A short review of political parties and party systems lets us state that political parties are undoubtedly one of the most important political institutions of a modern state, however the very definition of a political party varies with scholars of different countries. Their functions are also variously defined. Political parties are classified into types on the basis of different criteria. Therefore it is possible to have a big variety of these types. Political systems are also treated in various ways. That depends on the concrete circumstances and the general level of political culture.
A short review of political parties and party systems lets us state that political parties are undoubtedly one of the most important political institutions of a modern state, however the very definition of a political party varies with scholars of different countries. Their functions are also variously defined. Political parties are classified into types on the basis of different criteria. Therefore it is possible to have a big variety of these types. Political systems are also treated in various ways. That depends on the concrete circumstances and the general level of political culture.
A short review of political parties and party systems lets us state that political parties are undoubtedly one of the most important political institutions of a modern state, however the very definition of a political party varies with scholars of different countries. Their functions are also variously defined. Political parties are classified into types on the basis of different criteria. Therefore it is possible to have a big variety of these types. Political systems are also treated in various ways. That depends on the concrete circumstances and the general level of political culture.
A short review of political parties and party systems lets us state that political parties are undoubtedly one of the most important political institutions of a modern state, however the very definition of a political party varies with scholars of different countries. Their functions are also variously defined. Political parties are classified into types on the basis of different criteria. Therefore it is possible to have a big variety of these types. Political systems are also treated in various ways. That depends on the concrete circumstances and the general level of political culture.
In the last decade of twentieth century the third wave of democratization caused transition in many of Sub-Saharan African countries. This research studies the role of Tanzania's and Zambia's political parties along with the effectiveness of democracy and institutionalization process in transition. The transition of African countries is not a fast overturning process. Today most of those countries stay in the frame of the second (transformation) and the third (democratic consolidation) levels of transition. The results of institutionalization research of party system showed that Tanzania's party system is assigned to medium level of institutionalization and pertain to transitional stage. Zambia's party system is assigned to medium-low level of institutionalization and pertain to the category of weakly formed party system. Tanzania and Zambia have not reached the full democratic consolidation yet. Therefore democracy process slowup reasons put the countries in the semi-democracy and grey zone category.
In the last decade of twentieth century the third wave of democratization caused transition in many of Sub-Saharan African countries. This research studies the role of Tanzania's and Zambia's political parties along with the effectiveness of democracy and institutionalization process in transition. The transition of African countries is not a fast overturning process. Today most of those countries stay in the frame of the second (transformation) and the third (democratic consolidation) levels of transition. The results of institutionalization research of party system showed that Tanzania's party system is assigned to medium level of institutionalization and pertain to transitional stage. Zambia's party system is assigned to medium-low level of institutionalization and pertain to the category of weakly formed party system. Tanzania and Zambia have not reached the full democratic consolidation yet. Therefore democracy process slowup reasons put the countries in the semi-democracy and grey zone category.
In the last decade of twentieth century the third wave of democratization caused transition in many of Sub-Saharan African countries. This research studies the role of Tanzania's and Zambia's political parties along with the effectiveness of democracy and institutionalization process in transition. The transition of African countries is not a fast overturning process. Today most of those countries stay in the frame of the second (transformation) and the third (democratic consolidation) levels of transition. The results of institutionalization research of party system showed that Tanzania's party system is assigned to medium level of institutionalization and pertain to transitional stage. Zambia's party system is assigned to medium-low level of institutionalization and pertain to the category of weakly formed party system. Tanzania and Zambia have not reached the full democratic consolidation yet. Therefore democracy process slowup reasons put the countries in the semi-democracy and grey zone category.
The Professor Mykolas Romeris discussed about political systems advantages e disadvantages. He compared a multi-party system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition. And a two- party system which is a form of party system where two major political parties dominate the voting in nearly all elections. As a result, all, or nearly all, elected offices end up being held by candidates endorsed by the two major parties. The ruling party's majority may still be based on a smaller segment of the population than coalition governments due to lower turnout, and votes cast that do not lead to the desired representative. According to the professor M. Romeris the two-party system does produce stable governments, but this comes at the expense of the preferred outcome of stable democracy. M. Romeris was disposed that political corruption is the misuse by government officials of their governmental powers for illegitimate, usually secret, private gain. He was pointed that politicians forgot the main ethical, political, moral principals. Favoring relatives or personal friends became too many powerful. Professor was sure that the nations will have to try the way to identity and eliminate such kind politics and parties.
This study entitled "Political Elite Euroscepticism in the Central Europe: the Czech Republic Case" analyzes effects of Europeanization of the Eurosceptic Czech political elite, focusing on the Europeanization of centre-right Eurosceptic Civic Democratic Party during Czech Republic's accession to the European Union period and Eropean Union membership period till the year 2009. The first part of the study considered the theorethical approaches of political elite Euroscepticism and Europeanization of political parties and party systems. For the evaluation of Euroscepticism level of the Czech political elite in general and especially in the case of the Civic Democratic Party, the main concepts has been discussed and adapted using Aleks Szczerbiak, Paul Taggart and Petr Kopecky, Cas Mudde existing studies about the Central and Eastern Europe political elite Euroscepticism. According to Robert Ladrech, five most important and interrelated areas in which research should be done on the phenomenon of Europeanization of political parties and their activities in the context of the European Union candidate and member states were revealed and later, dealing with the basic R. Ladrech's classification, there were assumed that potential Europeanization effect on parties and party systems could be divided to three main categories: programmatic elements (including the party rhetoric and voter mobilization in general sense), organizational elements (including internal party organizational changes and the formalization of cooperation with European-level parties) and potential changes in party systems, focusing on the format and competition changes (including the importance of "European" issues and the potential "European" cleavages impact on inter-party competition sphere). The second part of this study revealed common manifestations of Euroscepticism in the Central and Eastern European countries, as well as the Eurosceptic parties of the region were located and classified. In the third part, the previously identified Eurosceptic Czech political parties were discussed in more detail. The disclosure of the Czech political elite Euroscepticism origin was made more generally, presenting the detailed overview of the dynamics of the Civic Democratic Party till the Czech Republic's accession to the EU in the year 2004. The fourth part provides the test of the Eurosceptic Czech political elite, with special attention to the Civic Democratic Party, in order to make a verification or falsification of real influence of Europeanization on party or party system. In the research, level of Europeanization was assessed identifying changes in the parliamentary election programs, the party organization and in the Czech political system in general, in the time frame, which includes the Czech Republic's preparation for the EU accession and EU membership period to the year 2009. To conclude and taking into account the limited Europeanization impact on Czech party system and Civic Democratic Party, as in this study is presumed, it would be wrong to predicate about deepening Europeanization particularly within the Eurosceptic Czech political elite, which maintain their Eurosceptic position on the relevant EU development issues. Moreover, one of the most significant center-right Civic Democratic Party, despite its changing leaders and positioning in the office, firmly preserves its stable stance of "soft" Euroscepticism".
This study entitled "Political Elite Euroscepticism in the Central Europe: the Czech Republic Case" analyzes effects of Europeanization of the Eurosceptic Czech political elite, focusing on the Europeanization of centre-right Eurosceptic Civic Democratic Party during Czech Republic's accession to the European Union period and Eropean Union membership period till the year 2009. The first part of the study considered the theorethical approaches of political elite Euroscepticism and Europeanization of political parties and party systems. For the evaluation of Euroscepticism level of the Czech political elite in general and especially in the case of the Civic Democratic Party, the main concepts has been discussed and adapted using Aleks Szczerbiak, Paul Taggart and Petr Kopecky, Cas Mudde existing studies about the Central and Eastern Europe political elite Euroscepticism. According to Robert Ladrech, five most important and interrelated areas in which research should be done on the phenomenon of Europeanization of political parties and their activities in the context of the European Union candidate and member states were revealed and later, dealing with the basic R. Ladrech's classification, there were assumed that potential Europeanization effect on parties and party systems could be divided to three main categories: programmatic elements (including the party rhetoric and voter mobilization in general sense), organizational elements (including internal party organizational changes and the formalization of cooperation with European-level parties) and potential changes in party systems, focusing on the format and competition changes (including the importance of "European" issues and the potential "European" cleavages impact on inter-party competition sphere). The second part of this study revealed common manifestations of Euroscepticism in the Central and Eastern European countries, as well as the Eurosceptic parties of the region were located and classified. In the third part, the previously identified Eurosceptic Czech political parties were discussed in more detail. The disclosure of the Czech political elite Euroscepticism origin was made more generally, presenting the detailed overview of the dynamics of the Civic Democratic Party till the Czech Republic's accession to the EU in the year 2004. The fourth part provides the test of the Eurosceptic Czech political elite, with special attention to the Civic Democratic Party, in order to make a verification or falsification of real influence of Europeanization on party or party system. In the research, level of Europeanization was assessed identifying changes in the parliamentary election programs, the party organization and in the Czech political system in general, in the time frame, which includes the Czech Republic's preparation for the EU accession and EU membership period to the year 2009. To conclude and taking into account the limited Europeanization impact on Czech party system and Civic Democratic Party, as in this study is presumed, it would be wrong to predicate about deepening Europeanization particularly within the Eurosceptic Czech political elite, which maintain their Eurosceptic position on the relevant EU development issues. Moreover, one of the most significant center-right Civic Democratic Party, despite its changing leaders and positioning in the office, firmly preserves its stable stance of "soft" Euroscepticism".
Master's Degree final paper work "Electoral systems impact on voting results: 2004 and 2008 Lithuanian parliament elections' case study" pays main attention to what the results would be of the two last elections to Lithuanian parliament if other than parallel electoral system was used. Main goal is to analize and experimentaly check how do different electoral systems impact Lithuanian parliament results and how depending on results do the party position, weight and influence change. Object: 1. To review electoral systems currently used in the world; 2. To make detailed analysis of main electoral systems stressing their advantages and disadvantages; 3. To analyse 2004 and 2008 Lithuanian parliament elections using five different electoral systems (party list, two round, first-past-the-post, MMP and limited voting); 4. To compare possible results of 20004 and 2008 Lithuanian parliament elections using different electoral systems and conclude the results Hypothesis: 1. Party list system provides new parties with additional seats in the parliament; 2. Plurality / majority systems provides new parties with less seats comparing to parallel system; 3. First-past-the-post provides additional seats (comparing to parallel system) to minority parties and non-partisan candidates. Detailed analysis results confirm, that party list system provides new parties with additional seasts in the parliament. At the same time, two biggest traditional parties would lose up to 28,89% seats comparing to the results of parallel system. Hypothesis that plurality / majority systems provides new parties with less seats comparing to parallel system was not only confirmed, but also showed, that such systems would prevent some parties from having at least one representative in parliament, although parallel system would grant 11,35% seats (16 out of 141). Plurality / majority systems would allow two biggest traditional parties to receive up to 30% additional seats in the parliament.
Distribution Systems Established by Vertical Agreements in E-commerce: Problems of Competition Law Enforcement Electronic commerce is in the center of attention within the business of undertakings, life of consumers and activities of competent authorities. According to the inquiry of the European Commission, undertakings meet specific challenges within the sector of e-commerce which very often are related to competition law. Due to the latter reasons, it is necessary to identify and assess problems of competition law enforcement which arise within the distribution systems established via vertical agreements. First part of the thesis includes analyses of the problems arising in separation of active and passive sales in exclusive distribution system. Therefore, competition law provisions regarding internet distribution and language of the website which sometimes might be interpreted too narrow are analysed, features of the websites like domain, marketing tools, newsletters are analysed, also the problems regarding directivity of distribution to specific territory while using various distribution platforms and whether the case law of selective distribution could be sometimes applicable in the case of exclusive distribution. Second part of the thesis includes analyses of problems arising within the selective distribution system. Problems related to restriction to distribute online, third party marketplaces, price comparison tolls are analysed. Attention is drawn to the fast-developing national case law which, if lagged behind, could further away from harmonization of the European Union competition rules, the questionable relevance of certain current competition law provisions in respect to future conditions of the market, problems of interpretation and enforcement of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, for example, Coty decision, which could be met by undertakings, problems regarding certain provisions of contracts, for example, regarding MFN clauses. Third part of the thesis includes assessment of how the goal to ensure fair competition to small and medium companies by providing them with possibility to distribute via various platforms on e-commerce may increase the market power of the owners of the beforementioned platforms, for example, Amazon or Google, and thus increase the risk of abuse of dominant position or horizontal agreements. Fourth part of the thesis includes the assessment of problems that may arise upon the Regulation No. 2018/302 came into force in respect to competition law provisions, the compatibility between these legal spheres, as well as how these two institutes supplement each other and why some problems might be met by undertakings.
Distribution Systems Established by Vertical Agreements in E-commerce: Problems of Competition Law Enforcement Electronic commerce is in the center of attention within the business of undertakings, life of consumers and activities of competent authorities. According to the inquiry of the European Commission, undertakings meet specific challenges within the sector of e-commerce which very often are related to competition law. Due to the latter reasons, it is necessary to identify and assess problems of competition law enforcement which arise within the distribution systems established via vertical agreements. First part of the thesis includes analyses of the problems arising in separation of active and passive sales in exclusive distribution system. Therefore, competition law provisions regarding internet distribution and language of the website which sometimes might be interpreted too narrow are analysed, features of the websites like domain, marketing tools, newsletters are analysed, also the problems regarding directivity of distribution to specific territory while using various distribution platforms and whether the case law of selective distribution could be sometimes applicable in the case of exclusive distribution. Second part of the thesis includes analyses of problems arising within the selective distribution system. Problems related to restriction to distribute online, third party marketplaces, price comparison tolls are analysed. Attention is drawn to the fast-developing national case law which, if lagged behind, could further away from harmonization of the European Union competition rules, the questionable relevance of certain current competition law provisions in respect to future conditions of the market, problems of interpretation and enforcement of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, for example, Coty decision, which could be met by undertakings, problems regarding certain provisions of contracts, for example, regarding MFN clauses. Third part of the thesis includes assessment of how the goal to ensure fair competition to small and medium companies by providing them with possibility to distribute via various platforms on e-commerce may increase the market power of the owners of the beforementioned platforms, for example, Amazon or Google, and thus increase the risk of abuse of dominant position or horizontal agreements. Fourth part of the thesis includes the assessment of problems that may arise upon the Regulation No. 2018/302 came into force in respect to competition law provisions, the compatibility between these legal spheres, as well as how these two institutes supplement each other and why some problems might be met by undertakings.
Distribution Systems Established by Vertical Agreements in E-commerce: Problems of Competition Law Enforcement Electronic commerce is in the center of attention within the business of undertakings, life of consumers and activities of competent authorities. According to the inquiry of the European Commission, undertakings meet specific challenges within the sector of e-commerce which very often are related to competition law. Due to the latter reasons, it is necessary to identify and assess problems of competition law enforcement which arise within the distribution systems established via vertical agreements. First part of the thesis includes analyses of the problems arising in separation of active and passive sales in exclusive distribution system. Therefore, competition law provisions regarding internet distribution and language of the website which sometimes might be interpreted too narrow are analysed, features of the websites like domain, marketing tools, newsletters are analysed, also the problems regarding directivity of distribution to specific territory while using various distribution platforms and whether the case law of selective distribution could be sometimes applicable in the case of exclusive distribution. Second part of the thesis includes analyses of problems arising within the selective distribution system. Problems related to restriction to distribute online, third party marketplaces, price comparison tolls are analysed. Attention is drawn to the fast-developing national case law which, if lagged behind, could further away from harmonization of the European Union competition rules, the questionable relevance of certain current competition law provisions in respect to future conditions of the market, problems of interpretation and enforcement of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, for example, Coty decision, which could be met by undertakings, problems regarding certain provisions of contracts, for example, regarding MFN clauses. Third part of the thesis includes assessment of how the goal to ensure fair competition to small and medium companies by providing them with possibility to distribute via various platforms on e-commerce may increase the market power of the owners of the beforementioned platforms, for example, Amazon or Google, and thus increase the risk of abuse of dominant position or horizontal agreements. Fourth part of the thesis includes the assessment of problems that may arise upon the Regulation No. 2018/302 came into force in respect to competition law provisions, the compatibility between these legal spheres, as well as how these two institutes supplement each other and why some problems might be met by undertakings.
Distribution Systems Established by Vertical Agreements in E-commerce: Problems of Competition Law Enforcement Electronic commerce is in the center of attention within the business of undertakings, life of consumers and activities of competent authorities. According to the inquiry of the European Commission, undertakings meet specific challenges within the sector of e-commerce which very often are related to competition law. Due to the latter reasons, it is necessary to identify and assess problems of competition law enforcement which arise within the distribution systems established via vertical agreements. First part of the thesis includes analyses of the problems arising in separation of active and passive sales in exclusive distribution system. Therefore, competition law provisions regarding internet distribution and language of the website which sometimes might be interpreted too narrow are analysed, features of the websites like domain, marketing tools, newsletters are analysed, also the problems regarding directivity of distribution to specific territory while using various distribution platforms and whether the case law of selective distribution could be sometimes applicable in the case of exclusive distribution. Second part of the thesis includes analyses of problems arising within the selective distribution system. Problems related to restriction to distribute online, third party marketplaces, price comparison tolls are analysed. Attention is drawn to the fast-developing national case law which, if lagged behind, could further away from harmonization of the European Union competition rules, the questionable relevance of certain current competition law provisions in respect to future conditions of the market, problems of interpretation and enforcement of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, for example, Coty decision, which could be met by undertakings, problems regarding certain provisions of contracts, for example, regarding MFN clauses. Third part of the thesis includes assessment of how the goal to ensure fair competition to small and medium companies by providing them with possibility to distribute via various platforms on e-commerce may increase the market power of the owners of the beforementioned platforms, for example, Amazon or Google, and thus increase the risk of abuse of dominant position or horizontal agreements. Fourth part of the thesis includes the assessment of problems that may arise upon the Regulation No. 2018/302 came into force in respect to competition law provisions, the compatibility between these legal spheres, as well as how these two institutes supplement each other and why some problems might be met by undertakings.
