Suchergebnisse

After the collapse of the bipolar world, multilateral initiatives & organizations entered a state of crisis, but at the same time, their importance increased. The author analyzes one form of multilateral involvement, the UN peacekeeping operations. In the last five years, their number has significantly increased, with the most important one in the territory of former Yugoslavia. Although many aspects of that operation are negative, in the future, they might prove useful for the reform of the concept of peacekeeping operations. The author particularly emphasizes the necessity for these peacekeeping operations to make a shift from the prevention of hostilities toward the imposition of peace, as well as the need to separate this aim from humanitarian activities, which should be assigned to specialized international organizations. The peacekeeping operations should evolve into a sort of multilateral interventionism that, while undoubtedly restricting individual states' sovereignty, strives to establish order. They could be supplemented with other means of pressure at the UN's disposal: sanctions, diplomatic isolation, or arms control. Adapted from the source document.

Examines factors that led to the conflict between Angolan armed forces and guerrillas of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), in spite of the Lusaka and Bicesse peace accords; includes profile of Jonas Savimbi, failure of UN peacekeeping forces, survival strategies in the town of Kuito, the oil economy, ethnic rivalries, and other issues; 9 articles. Summaries in English p. 181-3.

Examines alliances among the nations of the Western group, the Soviet/East European group, the non-aligned states and China, and among the permanent and non-aligned members, in terms of voting records and use of vetos. Pressure on southern African and Israel/Palestine issues, peacekeeping finance, the 1982 Falkland Islands invasion, the 1990 Iraqi invasion and annexation of Kuwait, and other topics.

Examines various proposals that would create an inter-African intervention force for peacekeeping operations. Potential role of the UN and the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and initiatives of Great Britain, France, and other countries.

Examines foreign policy based on use of force to prevent war, feasibility of "moderate force," peacekeeping efforts, and other issues; examples from the cold war era and contemporary foreign relations; US. Discusses the Cuban missile crisis, the Vietnam war, and use of force in Cambodia, Laos, Nicaragua, Lebanon, Iraq, Somalia, Panama, Kuwait, Bosnia, and other areas.

Examines growing need for financial resources to support UN costs, particularly peacekeeping activities; recommends establishment of a foreign currency exchange, with transaction fees or taxes dedicated for global purposes.

US MILITARY INVOLVEMENT IN FUTURE OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR (OOTW) IS INEVITABLE, WHETHER OR NOT PEACEKEEPING AND HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE REMAIN FASHIONABLE MISSIONS. THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES THE CHANGING NATURE OF, AND THE DERIVATION OF COMMON CHARACTERISTICS AMONG OOTW. KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING SUCCESS OR FAILURE, AND REQUIREMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE EXAMINED. IT CONCLUDES THAT THE UNIFORMED LEADERSHIP IS NOT WELL PREPARED TO IMPROVISE BEYOND THE SAFE CONFINES OF THE WEINBERGER-POWELL DOCTRINE, AND THE REALM OUTSIDE THESE STRICT GUIDELINES ON THE EMPLOYMENT OF US FORCES REMAINS FROM THEM LARGELY "TERRA INCOGNITA."

Perestroika (restructuring) in the former USSR was greatly influenced by the new international division of labor under the globalization process of the capitalist system that began in the 1970s. Restructuring was intended to begin a process of economic cure & lead the USSR into the twenty-first century as a great economic power. However, due to structural problems (an entrenched bureaucracy & professionals isolated from their global counterparts) in Soviet society & pressures of the capitalist powers on the USSR (in debt financing & oil prices), perestroika did not succeed in reachings its objectives. Under perstroika, Mikhail Gorbachev began to question the geopolitical strategy of peaceful coexistence practiced by his predecessors & move toward a new mentality & openness (glasnost). Perestroika ended up being the prologue to the fall of this great power. 2 Tables. Adapted from the source document.

Selected official statements and documents from UN sources on the UN Operations in Somalia (UNOSOM) peacekeeping mission.

Selected official statements and documents from US, UN, and Bosnia-Herzegovina sources on ethnic conflict and peacekeeping efforts; US role. Includes texts of UN Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali's report to the UN Security Council, Mar. 22, 1995, and UN Security Council resolutions 981, 982, and 983, all dated Mar. 31, 1995.

Assessment of the UN peacekeeping mission in Western Sahara; based on Jan. 25, 1995 report presented to the US Congress by Ambassador Frank Ruddy, former deputy chairman, Referendum for Western Sahara, MINURSO Peacekeeping Operation.

Examines UN system and activities, 1945-95; orientations regarding social and economic development, peacekeeping operations, the International Maritime Organization, the Commission for Mercantile International Law, impact of the end of the bipolar confrontation, the World Bank and IMF, and other issues; 9 articles. Summaries in English.

This paper highlights how for almost half a century the inevitability of wars gave a particular stamp to Soviet assessments of international politics. But, after the XX Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the warlike confrontations stopped being something inescapable. In the opinion of Soviet ideologues, the power achieved by the socialist system served as a brake on "innate aggressive tendencies" to capitalism. The two antagonistic social systems would have to coexist peacefully, opening a process of economic competition between them. The role of war as the engine of history came to be played by "the undeniable advantages" that socialism would show over capitalism. ; Este artículo pone de relieve cómo durante casi medio siglo el carácter inevitable de las guerras confirió un sello particular a las valoraciones soviéticas de la política internacional. Pero, tras el XX Congreso del Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética, los enfrentamientos bélicos dejaron de ser algo ineludible. A juicio de los ideólogos soviéticos, el poderío alcanzado por el sistema socialista sirvió de freno a "las tendencias agresivas innatas" al capitalismo. Los dos sistemas sociales antagónicos tendrían que coexistir pacíficamente, abriéndose entre ambos un proceso de competición económica. El papel de la guerra como motor de la historia pasó a ser desempeñado por "las ventajas innegables" que el socialismo mostraría frente al capitalismo.