Suchergebnisse

In this article extraction economies in less developed countries are compared to extraction economies in developed countries—to the Houston, Texas, and Aberdeen, Scotland, petroleum regions. The following questions are addressed: (1) What are the differences in Houston's and Aberdeen's development as petroleum regions? (2) How has their extractive development differed from that in less developed countries? (3) What is the relationship of early layers of development to later extractive investments? (4) How have capital timing and scale shaped Houston's and Aberdeen's development as urban regions? The historical timing of oil discoveries greatly affects the way oil capital builds up and exfoliates relationally in urban regions.

THE WORLD POLITICAL ECONOMY WAS ALTERED BY THE OIL SHOCK OF 1973 AND BY SUBSEQUENT CHANGES IN THE INTERNATIONAL OIL INDUSTRY. THE DOMESTIC POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS OF CONSUMING NATIONS WERE ALSO HIT BY THESE SHOCK WAVES. EVENTUALLY, EVEN THE OIL-PRODUCING STATES THEMSELVES FOUND THAT HUGH OIL REVENUES, WHICH AT FIRST HAD SEEMED THE ANSWER TO THEIR MATERIAL DREAMS, STIMULATED VOLATILE AND DANGEROUS POLITICAL FORCES. THUS, EDITH PENROSE NOTED IN 1976 THAT: THE SUDDEN FLOW OF NEW RICHES IS CREATING VERY SERIOUS PROBLEMS, ALBEIT OF A DIFFERENT SORT, FOR THE OIL EXPORTING COUNTRIES AS WELL. OIL REVENUES FROM FOREIGNERS ARE NOTHING MORE OR LESS THAN CLAIMS ON FOREIGN GOODS AND SERVICES, AND AS GOVERNMENTS TRY TO SPEND THEIR REVENUE AND TO ABSORB THE ENORMOUSLY INCREASED FLOW OF IMPORTS, THEIR MONETARY SYSTEMS BECOME STRAINED BY INFLATION, THEIR PORTS BECOME CHOKED, THEIR TRANSPORT SYSTEMS CONGESTED, THEIR LABOR MARKETS DISTORTED, THEIR HOUSING PROBLEMS INTENSIFIED AND THEIR BUREAUCRACY OVERLOADED AND INCREASINGLY SUBJECT TO THE TEMPTATION OF ILLEGITIMATE REWARDS.1 THESE PROBLEMS BECAME NOTORIOUS IN 1979 WHEN THE GOVERNMENT OF IRAN COLLAPSED BEFORE THIS MULTITUDE OF DIFFICULTIES AND THE ZEAL OF ISLAMIC REACTION. AT THE SAME TIME THAT THE SHAH WAS LOSING HIS GRIP ON POWER, HOWEVER, ELECTIONS IN ANOTHER OIL-RICH STATE ESTABLISHED A NEW FEDERAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT BASED ON PLURALIST THOUGHT AND WESTERN INSTITUTIONS. FACED WITH THE SAME PROBLEMS OF RAPID GROWTH DESCRIBED BY PPY: 1984

This article contrasts the effects of state-controlled oil revenues and privately controlled labor remittances on institutional development, state capacity, and businessgovernment relations in Saudi Arabia and the Yemen Arab Republic. These two countries represent extreme cases of dependence on external capital in deeply divided societies presided over by fragile, emerging bureaucracies. By tracing the two cases through a pattern of economic boom (1973-83) and recession (1983-87), the study demonstrates that the type, volume, and control of capital inflows decisively influence the relative development of the bureaucracy's extractive, distributive, and regulatory capacities and affect the ability of the state to respond to economic crisis. In both cases, external capital inflows precipitated the decline of extractive institutions. However, oil revenues and labor remittances had divergent effects on businessgovernment relations, and this circumscribed the state's ability to implement austerity programs during the recession. During the crisis, the Saudi government's efforts to cut subsidies to the private sector and to implement extractive policies were blocked by the state-sponsored merchant class. In contrast, the Yemeni government instituted a thoroughgoing austerity package that targeted the independent merchant class. In both cases, external capital inflows did not augment the efficacy of those that controlled them. These paradoxical outcomes are explained by tracing the different effects of oil revenues and labor remittances on the distribution of economic opportunity in the public and private sectors and the resulting effects on the regional, tribal, and sectarian composition of the bureaucracy and the commercial class.

Demonstrates that the type, volume, and control of capital inflows decisively influence the relative development of the bureaucracy's extractive, distributive, and regulatory capacities and affect the ability of the state to respond to economic crisis. (Abstract amended)

This book examines the relationship between foreign companies and government within the Indonesian oil industry. It is concerned in particular to identify those factors which determine the balance between central regulation and untrammelled company activity, in order to evaluate the choices which the government has to make in the creation of its policies. Given the extent of foreign investment in the mineral extractive industries of many of the less-developed countries, such policies are of major importance. From his study of the operation of Indonesian oil contracts, Dr Khong concludes that the formal terms of an agreement may well give a misleading impression of the actual allocation of the benefits from petroleum extraction. The common perception that a basic shift in favour of host governments has occurred is shown to be largely misplaced, whatever relative advances they may have achieved

The scramble for energy resources is seen to threaten to lead to economic & political instability & war. Although energy sources, such as coal, the sun, wind, water, & nuclear power, are summarily considered, focus here is on oil & gas. Examined is the potential for international conflicts in regard to these resources, as well as the impact of their surplus &/or shortage on domestic industries & regions in the US. AA.

This report aims to synthezize EEC Gulf relations during the last ten years and to pinpoint the most salient bones of contention which tend to hinder a positive dialogue between the two parties, mainly in the commercial and industrial fields. (DÜI-Hns)

This paper presents the history of the international efforts to standardize mine accounting between 1895 and 1915. Extractive industries, such as mining and oil and gas, posed especially difficult problems for the accounting profession. In 1895 there was almost no literature to help in the resolution of these problems. During this following interval the issues of mine accounting were thoroughly discussed and limited standardization was achieved in some regions. Near the end of this period the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy unanimously adopted a set of accounting standards for the mining industry.