Suchergebnisse

Ensuriing tthe effiiciiency and sttabiilliitty of tthe bankiing systtem can pllay a viittall rolle for tthe successfull iimpllementtattiion of tthe monettary and economiic polliiciies of a counttry. Yett,, tto achiieve such objjecttiive iitt woulld be essenttiiall tto pllace fiinanciiall reform measures tthatt enhance tthe conttriibuttiion of tthe bankiing systtem ttowards economiic devellopmentt. An embllemattiic reform measure underttaken by tthe Etthiiopiian governmentt commenciing tthe year 1992 was "lliiberalliiziing "tthe fiinanciiall secttor. The aiim of tthe sttudy iis tto assess tthe iimpactt of fiinanciiall lliiberalliizattiion on tthe ownershiip sttructture,, markett concenttrattiion and profiittabiilliitty performance of tthe Etthiiopiian bankiing iindusttry. The sttudy found outt tthatt tthe reform has broughtt a llott of remarkablle changes on tthe sttructture and performance of tthe bankiing secttor as compared wiitth tthe siittuattiions prevallentt before tthe reform periiod. However,, tthe reform has resttriictted tthe advanttages tthatt coulld be obttaiined from a diiversiifiied ownershiip sttructture viia prohiibiittiing operattiion of foreiign banks and parttiiciipattiion of tthe priivatte secttor tto tthe ownershiip of governmentt banks. Furtthermore ,,as ttestted by botth ttwo fiirm concenttrattiion rattiio and HHI usiing ttottall deposiitts,, lloans,, capiittall and assetts,, tthe bankiing iindusttry iin Etthiiopiia can sttiillll be diisttiinguiished by iitts markett concenttrattiion ttowards tthe biig governmentt owned commerciiall banks and by a markett charactteriized by lliittttlle and iinsuffiiciientt compettiittiion. The profiittabiilliitty of tthe iindusttry has allso shown a ttremendous iimprovementt aftter tthe reform measure has been ttaken. However,, tthe exiisttiing governmentt banks are enjjoyiing haviing tthe hiigher share of profiitt from tthe iindusttry and sttiillll tthe pattttern of tthe iindusttry profiitt iis follllowiing tthe profiittabiilliitty sttructture of tthe giiantt bank,, CBE. The sttudy iidenttiifiied and recommended areas tthatt need furtther lliiberalliizattiion measures so as tto enhance tthe performance of tthe iindusttry. Yett,, iitt shoulld be seen as a fiirstt sttep,, nott tthe llastt word iin tthiis diirecttiion.

Past research on foreign divestment has recognized the impact of economic and political differences1. However, the prior findings remain equivocal. We adopt the Positive Organizational Scholarship perspective to provide more contextualized insights into the effects of economic and political differences on foreign divestment. Specifically, we consider the juxtaposition of national differences and levels of firm interaction with the different contexts. Thus, we develop the concept of friction to assess levels of economic and political differences. We further argue that economic friction will have a curvilinear (U-shaped) effect on foreign divestment, whereas political friction will produce a monotonic (positive) effect. Moreover, we introduce ownership level as a moderator into the main hypotheses. Drawing on data from 2400 foreign subsidiaries of 310 Finnish multinational enterprises, from 1970–2010, we provide support for our main hypotheses, although the moderating effect of ownership levels is not supported. We further compare the effects of differences measured by friction with those measured by distance. Accordingly, our research highlights the importance of detecting specific conditions for the investigation of the impact of economic and political differences in the foreign divestment literature. ; © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ; fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed|

Bangladesh is the most densely populated country in the world. With a total population of around 165 million, the country has constantly been facing food security challenges and other problems. Therefore, increasing food production is one of the feasible solutions to this challenge, and proper agricultural land use for food production bears critical importance. Adopting sustainable irrigation systems and viable technologies would be vital for ensuring efficient use of agricultural land in Bangladesh to safeguard the country's food security. Solar irrigation pumps (SIPs) can be a reliable option in this regard. However, Bangladesh has experienced a prolonged growth rate of SIP installation in the last decade. The countryhas set a target to install 10000 SIPs by the year 2027, albeit it is a tiny share of the 1.57 million conventional irrigation pumps operating in the country. This study aims to investigate the economic feasibility of the SIPs operating in the northern region of Bangladesh in terms of estimating financial feasibility and environmental benefits. The study is mainly based on primary data collected from the users of SIPs from two Upazilas of Dinajpur and Rangpur districts. A total of 14 SIPs, categorized into large, medium, and small pumps, are selected randomly from the available SIPs in the study areas. The financial analysis reveals that small SIPs are the most profitable option (20% IRR) for investment. Large SIPs are moderately profitable (10% IRR), and their profitability can be improved (10.50% IRR) by introducing additional uses of solar energy. However, medium SIPs are the worst (5% IRR) option for investment. In the study areas, large and medium SIPs are designed for the 'fees for service model', and small SIPs are designed for the 'fees for ownership model'. It is found that the 'fees for ownership model' is more profitable than the 'fees for service model'. Moreover, the net environmental benefit for all SIPs is found almost equal to the given subsidy for installing them. Also, the net environmental benefit per kilowatt peak (kWp) is highest for the small SIPs. This paper recommends that additional use (e.g., husking, grinding, supply excess electricity to grid, and so on) of solar energy can improve the profitability of investmenton SIPs. Further, the government should continue giving grants for installing SIPs and promote 'fees for ownership model' (small SIPs) for personal use. It would speed up the dissemination rate of SIPs and help increase the country's agricultural production and improve the environmental conditions.

Includes errata. ; Carlino's device on t.p. (Zappella 527). Numerous woodcuts including a folded plate, and six full-page engravings. Head- and tail-pieces. Initials. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Binding, c. 2: modern marbled paper, backed in brown goatskin. Spine tooled in gilt, author and title in gilt. Page edges sprinkled blue. Owner's stamp in right margin of t.p. with initials: R O T, repeated on p. 35. Ownership inscription at foot of colophon: E' di Franuzio Alber d'Azzia. ; Binding, c. 1: old limp vellum. Author written at head of spine, shelf mark F 28 at foot. Remains of 2 pairs of ties at foredge. Brief author and title written at head of title. Three-line Italian inscription in pencil on back free endpaper verso.