This paper shows how a public policy shapes convergence of beliefs through newly-formed social networks, with a focus on political opinion. We use a unique natural experiment that randomly assigns students into first-year groups at a French college that forms future top politicians. Pairs of students in the same group are much more likely to become friends. The randomized group membership serves as instrumental variable in a dyadic regression of differences in beliefs on friendship. We find that students' political opinions converge particularly strongly between friends, reaching 11% of a standard deviation only after 6 months. Convergence is strongest among pairs least likely to become friends without the randomized exposure, or friends whose characteristics are the most different. While there is evidence of homophily in network formation, it does not seem to affect the estimates of convergence, except among very similar friends. The same strategy shows that a longer network distance implies slower convergence.
This paper shows how a public policy shapes convergence of beliefs through newly-formed social networks, with a focus on political opinion. We use a unique natural experiment that randomly assigns students into first-year groups at a French college that forms future top politicians. Pairs of students in the same group are much more likely to become friends. The randomized group membership serves as instrumental variable in a dyadic regression of differences in beliefs on friendship. We find that students' political opinions converge particularly strongly between friends, reaching 11% of a standard deviation only after 6 months. Convergence is strongest among pairs least likely to become friends without the randomized exposure, or friends whose characteristics are the most different. While there is evidence of homophily in network formation, it does not seem to affect the estimates of convergence, except among very similar friends. The same strategy shows that a longer network distance implies slower convergence.
تعتبر وسائل الإعلام من المؤسسات الرئيسية في تشكيل الرأي العام الذي يعمل على ترسيخ القيم الديمقراطية من خلال القدرة على خلق قيم ثقافية جعلته يشكل منبرًا أساسيًا في التسويق للقيم الديمقراطية وحرية التفكير، فهو مؤسسة تسهر على تنوير الرأي العام الذي يعتبر السلطة الحقيقية في المجتمع، وساعد في تعظيم هذه الوظائف وتنويعها التطور الحاصل في تكنولوجيات الاتصال من الوظيفة الكلاسيكية في نقل الأخبار إلى المساهمة في نقل المجتمعات من أنظمة تسلطية إلى أنظمة ديمقراطية. The media is one of the key institutions in the formation of public opinion, which works to entrench democratic values through the ability to create cultural values. Media has become a key marketing platform for the values of democracy and freedom of thought, It ensures the Foundation to enlighten public opinion, which is the real power in society. The evolution in the technologies of communication in the classic function of the news to contribute to the transfer of communities from authoritarian regimes to democratic regimes, helped to expand and diversity of the functions of the media.
This paper proposes that the formation of opinion and of the discursive and inclusive, essential to the public sphere, will come at some point to the aesthetic rationality, considered as a central theme of Arentd's thought. After defining the action, the author proceeds to characterize political activity as well as plurality. This allows us to understand the revelatory nature of the action and its relationship to the aesthetic judgement, as its concern is the particular and the subject who judges. ; El presente texto propone que la formación de la opinión y de la voluntad inclusiva y discursiva, esenciales en el espacio político, acuden en algún momento a la racionalidad estética característica del pensamiento arendtiano. Luego de definir la acción, se procede a caracterizar la actividad política tanto como a explicar la noción de pluralidad. Ello permite entender el carácter revelatorio de la acción y su relación con el juicio estético en cuanto se ocupa de lo particular y del propio sujeto que juzga.
В статье выясняется, как в Советском Союзе в годы Второй мировой войны формировалось и эволюционировало отношение к лидеру французского Сопротивления генералу Шарлю де Голлю. Анализируются факторы, обусловившие в целом положительное восприятие де Голля как со стороны советского руководства, так и со стороны общественности. ; The article deals with the formation and evolution of the Soviet perception of Charles de Gaulle personality during the World War II. Special attention is given to the factors which caused the positive attitude towards the French Resistance leader from both the Soviet government and Soviet people.
Contemporary European public art often addresses the past and future of European unity, democracy, immigration, and civil rights. The Art of the Multitude explores how participation in art works affects the formation of public memory, the commemoration of historical events, and the creation of an urban landscape that articulates cultural identity and recognition. Looking in particular at the lifetimes work of one of Europes foremost artists of the public realm, German conceptual artist Jochen Gerz, The Art of the Multitude uses a variety of artists works as fulcra for discussing the European experience of war and conflict, peace and reconciliation. And while the artworks discussed and implications thereof are certain to be of interest to art theorists and historians, cultural researchers in policy, public space, and the built environment will all find something to participate in or engage with
The level of taxpayer compliance has steadily decreased over the years. Individual taxpayers failed to report approximately $100 billion in federal taxes due on legal income received in 1989. The compliance gap is large enough to greatly reduce the federal government deficit. Studies employing psychological cognitive structure approaches to analyzing taxpayer compliance and attempting to increase taxpayer compliance employ theories related to equity sensitivity, attitude formation, and change. These studies generally examine relationships between compliance and socioeconomic and situational variables. Appeals to a taxpayer's moral obligation to pay taxes have been studied as a means to change taxpayer attitudes and intentions and thereby increase compliance. The present study sought to determine if taxpayer compliance could be enhanced by sanction threats or by appeals to conscience. The study also endeavored to discover if compliance differed between various types of taxpayers. These individual differences were posited to cause taxpayers to react differently to alternative types of interventions aimed at increasing compliance to income tax law. A laboratory study was designed to gauge a subject's sensitivity to equity, administer intervention techniques, and measure compliance and attitude toward taxation. The data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). Although the results of the study showed no significant main effect for treatment type, a significant main effect (p = .0075) was found for Equity Sensitivity type when the scenario depicting Overstating Business Expenses was the dependent variable in the design. There were no significant main effects for Equity Sensitivity type or treatment type when the six attitude items were used as the dependent variables in a MANOVA. ; Ph. D.
Este trabajo discute la importancia de los estudio de los medios de comunicación en la solución de la problemática del cambio climático. Sin embargo, no se lo hace desde una mirada ingenua de la simple concientización, sino de una interpretación crítica sobre el debate ideológico en el campo ambiental. Para ello, desde un enfoque discursivo proponemos el concepto de formación ideológica ambiental, como contribución a la Ecología Política de la Diferencia. Al mismo tiempo, aplicamos esta reflexión teórica para revisar el uso del término ideología en el campo académico de la comunicación ambiental. Concluimos que es necesario un análisis complejo para poner intervenir en el campo comunicacional con vistas a una solución integral del cambio climático, que incluya por ejemplo la complejidad geopolítica del debate. ; This paper discusses the importance of the study of media in addressing climate change issues. However, it does not mean take a naive view of simple awareness, but a critical interpretation of the ideological debate in the environmental field. To do this, from a discursive approach we propose the concept of environmental ideological formation as a contribution to Political Ecology of Difference. At the same time, we apply this theoretical reflection to review the use of the term ideology in the academic field of environmental communication. We conclude that complex analysis is needed to put intervene in the communication field overlooking a solution to climate change, including for example the geopolitical complexity of this debate. ; Fil: Gavirati, Pablo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones "gino Germani"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
The article deals with the formation of students' tolerance and management of this process. The aim of the article is to cover theoretical and empirical aspects of the management of students' tolerance formation. A special focus is made on the role of tolerance in modern society and for the educational system as well as on the contradictions which determine the relevance of tolerance in the university environment. Tolerance is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon which touches all aspects of student life. Entering the university, young people find themselves surrounded by many different personalities who have their own values and beliefs in life. This calls for the necessity to respect and accept a different opinion and a different way of life. Therefore, nowadays the formation of tolerance acquires special importance in educational institutions as it is tolerance which is the basis of effective communication in a politically cultural society like the Russian Federation. So the formation of tolerance is a social order as it is impossible to develop the educational system unless this aspect is included. We scrutinized relevant literature on the issue and came to the conclusion that the formation of tolerance can be only achieved by means of democratic management and students' conscious choice of tolerant attitudes and behavior, which excludes any pressure or foisting. The study involved the choice of methods and an algorithm, which comprised the diagnosis of the mentioned parameters, conducting a formative experiment, repeated check of the parameters and performing a statistic analysis of the results. The study was carried out on the base of the Institute of Foreign languages, RUDN University (Russia). The research results allow drawing a conclusion about high effectiveness of the implemented actions aimed at the formation of students' tolerance.
The article deals with the formation of students' tolerance and management of this process. The aim of the article is to cover theoretical and empirical aspects of the management of students' tolerance formation. A special focus is made on the role of tolerance in modern society and for the educational system as well as on the contradictions which determine the relevance of tolerance in the university environment. Tolerance is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon which touches all aspects of student life. Entering the university, young people find themselves surrounded by many different personalities who have their own values and beliefs in life. This calls for the necessity to respect and accept a different opinion and a different way of life. Therefore, nowadays the formation of tolerance acquires special importance in educational institutions as it is tolerance which is the basis of effective communication in a politically cultural society like the Russian Federation. So the formation of tolerance is a social order as it is impossible to develop the educational system unless this aspect is included. We scrutinized relevant literature on the issue and came to the conclusion that the formation of tolerance can be only achieved by means of democratic management and students' conscious choice of tolerant attitudes and behavior, which excludes any pressure or foisting. The study involved the choice of methods and an algorithm, which comprised the diagnosis of the mentioned parameters, conducting a formative experiment, repeated check of the parameters and performing a statistic analysis of the results. The study was carried out on the base of the Institute of Foreign languages, RUDN University (Russia). The research results allow drawing a conclusion about high effectiveness of the implemented actions aimed at the formation of students' tolerance.
The article deals with the political and legal foundations of forming public opinion in the context of the European integration course of Ukraine (State Programof Informing the Public on European Integration for 2004-2007, State TargetProgram for Informing the Public on European Integration 2008-2011), their lowefficiency (non-system approach, lack of proper financing and cooperation withnon-state-owned rating media, neglect of the involvement of PR specialists anda strong coordinating state body). Possible ways of formation of Europositivistpublic opinion and formation in the EU of the image of Ukraine as a progressive,democratic and perspective member of the European Union are analyzed.It was determined that external state information campaigns, which Ukrainewas trying to implement in order to improve its image on the territory of the EU,became an important part.It is proved that Ukraine should seriously adjust its own image-strategy at theglobal and European levels, as the negative perception of our state in the worldis an obstacle to protecting national interests, effective partnership cooperationwith international organizations, receiving financial assistance in times of crisis,simplifying visa regime.The conducted measures on the formation of a positive image of Ukraine thathas been carried out in recent years have been analyzed, namely: organizationof trips of foreign journalists to Ukraine; advertising and information campaign on the CNY channel in 2007; the development in 2010 and the implementation ofthe branding strategy of Ukraine, commissioned by SPS Consulting, and the slogan«Ukraine: Moving in the Fast Lane»; a demonstration on TV channels «CNN»and «BBC» during four months of 2011, «Ukraine. All about U» («Ukraine.All about U»); a foreign tour of the State Agency for Investments and NationalProject Management with presentations that had to convince a foreign businessand political establishment in the investment attractiveness of Ukraine, etc.It has been established that the state strategy of forming the image of Ukraineshould correspond to the scientific, systematic and differential principles.Determined by the factor of increasing the effectiveness of information campaignsin order to create a positive image of Ukraine (involving of private commercialmedia with high ratings and significantly influencing the formation of publicopinion in Ukraine; conducting multi-level sociological surveys of public opinion,attracting specialists in PR technology, activating the state scientific and teachingpotential, formation of a coordinating body, which alone will bear responsibilityfor the effectiveness of the programs). ; У статті розглянуто політико-правові основи формування громадської думки в контексті євроінтеграційного курсу України, встановлено їхнизьку ефективність. Проаналізовано можливі шляхи формування європозитивістської громадської думки та становлення в ЄС іміджу України якпрогресивного, демократичного та перспективного члена ЄвропейськогоСоюзу. Визначено, що важливої ролі набули зовнішні державні інформаційнікампанії. Доведено, що в Україні слід серйозно корегувати власну іміджстратегію на глобальному і європейському рівнях.Проаналізовано проведені заходи по формуванню позитивного іміджуУкраїни, що було здійснено в останні роки. Визначені фактором підвищеннядієвості інформаційних кампаній ; У статті розглянуто політико-правові основи формування громадської думки в контексті євроінтеграційного курсу України, встановлено їхнизьку ефективність. Проаналізовано можливі шляхи формування європозитивістської громадської думки та становлення в ЄС іміджу України якпрогресивного, демократичного та перспективного члена ЄвропейськогоСоюзу. Визначено, що важливої ролі набули зовнішні державні інформаційнікампанії. Доведено, що в Україні слід серйозно корегувати власну іміджстратегію на глобальному і європейському рівнях.Проаналізовано проведені заходи по формуванню позитивного іміджуУкраїни, що було здійснено в останні роки. Визначені фактором підвищеннядієвості інформаційних кампаній
It has been analyzed the system of social and ecological monitoring, which allows expanding indicator set of characteristics of the state and dynamics of society to the limits covering not only social processes, but all aspects of relationship between society and nature. The system of social and ecological monitoring allows obtaining the sociological information promoting sustainable development of society. It allows to consider in detail socially ecological processes and the phenomena, quickly to find changes and general tendencies of transformation of such processes and phenomena, to analyze simultaneously all social subjects according to their role in the development of social and ecological processes, to provide use of new methods of environmental and social assessments. Indicator set of characteristics of state and change of society in the course of social and ecological monitoring extends to the limits covering not only social processes, but also all aspects of communications between society and nature. Object of studying of social and ecological monitoring is a society and its life environment. The society loses signs of totality and alignment. It is shown as changeable set of local fragments which are poorly conformed to each other and therefore they comprise variety of scenarios of further development. As perceptible improvement of ecological situation is inseparable from rationalization of economy and growth of social involvement of citizens at the specific level of local community, this level is considered to be optimum for research. At this level features and possibilities of solution of local problems can be considered; its cultural, ethnic and religious features are taken into account, lasting experience of aboriginal population and its tradition is considered, equitable distribution of environmental risk in community is provided. Receiving reliable information about changes in public consciousness, in public orientations, their influence on ecological consciousness of people on extent of their concern in the ecological situation, on ecological activity and factors inducing to this activity is possible only when performing large-scale social and ecological monitoring. Early warning of growth of social tension in regions and in the country in general, formations of the new ecological consciousness corresponding to the modern period of development of world civilization requires studying of public opinion by state bodies, public organizations, parties and political movements, scientists and experts, members of media and education systems. Ecological awareness is a basis of ecological thinking formation. It will allow changing focus of consumer society from thoughtless ruin and exploitation of nature to careful attitude to its resources, understanding of their authentic value. Studying of public opinion on environmental problems by means of mass survey is necessary, but it is insufficient condition of forecasting of people social behavior. When considering public opinion as one of regulators of social behavior in the conditions of social and ecological intensity it is necessary to consider also the possibility of its change under influence, first of all media, rumors, activities of system of ecological education. Value of social and ecological monitoring is that it, except for fixing of changes of public opinion of the population, allows determining efficiency of specific actions for impact on public opinion of such factors as orientation and intensity of massmedia appeals to ecological subject.
Die Corona-Krise führt zu einer Erosion der Abgrenzung, wenn Kritiker, Querdenker und Verschwörungstheoretiker zusammen mit Rechtsextremisten auf die Straße gehen. Dabei entsteht auch für die Politische Bildung die Gefahr unzureichender Abgrenzung. Selbst wenn der Unterricht seiner genuinen Funktion nachkommt, indem er mit kritischen Fragen den "Blick dahinter" wagt, kann er Grauzonen betreten und in der gegenwärtig pathologischen Diskurssituation in die Nähe von Verschwörungstheorien gerückt werden.
