning, more specifically the rational action in relation to values, with Jürgen Habermas' theory of communicative action, centered on oriented actions by the intersubjective agreements that are revealed in language and communication. It is concluded that the meanings linked to the social actions carried out by the social movement leader are summarized in categories based on the values of equality, justice, right to work, dialogue, democracy and collective social action. These ethical and emancipatory standards are not limited to their finalistic aspect, or their results, but above all in the value of a daily course that is very present in the imagination of social movements. Keywords: social movements, social action oriented to values, communicative action, extra-school education, leadership. Trayectoria de vida, acción racional y comunicativa de un líder de movimiento social RESUMEN. Este artículo tiene como objectivo la comprensión de las acciones sociales realizadas por Lourival Soares da Silva, quien se destacó por una vida dedicada a los movimientos de trabajadores rurales, actuando durante varios años como presidente de la Asociación de lo Asentamiento Rio das Pedras, en Uberlândia. Para comprender sus acciones, se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo, observacional y de entrevistas semiestructuradas, con base en la historia oral. El marco teórico consistió en una combinación de la sociología integral de Max Weber, que se basa en la comprensión de la conducta humana dotada de significado, más específicamente la acción racional en relación con los valores, con la teoría de la acción comunicativa de Jürgen Habermas, centrada en acciones orientadas por los acuerdos intersubjetivos que se revelan en el lenguaje y la comunicación. Los significados vinculados a las acciones sociales llevadas a cabo por el líder del movimiento social se resumen en categorías basadas en los valores de igualdad, justicia, derecho al trabajo, diálogo, democracia y acción social colectiva. Estos estándares emancipatorios no se limitan su aspecto finalista o sus resultados, mas sobre todo en el valor de un curso diario que está muy presente en la imaginación de los movimientos sociales. Palabras clave: movimientos sociales, acción social orientada a valores, acción comunicativa, educación extra escolar, liderazgo.

The text is part of a doctoral research process in education, and dialogues, in an essayistic manner, with themes such as the city, images, body and everyday affective crossings. These dialogues tension with education, history, daily life and other ways of thinking about the urban tangle, anchored in the cartographic method. Through formative processes experienced by the author, seek to evidence issues, concerns and discomforts that are still unstable, rehearsed in everyday life and outlined in thought and inventions. It argues that the power of creation and wandering in the city are insurgent ways of ruptures in the face of current conservative advances, paying attention to the exercise of otherness, inventiveness and experimentation, having as main references authors such as Michel Foucault, Suely Rolnik, Félix Guattari , Peter Pelbart, among others.