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There are growing connections between the IR constructivist focus on norms and norm contestation and Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA). FPA has long had a focus on agency within the state, particularly individual and group-based decision-making. Early constructivist work, by contrast, tended to prioritize agency outside of the state – focusing on norm entrepreneurs and transnational advocacy– and then the state itself in the norm institutionalization process. This led to critiques from FPA scholars that it dismissed human agency. Norms research, however, has evolved. It has moved away from an ontologisation of norms – which focused on structural effects rather than on their socially constructed quality – to examine the importance of norm contestations, practices whereby a diversity of societal agents working across the international/domestic divide seek to contest norm meaning. This leads to a focus on how norms are implemented at the domestic level and creates a closer engagement between constructivism and FPA.

Intro -- Dedication -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction: How Contestation Provides Insight into Normative Behavior -- Materialist and Norm Diffusion Frameworks -- Norm Contestation Framework -- Methodology -- Case Selection -- Analytical Approach -- The Civilian Immunity Norm -- The Non-intervention Norm -- General Findings -- Civilian Immunity Norm Case Study -- Non-intervention Norm Case Study -- Contributions to the Literature -- Overview of the Book -- Chapter Two: Norm Contestation: A Theoretical Framework -- Chapter Three: Contestation in the Civilian Immunity Norm -- Chapter Four: Contestation in the Non-intervention Norm -- Chapter Five: Conclusion: Lessons Drawn from Norm Contestation's Insights -- Works Cited -- Chapter 2: Norm Contestation: A Theoretical Framework -- Introduction -- Norms -- Logic of Consequences and the Logic of Appropriateness -- Intersubjective Agreement -- Social Norms and Legal Norms -- Norm Ambiguity -- Norms' Constitutive Effects -- Materialist Framework -- Norm Diffusion -- Critiques of Materialist and Mainstream Constructivist Explanations -- Differentiating Norm Contestation from a Materialist Framework -- Local Context and Norm Contestation -- Interpretive Power and Norm Contestation -- Different Kinds of Contestation -- Predictions of Norm Diffusion, Materialist, and Norm Contestation Frameworks -- Conclusion -- Works Cited -- Chapter 3: Contestation in the Civilian Immunity Norm -- Introduction -- Civilian Immunity Norm Prior to IHL Codification -- Civilian Immunity Norm After IHL Codification -- A Historical Overview of the Norm's Exceptions: Targetable Civilians -- Ambiguity -- Materialist Reasons for Norm Violation -- Norm Contestation, Logic of Appropriateness, Logic of Practicality, and Logic of Contestedness -- IHL Experts -- Former Belligerents -- Age -- Gender

Chapter 1. Introduction. Beyond the Practice-Norm Gap -- Chapter 2. Sovereignty and the Life-Cycle of Norms Revisited -- Chapter 3. Shaping Sovereignty as Responsibility at the ICC (Part I): The Rome Statute -- Chapter 4. Shaping Sovereignty as Responsibility at the ICC (Part II): The Test of Institutional Practice -- Chapter 5. Conclusions. Irresponsible Sovereignty: A Dead-End?

"International Norm Disputes: The Link between Contestation and Norm Robustness" offers a rich, comparative study of when and why contested international norms decline. It presents central findings on the link between contestation and norm robustness based on four detailed, contemporary case studies - the torture prohibition, the responsibility to protect, the moratorium on commercial whaling, and the duty to prosecute institutionalized in the International Criminal Court. It also includes two historical case studies - privateering and the transatlantic slave trade. This book provides in-depth knowledge on contestation and robustness dynamics of central international norms. Having meticulously collected relevant data and conducted extensive qualitative coding, the authors demonstrate that norms are likely to weaken when challengers contest the validity of a norm's core claims but remain robust when they contest a norm's application and contestation does not become permanent. These important findings, comparatively presented here for the first time, are crucial for understanding the much-discussed problems of the contemporary liberal international order. The insights provided establish how different types of challenges will affect global governance mechanisms and which conditions are most likely to create fundamental change.

Antje Wiener examines the involvement of local actors in conflicts over global norms such as fundamental rights and the prohibition of torture and sexual violence. Providing accounts of local interventions made on behalf of those affected by breaches of norms, she identifies the constraints and opportunities for stakeholder participation in a fragmented global society. The book also considers cultural and institutional diversity with regard to the co-constitution of norm change. Proposing a clear framework to operationalize research on contested norms, and illustrating it through three recent cases, this book contributes to the project of global international relations by offering an agency-centred approach. It will interest scholars and advanced students of international relations, international political theory, and international law seeking a principled approach to practice that overcomes the practice-norm gap.

This is a multi-method study of the European Union's decision-making on enlargement over seven decades, showing how membership norms shape decision-making on which states are considered eligible to join the EU and which are not.

Rebels or aspirants : rising powers, normative contestation and intervention / Kai Michael Kenkel and Philip Cunliffe -- Rising powers and international intervention : the constraints on collective action / Alcides Costa Vaz -- Norms and tolerance between words and deeds : Brazil's long-term approach to global governance / Antonio Jorge Ramalho -- Modernization in-between : the ambivalent role of Brazil in contemporary peacebuilding efforts in Africa / Marta Fernandez and Carolos Frederico Pereira da Silva Gama -- International interventions and the use of force : a theoretical framework for understanding rising powers' normative responses / Carolos Chagas Vianna Braga -- The ethics of the "responsibility while protecting" : Brazil, the Responsibility to Protect, and the restrictive approach to humanitarian intervention / James Pattison -- Multilateral interventions as a power-enhancing instrument : rising powers' path from the periphery to the center / Nil Seda Satana -- A right of intervention or a global-social R2P? / Oliver P. Richmond -- R2P and the interplay between policy and norms in a shifting global order / Ramesh Thakur.

This book examines the normative tensions inherent in upward mobility within the international system, focusing particularly on the clash between sovereign self-interest and the putatively universal norms associated with international interventions. It provides extensive detail and deep analysis of Brazil's nature as a rising power, and that nature's implications for how the country crafts its international profile on issues such as intervention. In addition, the book proposes innovative ways of (re)organising thematic, conceptual and empirical research on the normative behaviour of emergent powers with regard to institutions of global governance and questions of intervention. In analysing what distinguishes Brazil as a rising power, the contributors begin from the assumption that participation in intervention is an increasingly crucial element in demonstrating the capacity and responsibility for which demand accrues as a state seeks increased international profile. As such, the debates around intervention serve as an indicative locus for examining the clash of norms that accompanies emergence as a global player. The book's approach is to organise the analysis around thematic rather than chronological or praxis-based lines, using the Brazilian case as an illustrative example capable of extrapolation to other emerging powers such as Turkey, India and others. This work draws together rich empirical detail with sophisticated and varied conceptual analysis and will be of interest to scholars of international relations, Latin-American politics and global governance

The Theory of Contestation advances critical norms research in international relations. It scrutinises the uses of 'contestation' in international relations theories with regard to its descriptive and normative potential. To that end, critical investigations into international relations are conducted based on three thinking tools from public philosophy and the social sciences: The normativity premise, the diversity premise and cultural cosmopolitanism. The resulting theory of contestation entails four main features, namely types of norms, modes of contestation, segments of norms and the cycle of contestation. The theory distinguishes between the principle of contestedness and the practice of contestation and argues that, if contestedness is accepted as a meta-organising principle of global governance, regular access to contestation for all involved stakeholders will enhance legitimate governance in the global realm

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgements -- Notes on Contributors -- Introduction: contesting in the name of religion? -- Part I Theoretical issues -- Chapter 1 Protecting freedom of conscience in a constitutional state -- Chapter 2 Contesting philosophical secularism: The case for pluralist secularism -- Chapter 3 Are there consequentialist grounds for exempting religious health care professionals from medical assistance in dying? -- Part II Spaces of contestation -- Chapter 4 Freedom of conscience in private companies: An economic or a political problem? -- Chapter 5 Should conscience clauses in Belgian health care be institutionalised? -- Chapter 6 Advocating in ecology through meditation: A case study on the Swiss "inner transition" network -- Chapter 7 "We don't wanna be outlaws": Hasidic Jews and their allies contest municipal bylaws in a Montreal neighbourhood -- Part III The rhetoric of contestation -- Chapter 8 Secular and religious reasons for conscientious objection: The case of medical assistance in dying -- Chapter 9 The impossibility of contesting in the name of religion? A comparative perspective on assistance in dying in Quebec (Canada) and the canton of Vaud (Switzerland) -- Chapter 10 The politicisation of French Catholics on intimate issues through the promotion of lay expertise: A case study based on the Emmanuel Community's magazine Il est vivant! (1975-2018) -- Index.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Also by Aidan Hehir -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1 Introduction: 'R2P Has Begun to Change the World' -- The Responsibility to Protect Turns Ten -- "A Norm Utilised Almost Habitually" -- Norms and the Future of R2P -- R2P: A Hollow Norm -- Hollow Norms -- Separating R2P's Three Pillars -- The Dark Side of "Progress" -- Norms and the Rationality of Mass Atrocities -- Challenging the "Progress" Narrative -- Chapter Overview -- References -- Chapter 2 The Rise of R2P and the Fall of Human Rights -- Introduction -- The Evolution of R2P -- The 1990s -- What Was the Problem? -- From ICISS to the Security Council -- "We Have Won the Battle of Ideas" -- The Consensus on R2P -- The Increased Invocation of R2P -- Growing Support for R2P Campaigns -- R2P in Practice -- 2015: 'the Unraveling of the International Order' -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 R2P and the Limits of Norms -- Introduction -- R2P as a Norm -- Constructivism and the Role of Norms -- The "Constructivist Turn" -- Challenging the Linear Model -- Hollow Norms -- Norm Contestation -- Norm Co-optation -- Norms Compete with Other Imperatives -- Analytical Norm Bias -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Sovereignty as Authority: State Support for R2P -- Introduction -- 2009: Establishing a Consensus on R2P -- Post-2009: "Progress" or Stasis? -- 2016 Informal Interactive Dialogue -- 2017 Informal Interactive Dialogue -- Consensus or Stasis? -- How Can "Consensus" Be Problematic? -- Ineffectual -- R2P Can Be Employed by Perpetrators of Atrocity Crimes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Sovereignty as Liability: The Security Council and R2P -- Introduction -- The Security Council's 'Discretionary Entitlement' -- The Veto -- The Security Council and Human Rights -- The Security Council's Use of R2P.