Introduction. Locating a nonideal theory in Kant's political thought: a systematic approach -- History and politics: political history and cosmopolitanism -- A matter of orientation -- Historical patterns, political aims -- Nature, culture, and politics: political anthropology and cosmopolitanism -- Organisms, bodies politic, and progress -- Political Zweckmässigkeit, or from nature to culture -- Nature and politics: political geography and cosmopolitan right -- Teleology and peace on earth -- Peace, hospitality, and the shape of the earth -- Conclusion. Theorizing the lawfulness of the contingent in politics: a defense of teleology.
Contents -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Over-demandingness, Alienation, and Confinement -- 3. Doubts about Over-demandingness -- 4. Moderate Beneficence? -- 5. Responsibility in Nonideal Theory: The Compliance Condition -- 6. The Distribution of the Effects of Compliance -- 7. The Collective Principle of Beneficence -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- W
Intro -- Contents -- About the Contributors -- Part I: Nonideal Theory -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Nonideal Theory and Its Contribution to Bioethics -- 1.1 History and Background: Ideal and Nonideal Theory -- 1.2 The Nonideal Approach to Bioethics -- 1.3 The Future of Nonideal Approach to Bioethics -- 1.4 Nonideal Theory and Bioethics in the Time of COVID-19 -- 1.5 Contents of the Volume -- References -- Chapter 2: Ideal and Nonideal Theories: The Challenges of Decision-Making in an Imperfect World -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Ideal and NonIdeal Theories -- 2.2.1 Conceptual Distinctions -- 2.2.2 Ideal Versus NonIdeal -- 2.2.3 Good and Bad Idealizations -- 2.2.4 Different Views of Ideal Theory -- 2.2.5 The Decision-Making Process: Requirements and Deliberation -- 2.3 Ideal and Nonideal in Bioethics -- 2.3.1 Case 1: Conscientious Objection and Abortion -- 2.3.2 Case 2: Research with Pregnant Women -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: The Positioning of Moral Agents and Its Relationship to Nonideal Bioethics -- 3.1 Bioethics Methodology and Moral Positioning -- 3.1.1 Strongly Idealized Methodology -- 3.1.2 Strengths and Limitations of Several Popular Approaches to Method in Bioethics -- 3.1.2.1 Pluralistic Principlism -- 3.1.2.2 Non-Particularist Casuistry -- 3.1.2.3 Morality as a Public System -- 3.1.2.4 Idealizing Assumptions About the Common Morality and Moral Principles -- 3.2 Naturalized Moral Epistemology and the Common Morality -- 3.2.1 Naturalized Common Morality I: Shared Ecological Predicaments -- 3.2.2 Naturalized Common Morality II: Shared Evaluative Spaces -- 3.2.3 Naturalized Common Morality III: External Coherence -- 3.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Critical Theoretical Methodology for Nonideal Contributions to Bioethics -- 4.1 Nonideal Theory and the Paradox of Ideal Theory's "Realism".
Exploring the benefits of using nonideal theory in social ontology, Åsa Burman argues for a needed paradigm shift in the field. Through the Power View, she accommodates important but neglected social phenomena, such as class, and places the concept of social power at the core of a general theory of the social world.
Examining the debate about animals in the language of justice this book develops both ideal and nonideal theories of justice for animals. It rejects the abolitionist animal rights position in favour of a revised version of animal rights centering on sentience.
Examining the debate about animals in the language of justice this book develops both ideal and nonideal theories of justice for animals. It rejects the abolitionist animal rights position in favour of a revised version of animal rights centering on sentience
This innovative book is the first to couch the debate about animals in the language of justice, and the first to develop both ideal and nonideal theories of justice for animals. It rejects the abolitionist animal rights position in favor of a revised version of animal rights centering on sentience.
3.2 The pathologies of public law3.3 The public meaning of the principle of authority; 3.4 The barbarism of Nazi power; 4 Toward public justice; 4.1 Rawls on ideal and nonideal theory; 4.2 Hart's reformist project; 4.3 Public justice as an ideal and as a duty; 4.4 Progress and particularity; Part II The constitutional dimension; 5 The modern constitutional state; 5.1 The problem of accountability; 5.2 A new form of government; 5.3 Assessing commonwealth constitutionalism; 5.4 A reply to Waldron; Part III The doctrinal dimension; 6 Constitutional reform; 6.1 The rise of eternity clauses.
Ideal theory, nonideal theory, and empirical political theory -- Law, government, and politics -- Ideal equality and real inequality -- The distribution of procedural justice -- Discourse, atmosphere, and prophecy -- The discourse of political activism -- Postscript : an invitation to the reader.
Tessman points out a tendency to not acknowledge the difficulties that impossible moral requirements and unavoidable moral failures create in moral life, and traces this tendency through several different literatures, from scholarship on Holocaust testimony to discussions of ideal and nonideal theory, from theories of supererogation to debates about moral demandingness, and to feminist care ethics
Cover -- 1. Introduction -- Outline of the course of the argument -- 2. Ideal theory and idealization -- 2.1 The output of ideal theory: ideal principles and ideal institutions -- 2.2 The input of ideal theory: empirical and moral construction assumptions -- The first type: conceptions of the person -- The second type: idealized assumptions in thought experiments -- The third type: idealization regarding the range of outcomes being considered -- The fourth type: idealization in the sense of assuming moral ideals -- The fifth type: Idealization as assuming away feasibility restrictions -- Part I: Empirical restrictions in political philosophy -- 3. Nonideal theory and the ideal guidance approach -- 3.1 The practical relevance of ideal theory -- 3.1.1 "Clinical theory" as an alternative to the ideal guidance approach -- 3.1.2 The critique of the ideal guidance approach -- The problem of the second-best -- The legitimacy critique -- 3.2 A reasonable compromise? -- 4. Dimensions of feasibility -- 4.1 Institutional design -- 4.2 Dimensions of feasibility -- 4.2.1 Technical feasibility and accessibility -- 4.2.2 Modal dimensions of feasibility restrictions -- 4.2.3 Ontological dimensions of feasibility restrictions -- 4.3 Mapping different approaches to normative theory -- 5. Constructing ideal institutions for the ideal guidance approach -- 5.1 Principles for designing institutions and the status quo bias -- 5.2 The importance of long-term consequences for evaluating incremental reform options -- 5.3 Do we need ideal theory? -- 5.4 Feasibility in the construction of ideal institutions -- Part II: Moral ideals in political philosophy -- 6. Geuss' critique of ideal theory: moral construction assumptions in the focus -- 6.1 Geuss' conception of critical political philosophy -- 6.2 Geuss' critique of ideal theory.
Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Part one. International Relations as A State of nature -- 1. The skepticism of the realists -- 2. The Hobbesian situation -- 3. International relation as a state of nature -- 4. The basis of international morality -- 5. From international skepticism to the morality of states -- Part two. The autonomy of states -- 1. State autonomy and individual liberty -- 2. Nonintervention, Paternalism, and Neutrality -- 3. Self-determination -- 4. Eligibility, boundaries, and nationality -- 5. Economic dependence -- 6. State autonomy and domestic social justice -- Part three. International distributive justice -- 1. Social cooperation, boundaries, and the basis of justice -- 2. Entitlements to natural resources -- 3. Interdependence and global distributive justice -- 4. Contrasts between international and domestic society -- 5. The rights of states -- 6. Applications to the Nonideal world -- Conclusion -- Afterword -- Works cited -- Index
A leading political theorist's groundbreaking defense of ideal conceptions of justice in political philosophyThroughout the history of political philosophy and politics, there has been continual debate about the roles of idealism versus realism. For contemporary political philosophy, this debate manifests in notions of ideal theory versus nonideal theory. Nonideal thinkers shift their focus from theorizing about full social justice, asking instead which feasible institutional and political changes would make a society more just. Ideal thinkers, on the other hand, question whether full justice is a standard that any society is likely ever to satisfy. And, if social justice is unrealistic, are attempts to understand it without value or importance, and merely utopian?Utopophobia argues against thinking that justice must be realistic, or that understanding justice is only valuable if it can be realized. David Estlund does not offer a particular theory of justice, nor does he assert that justice is indeed unrealizable—only that it could be, and this possibility upsets common ways of proceeding in political thought. Estlund engages critically with important strands in traditional and contemporary political philosophy that assume a sound theory of justice has the overriding, defining task of contributing practical guidance toward greater social justice. Along the way, he counters several tempting perspectives, including the view that inquiry in political philosophy could have significant value only as a guide to practical political action, and that understanding true justice would necessarily have practical value, at least as an ideal arrangement to be approximated.Demonstrating that unrealistic standards of justice can be both sound and valuable to understand, Utopophobia stands as a trenchant defense of ideal theory in political philosophy
Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Series Preface -- Introduction -- PART I: FOUNDATIONS -- 1 Utilitarianism and New Generations -- 2 Distributive Shares -- 3 The Non-Identity Problem -- 4 The Intractability of the Nonidentity Problem -- 5 Surviving Duties and Symbolic Compensation -- 6 Discounting the Future -- 7 What Motivates Us to Care for the (Distant) Future? -- PART II: SUBSTANTIVE PRINCIPLES OF INTERGENERATIONAL JUSTICE -- 8 Wrongful Life, Procreative Responsibility, and the Significance of Harm -- 9 Sustainability and Intergenerational Justice -- 10 Nonideal Theory -- 11 Enough for the Future -- 12 Three Models of Intergenerational Reciprocity -- 13 Life Extension versus Replacement -- 14 The Pure Intergenerational Problem -- 15 Climate Change and the Duties of the Advantaged -- PART III: NORMATIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF HISTORICAL INJUSTICES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES -- 16 The New Indian Claims and Original Rights to Land -- 17 Superseding Historic Injustice -- 18 The Apology Paradox -- 19 Transgenerational Compensation -- 20 Who Can Be Wronged? -- 21 On Benefiting from Injustice -- 22 Climate Justice and Historical Emissions -- Name Index