Suchergebnisse

This is one of the documents submitted for the author's habilitation qualification (Habilitation à diriger des recherches) in the field of humanities, which took place 29th June 2006 at the University of Paris X-Nanterre. He traces out his research career, beginning with fieldwork undertaken in Tuareg country from 1976 to 1990. He sets out to show how he increasingly came to view anthropology as a historical science, whose concepts, intimately linked with the scriptural context in which they arise, can not be transposed without distortion or isolated without simplification. This means that anthropologists, like other social science practitioners, can only work at a fairly low level of abstraction. The author's current research, which is then described, consists first of all in the development of a general perspective on oral literature in connection with the process of writing. Within this framework, by means of a critical analysis of Milman Parry and Albert Lord, he considers the issue of Homeric authorship. He is also anxious to show how the themes of courtly poetry - whether it be of Tuareg, Arabian or Occitan origin - are closely connected to its conditions of production and reception. The author has also been concerned with first contacts between the Tuareg and the French. ; Le texte déposé ici est l'un des documents soumis en vue d'une Habilitation à diriger des recherches en lettres et sciences humaines, soutenue à l'Université Paris X-Nanterre le 29 juin 2006. Ce texte de synthèse retrace, comme c'est l'usage, la carrière du chercheur depuis ses enquêtes en pays touareg de 1976 à 1990. Avant d'aborder les recherches en cours, l'auteur fournit un résumé de ses deux principaux ouvrages, La tente dans la solitude. La société et les morts chez les Touaregs Kel-Ferwan (Paris/Cambridge, Maison des sciences de l'homme/Cambridge University Press, 1987) et Gens de parole. Langage, poésie et politique en pays touareg (Paris, La Découverte, 2000). Il entend marquer comment s'est imposé à lui, avec de plus en plus de force au cours des années, le fait que l'anthropologie doit être considérée comme une science historique : les concepts qu'elle utilise restent indexés sur le contexte d'écriture où ils sont apparus, et ne peuvent être transposés sans trahison ni isolés sans simplification. Ce qui suppose que l'anthropologue, tout comme les autres praticiens des sciences sociales, ne peut travailler qu'à un niveau d'abstraction assez bas. Les recherches en cours, que le texte aborde ensuite, consistent tout d'abord en une réflexion générale sur la littérature orale, dans ses rapports avec l'écriture. Dans ce cadre l'auteur a notamment abordé la question homérique, à travers une analyse critique des thèses de Milman Parry et Albert Lord. Il s'est aussi attaché à montrer comment les thèmes de la poésie courtoise - qu'elle soit touarègue, arabe ou occitane - sont liés aux conditions de sa production et de sa réception. Ces recherches ont par la suite fourni la matière d'un livre paru en 2012 à CNRS Éditions : L'aède et le troubadour. Essai sur la tradition orale (voir http://www.academia.edu/1500254/Laede_et_le_troubadour._Essai_sur_la_tradition_orale). Les recherches de l'auteur consistent par ailleurs en une réflexion sur l'histoire des premiers contacts entre Touaregs et Français. Cette réflexion a conduit l'auteur à retracer le parcours biographique de l'explorateur Henri Duveyrier (1840-1892), et de Charles de Foucauld (1858-1916). Les autres documents soumis en vue de cette habilitation étaient un recueil d'articles, dont certains, consacrés au parcours de Charles de Foucauld, ont fourni la matière à une biographie parue en 2009: Charles de Foucauld, moine et savant (voir http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00426237/fr/). À quoi s'ajoutait une biographie d'Henri Duveyrier parue en 2007 aux éditions Ibis Press sous le titre: "Henri Duveyrier. Un saint-simonien au désert".

This is one of the documents submitted for the author's habilitation qualification (Habilitation à diriger des recherches) in the field of humanities, which took place 29th June 2006 at the University of Paris X-Nanterre. He traces out his research career, beginning with fieldwork undertaken in Tuareg country from 1976 to 1990. He sets out to show how he increasingly came to view anthropology as a historical science, whose concepts, intimately linked with the scriptural context in which they arise, can not be transposed without distortion or isolated without simplification. This means that anthropologists, like other social science practitioners, can only work at a fairly low level of abstraction. The author's current research, which is then described, consists first of all in the development of a general perspective on oral literature in connection with the process of writing. Within this framework, by means of a critical analysis of Milman Parry and Albert Lord, he considers the issue of Homeric authorship. He is also anxious to show how the themes of courtly poetry - whether it be of Tuareg, Arabian or Occitan origin - are closely connected to its conditions of production and reception. The author has also been concerned with first contacts between the Tuareg and the French. ; Le texte déposé ici est l'un des documents soumis en vue d'une Habilitation à diriger des recherches en lettres et sciences humaines, soutenue à l'Université Paris X-Nanterre le 29 juin 2006. Ce texte de synthèse retrace, comme c'est l'usage, la carrière du chercheur depuis ses enquêtes en pays touareg de 1976 à 1990. Avant d'aborder les recherches en cours, l'auteur fournit un résumé de ses deux principaux ouvrages, La tente dans la solitude. La société et les morts chez les Touaregs Kel-Ferwan (Paris/Cambridge, Maison des sciences de l'homme/Cambridge University Press, 1987) et Gens de parole. Langage, poésie et politique en pays touareg (Paris, La Découverte, 2000). Il entend marquer comment s'est imposé à lui, avec de plus en plus de force au cours des années, le fait que l'anthropologie doit être considérée comme une science historique : les concepts qu'elle utilise restent indexés sur le contexte d'écriture où ils sont apparus, et ne peuvent être transposés sans trahison ni isolés sans simplification. Ce qui suppose que l'anthropologue, tout comme les autres praticiens des sciences sociales, ne peut travailler qu'à un niveau d'abstraction assez bas. Les recherches en cours, que le texte aborde ensuite, consistent tout d'abord en une réflexion générale sur la littérature orale, dans ses rapports avec l'écriture. Dans ce cadre l'auteur a notamment abordé la question homérique, à travers une analyse critique des thèses de Milman Parry et Albert Lord. Il s'est aussi attaché à montrer comment les thèmes de la poésie courtoise - qu'elle soit touarègue, arabe ou occitane - sont liés aux conditions de sa production et de sa réception. Ces recherches ont par la suite fourni la matière d'un livre paru en 2012 à CNRS Éditions : L'aède et le troubadour. Essai sur la tradition orale (voir http://www.academia.edu/1500254/Laede_et_le_troubadour._Essai_sur_la_tradition_orale). Les recherches de l'auteur consistent par ailleurs en une réflexion sur l'histoire des premiers contacts entre Touaregs et Français. Cette réflexion a conduit l'auteur à retracer le parcours biographique de l'explorateur Henri Duveyrier (1840-1892), et de Charles de Foucauld (1858-1916). Les autres documents soumis en vue de cette habilitation étaient un recueil d'articles, dont certains, consacrés au parcours de Charles de Foucauld, ont fourni la matière à une biographie parue en 2009: Charles de Foucauld, moine et savant (voir http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00426237/fr/). À quoi s'ajoutait une biographie d'Henri Duveyrier parue en 2007 aux éditions Ibis Press sous le titre: "Henri Duveyrier. Un saint-simonien au désert".

This is one of the documents submitted for the author's habilitation qualification (Habilitation à diriger des recherches) in the field of humanities, which took place 29th June 2006 at the University of Paris X-Nanterre. He traces out his research career, beginning with fieldwork undertaken in Tuareg country from 1976 to 1990. He sets out to show how he increasingly came to view anthropology as a historical science, whose concepts, intimately linked with the scriptural context in which they arise, can not be transposed without distortion or isolated without simplification. This means that anthropologists, like other social science practitioners, can only work at a fairly low level of abstraction. The author's current research, which is then described, consists first of all in the development of a general perspective on oral literature in connection with the process of writing. Within this framework, by means of a critical analysis of Milman Parry and Albert Lord, he considers the issue of Homeric authorship. He is also anxious to show how the themes of courtly poetry - whether it be of Tuareg, Arabian or Occitan origin - are closely connected to its conditions of production and reception. The author has also been concerned with first contacts between the Tuareg and the French. ; Le texte déposé ici est l'un des documents soumis en vue d'une Habilitation à diriger des recherches en lettres et sciences humaines, soutenue à l'Université Paris X-Nanterre le 29 juin 2006. Ce texte de synthèse retrace, comme c'est l'usage, la carrière du chercheur depuis ses enquêtes en pays touareg de 1976 à 1990. Avant d'aborder les recherches en cours, l'auteur fournit un résumé de ses deux principaux ouvrages, La tente dans la solitude. La société et les morts chez les Touaregs Kel-Ferwan (Paris/Cambridge, Maison des sciences de l'homme/Cambridge University Press, 1987) et Gens de parole. Langage, poésie et politique en pays touareg (Paris, La Découverte, 2000). Il entend marquer comment s'est imposé à lui, avec de plus en plus de force au cours des années, le fait que l'anthropologie doit être considérée comme une science historique : les concepts qu'elle utilise restent indexés sur le contexte d'écriture où ils sont apparus, et ne peuvent être transposés sans trahison ni isolés sans simplification. Ce qui suppose que l'anthropologue, tout comme les autres praticiens des sciences sociales, ne peut travailler qu'à un niveau d'abstraction assez bas. Les recherches en cours, que le texte aborde ensuite, consistent tout d'abord en une réflexion générale sur la littérature orale, dans ses rapports avec l'écriture. Dans ce cadre l'auteur a notamment abordé la question homérique, à travers une analyse critique des thèses de Milman Parry et Albert Lord. Il s'est aussi attaché à montrer comment les thèmes de la poésie courtoise - qu'elle soit touarègue, arabe ou occitane - sont liés aux conditions de sa production et de sa réception. Ces recherches ont par la suite fourni la matière d'un livre paru en 2012 à CNRS Éditions : L'aède et le troubadour. Essai sur la tradition orale (voir http://www.academia.edu/1500254/Laede_et_le_troubadour._Essai_sur_la_tradition_orale). Les recherches de l'auteur consistent par ailleurs en une réflexion sur l'histoire des premiers contacts entre Touaregs et Français. Cette réflexion a conduit l'auteur à retracer le parcours biographique de l'explorateur Henri Duveyrier (1840-1892), et de Charles de Foucauld (1858-1916). Les autres documents soumis en vue de cette habilitation étaient un recueil d'articles, dont certains, consacrés au parcours de Charles de Foucauld, ont fourni la matière à une biographie parue en 2009: Charles de Foucauld, moine et savant (voir http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00426237/fr/). À quoi s'ajoutait une biographie d'Henri Duveyrier parue en 2007 aux éditions Ibis Press sous le titre: "Henri Duveyrier. Un saint-simonien au désert".

This is one of the documents submitted for the author's habilitation qualification (Habilitation à diriger des recherches) in the field of humanities, which took place 29th June 2006 at the University of Paris X-Nanterre. He traces out his research career, beginning with fieldwork undertaken in Tuareg country from 1976 to 1990. He sets out to show how he increasingly came to view anthropology as a historical science, whose concepts, intimately linked with the scriptural context in which they arise, can not be transposed without distortion or isolated without simplification. This means that anthropologists, like other social science practitioners, can only work at a fairly low level of abstraction. The author's current research, which is then described, consists first of all in the development of a general perspective on oral literature in connection with the process of writing. Within this framework, by means of a critical analysis of Milman Parry and Albert Lord, he considers the issue of Homeric authorship. He is also anxious to show how the themes of courtly poetry - whether it be of Tuareg, Arabian or Occitan origin - are closely connected to its conditions of production and reception. The author has also been concerned with first contacts between the Tuareg and the French. ; Le texte déposé ici est l'un des documents soumis en vue d'une Habilitation à diriger des recherches en lettres et sciences humaines, soutenue à l'Université Paris X-Nanterre le 29 juin 2006. Ce texte de synthèse retrace, comme c'est l'usage, la carrière du chercheur depuis ses enquêtes en pays touareg de 1976 à 1990. Avant d'aborder les recherches en cours, l'auteur fournit un résumé de ses deux principaux ouvrages, La tente dans la solitude. La société et les morts chez les Touaregs Kel-Ferwan (Paris/Cambridge, Maison des sciences de l'homme/Cambridge University Press, 1987) et Gens de parole. Langage, poésie et politique en pays touareg (Paris, La Découverte, 2000). Il entend marquer comment s'est imposé à lui, avec de plus en plus ...

The place and function of Oral poetry in contemporary Quebec as well as the narrow relationship between poetic expression and political commitment are the key issues underlying this doctoral thesis. The Nuits de la poésie are an outstanding observatory of specificities and evolutions of poetry life in Quebec over the last forty years. The first edition in 1970 stands out as the birth of an authentic tradition which establishes a close link between the Oral, the poetic public expression and the statement of national existence.The first part of this thesis presents the conditions of the emergence of this seminal event and studies the historical, linguistics and political context, which saw the birth of a specifically Quebec culture. The second part is devoted to the first edition of the Nuit de la poésie. It focuses on practical and theoretical issues related to the analysis of the document film, the only witness of this edition. It also focuses on the issues related to the registration of oral performance on a mechanical support as well on printed books. The third part examines the repetition of the event. It then analyses continuity and thematic and aesthetic evolutions in Quebec poetry from 1980 to 2010 and even more contemporary and globalized manifestations as those of slam poetry.Through the four several editions of the Nuits de la poésie and of extending events, emerges the face of a country that is particularly linked to poetic word and practice. The 1970s are those of defense and illustration of the literary and poetic Quebec. The 1980s saw the advent of female voices and the beginning of an aesthetic diversification, while the 1990s point out the emergence of an identity more open to migrant cultures. The non-repetition of the event in 2000 is less a sign of a slowdown than a result of the development of poetic genre in Quebec and its dissemination on a wider scale for wider audiences. Concerning the edition of 2010, it is presented as a tribute to the national practice of poetry and illustrates the ...

The place and function of Oral poetry in contemporary Quebec as well as the narrow relationship between poetic expression and political commitment are the key issues underlying this doctoral thesis. The Nuits de la poésie are an outstanding observatory of specificities and evolutions of poetry life in Quebec over the last forty years. The first edition in 1970 stands out as the birth of an authentic tradition which establishes a close link between the Oral, the poetic public expression and the statement of national existence.The first part of this thesis presents the conditions of the emergence of this seminal event and studies the historical, linguistics and political context, which saw the birth of a specifically Quebec culture. The second part is devoted to the first edition of the Nuit de la poésie. It focuses on practical and theoretical issues related to the analysis of the document film, the only witness of this edition. It also focuses on the issues related to the registration of oral performance on a mechanical support as well on printed books. The third part examines the repetition of the event. It then analyses continuity and thematic and aesthetic evolutions in Quebec poetry from 1980 to 2010 and even more contemporary and globalized manifestations as those of slam poetry.Through the four several editions of the Nuits de la poésie and of extending events, emerges the face of a country that is particularly linked to poetic word and practice. The 1970s are those of defense and illustration of the literary and poetic Quebec. The 1980s saw the advent of female voices and the beginning of an aesthetic diversification, while the 1990s point out the emergence of an identity more open to migrant cultures. The non-repetition of the event in 2000 is less a sign of a slowdown than a result of the development of poetic genre in Quebec and its dissemination on a wider scale for wider audiences. Concerning the edition of 2010, it is presented as a tribute to the national practice of poetry and illustrates the extreme vitality and importance of poetry in Quebec society. ; La place de l'oralité dans le patrimoine québécois et la particularité du lien qui unit expression poétique et revendication politique dans le Québec contemporain constituent les questions essentielles qui sous-tendent ce travail. Les Nuits de la poésie offrent un remarquable observatoire de la place, des spécificités et des évolutions de la poésie vivante au Québec au cours des quarante dernières années. La première édition en 1970 s'est affirmée comme l'acte de naissance d'une authentique tradition établissant un lien étroit entre oralité, expression poétique et affirmation politique et nationale.La première partie de cette thèse présente et analyse les conditions d'émergence de cet événement fondateur à partir de l'étude du contexte historique, politique et linguistique qui a vu la naissance d'une culture spécifiquement québécoise. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'étude de la Nuit de la poésie 1970. Elle s'attache aux questions théoriques liées à l'analyse du document filmique, seul témoin de cette édition et support concret sur lequel s'appuie cette étude. Elle met également l'accent sur les questions formelles liées à l'inscription de l'oralité sur un support mécanique ou écrit. La troisième partie étudie la réitération de l'événement. Elle observe ensuite la continuité et les évolutions thématiques et esthétiques qu'a connues la poésie québécoise de 1980 à 2010 et jusqu'aux manifestations plus contemporaines et mondialisées que constituent les scènes de slam.Au gré des éditions de La Nuit de la poésie et des manifestations qui la prolongent, se dessine le visage d'un pays qui s'est particulièrement affirmé à travers la prise de parole poétique. Les années 1970 sont bien celles de la revendication et de l'illustration du fait littéraire et poétique québécois. Les années 1980 ont consacré l'avènement des voix féminines et le début d'une diversification des esthétiques poétiques alors que la décennie 1990 a vu l'émergence d'une identité plus métissée, plus ouverte au monde et faisant place à la parole des cultures migrantes. La non-réitération de l'événement en 2000 est moins le signe d'un essoufflement que la conséquence de l'essor du genre poétique au Québec et de sa diffusion sur une plus vaste échelle et face à des publics élargis. Quant à l'édition de 2010, elle se présente comme un hommage à cette pratique publique de la poésie et illustre son extrême vitalité et son importance dans la société québécoise.

This research paper focuses on Indo-Canadian poet Rupi Kaur and her work. By analysing Kaur's work, this dissertation aims to examine the evolution of poetry as it has been influenced by the digital space in today's society. Literature and poetry have always been shaped by their environment and Instagram poetry is no different. The manner in which Kaur's poetry has developed on social media like Instagram is a question that prompts several areas of inquiry. The relationship between Instapoetry and different aspects of Kaur's work brings to light matters of poetic form. To do so, this paper concentrates on different aspects of Kaur's work by taking into account her poetry in print form, digital activism, oral performances and her political and social engagement as a Canadian woman of color.The first part of this dissertation concerns the evolution that has occurred from the distribution to the reception of digital poetry. Indeed, digital poetry has to cope with new challenges brought by digitization. As the creation, distribution and reception of art are simplified thanks to social networks, anyone with Internet access can create poetry and publish it on digital platforms. In doing so, one positive outcome is that art is no longer limited to a supposed literary elite, as it might have been in the past with poetry in print. However, what is more problematic is the amateurism that it appears to generate. For some critics and scholars, the vulgarisation of poetry on the digital space can be seen as a threat to literary tradition. Indeed, digital poetry is questioning the very definition of art. This article illustrates how digital poetry breaks the rules previously established by academics and refuses to the canonical rules of poetry. Nonetheless, it is important to mention that this refusal of supposed literary rules is not unique to digital poetry because many other traditions and literary movements before the 21st century and even before the 20 th century refused them. ; Ce mémoire se concentre sur la poésie ...

This research paper focuses on Indo-Canadian poet Rupi Kaur and her work. By analysing Kaur's work, this dissertation aims to examine the evolution of poetry as it has been influenced by the digital space in today's society. Literature and poetry have always been shaped by their environment and Instagram poetry is no different. The manner in which Kaur's poetry has developed on social media like Instagram is a question that prompts several areas of inquiry. The relationship between Instapoetry and different aspects of Kaur's work brings to light matters of poetic form. To do so, this paper concentrates on different aspects of Kaur's work by taking into account her poetry in print form, digital activism, oral performances and her political and social engagement as a Canadian woman of color.The first part of this dissertation concerns the evolution that has occurred from the distribution to the reception of digital poetry. Indeed, digital poetry has to cope with new challenges brought by digitization. As the creation, distribution and reception of art are simplified thanks to social networks, anyone with Internet access can create poetry and publish it on digital platforms. In doing so, one positive outcome is that art is no longer limited to a supposed literary elite, as it might have been in the past with poetry in print. However, what is more problematic is the amateurism that it appears to generate. For some critics and scholars, the vulgarisation of poetry on the digital space can be seen as a threat to literary tradition. Indeed, digital poetry is questioning the very definition of art. This article illustrates how digital poetry breaks the rules previously established by academics and refuses to the canonical rules of poetry. Nonetheless, it is important to mention that this refusal of supposed literary rules is not unique to digital poetry because many other traditions and literary movements before the 21st century and even before the 20 th century refused them. ; Ce mémoire se concentre sur la poésie ...

This research paper focuses on Indo-Canadian poet Rupi Kaur and her work. By analysing Kaur's work, this dissertation aims to examine the evolution of poetry as it has been influenced by the digital space in today's society. Literature and poetry have always been shaped by their environment and Instagram poetry is no different. The manner in which Kaur's poetry has developed on social media like Instagram is a question that prompts several areas of inquiry. The relationship between Instapoetry and different aspects of Kaur's work brings to light matters of poetic form. To do so, this paper concentrates on different aspects of Kaur's work by taking into account her poetry in print form, digital activism, oral performances and her political and social engagement as a Canadian woman of color.The first part of this dissertation concerns the evolution that has occurred from the distribution to the reception of digital poetry. Indeed, digital poetry has to cope with new challenges brought by digitization. As the creation, distribution and reception of art are simplified thanks to social networks, anyone with Internet access can create poetry and publish it on digital platforms. In doing so, one positive outcome is that art is no longer limited to a supposed literary elite, as it might have been in the past with poetry in print. However, what is more problematic is the amateurism that it appears to generate. For some critics and scholars, the vulgarisation of poetry on the digital space can be seen as a threat to literary tradition. Indeed, digital poetry is questioning the very definition of art. This article illustrates how digital poetry breaks the rules previously established by academics and refuses to the canonical rules of poetry. Nonetheless, it is important to mention that this refusal of supposed literary rules is not unique to digital poetry because many other traditions and literary movements before the 21st century and even before the 20 th century refused them. ; Ce mémoire se concentre sur la poésie ...

Polykephale Gesellschaften Südwest-Äthiopiens zu Zeiten der Sklavenjagden / Hermann Amborn -- Access to ICT and education for visually impaired people in Ethiopia / Berhanu Beyene, Solomon Teferra Abate -- Epistolographie Äthiopiens : ein Brief nach Rom im 17. Jahrhundert / Verena Böll -- Wachs und Gold : Äthiopiens erprobte Kultur des Versteckens / Stefan Brüne -- The Copts and Ethiopia : "a literal-historical lecture," 1895 / Haggai Erlich -- Ethiopian contributions to the study of Amharic oral poetry / Getie Gelaye -- Compte-rendu d'une brève enquête parmi des paysans du sous-kebele de Wäyr Amba, Nord Shoa : "mengist" et "gebäre" / René Lefort -- Racism in the service of Fascism, empire-building and war : the history of the Fascist magazine "La Difesa della Razza" / Richard Pankhurst -- Eritrea : a test of legitimacy / Siegfried Pausewang -- Die erste Eisenbahn in Nordostafrika / Walter Raunig -- Erzählgut und Recht--dargestellt an einem Vergleich afrikanisch-äthiopischer Märchen / Heinrich Scholler -- "Annäherung Deutschlands und Aethiopiens" : unbekannte Briefe des Kaisers Menelik II, und seines Gesandten 1907-08 / Wolbert G.C. Smidt -- Memorie italiane/memorie africane del colonialismo / Irma Taddia -- Observation on Eritrean environmental history / Mussie Tesfagiorgis

From 1948 to 1992, the apartheid system in South Africa aimed at systematically denying or even destroying the black population's speech. As a parameter of any oppressive system, the denial of speech was violently and ruthlessly enforced through an institutionalised racist system based on the exploitation of the black population. A resistance movement, therefore, took shape in political movements, unions, and arts, among which literature, and fought for decades to rebuild a black identity, to take part into the writing of history and to establish the foundations of a democratic state. During the 1960s and 1970s, poetry became a considerable force of resistance and struggle, whose aim was to create and sustain the collective will to pull down the structures of oppression. The seizure of speech by poets who recycled the techniques of oral literatures allowed the identification of the crucial relationships between poetics and politics. The Black Consciousness movement was thus structured in and by a poetic speech that appropriated language, words and things through a dialogical process. In spite of major political changes, that dynamics continued during South Africa's political transition, and the poetic voices in contemporary South Africa remain a force that is both disruptive and constructive. It is therefore necessary to define and develop tools for the analysis of the Black Consciousness poetry; the works of Frantz Fanon will prove enlightening in the understanding of a poetry which was a practice and an experiment, fighting for a humanistic perspective based on language. ; Le système d'apartheid en Afrique du Sud, de 1948 à 1992, a notamment eu pour méthode et objectif la négation totale voire l'anéantissement de la parole de la population noire. Cette caractéristique inhérente à tout système d'oppression s'est imposée violemment en Afrique du Sud par l'institutionnalisation implacable d'un système raciste fondé sur l'exploitation de la population noire. A cette violence a répondu une résistance qui, sous ...

From 1948 to 1992, the apartheid system in South Africa aimed at systematically denying or even destroying the black population's speech. As a parameter of any oppressive system, the denial of speech was violently and ruthlessly enforced through an institutionalised racist system based on the exploitation of the black population. A resistance movement, therefore, took shape in political movements, unions, and arts, among which literature, and fought for decades to rebuild a black identity, to take part into the writing of history and to establish the foundations of a democratic state. During the 1960s and 1970s, poetry became a considerable force of resistance and struggle, whose aim was to create and sustain the collective will to pull down the structures of oppression. The seizure of speech by poets who recycled the techniques of oral literatures allowed the identification of the crucial relationships between poetics and politics. The Black Consciousness movement was thus structured in and by a poetic speech that appropriated language, words and things through a dialogical process. In spite of major political changes, that dynamics continued during South Africa's political transition, and the poetic voices in contemporary South Africa remain a force that is both disruptive and constructive. It is therefore necessary to define and develop tools for the analysis of the Black Consciousness poetry; the works of Frantz Fanon will prove enlightening in the understanding of a poetry which was a practice and an experiment, fighting for a humanistic perspective based on language. ; Le système d'apartheid en Afrique du Sud, de 1948 à 1992, a notamment eu pour méthode et objectif la négation totale voire l'anéantissement de la parole de la population noire. Cette caractéristique inhérente à tout système d'oppression s'est imposée violemment en Afrique du Sud par l'institutionnalisation implacable d'un système raciste fondé sur l'exploitation de la population noire. A cette violence a répondu une résistance qui, sous ...

3) The literatures of the South Celebes have remained up till now hardly studied at all. Ch. Pelras (C.N.R.S., Paris) gives here an initial general presentation of the Bugis literature, the least unknown thanks to the studies of Matthes, Kern, Cense, and Noorduyn. There exists an important written literature, in manuscript form, and a still living oral literature whose principal genres are rapidly reviewed here. Following that a glimpse of the principal themes is given : myths (primarily concerning the cultural hero Sawérigading) , history, juridical wisdom, didactic or religious texts, stories and lyric poetry.