Suchergebnisse

Seit dem Zeitpunkt ihrer Gründung im Jahre 1945 unterliegen die Vereinten Nationen, aufgrund ihres einzigartigen Charakters, einer kontinuierlichen Abfolge aus Krise und Reform. Insbesondere in der heutigen Zeit, in welcher die Welt eine Dynamik durchlebt, geraten die Peacekeeping- Einsätze der Vereinten Nationen an ihre Grenzen. Aufgrund der Komplexität der multidimensionalen Einsätze können oftmals vorort unvorhersehbare Problematiken in den Einsatzgebieten auftreten. Diese können einerseits struktureller sowie andererseits administrativer Natur sein. Darüber hinaus resultieren diese häufig aus der Vagheit und Intransparenz des Sicherheitsratmandates, was in der Folge den Bruch und den Verstoß gegen die Menschenrechte verursachen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Rolle und der Effektivität des Menschenrechtsschutzes der Zivilbevölkerung, im Rahmen der Peacekeeping- Einsätze und soll die damit einhergehenden Herausforderungen und Schwierigkeiten veranschaulichen. Sie soll Aufschluss darüber geben, welcher Rang den Menschenrechten bei der Umsetzung der Friedensmandate zukommen und ihr Verhältnis zu der UN- Charta aufzeigen. Weiters wird die einschlägige Staatenpraxis, den kodifizierten Prinzipen und Befugnissen der Vereinten Nationen gegenübergestellt, um schließlich Parallelen zwischen dem geltenden Völkerrecht und der Umsetzung der Vereinten Nationen ziehen zu können. ; Since its inception in 1945, the United Nations, because of its unique nature, has been subject to a continuous succession of crisis and reform. Especially in today's dynamic world, the United Nations peacekeeping operations are reaching their limits. Due to the complexity of multidimensional missions, unpredictable problems can often arise in the field. These can be of a structural or administrative nature. In addition, these often result from the vagueness and intransparency of the Security Council mandate, which subsequently causes the breach and violation of human rights. The present paper deals with the role and effectiveness of human rights protection for the civilian population in peacekeeping operations and is intended to illustrate the challenges and difficulties involved. It should provide information on the rank of human rights in the implementation of peace mandates and their relationship to the UN Charter. Furthermore, the relevant state practice, the codified principles and powers of the United Nations are compared in order to draw parallels between the applicable international law and the implementation of the United Nations. ; vorgelegt von Antonia Zaponig ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2019 ; (VLID)3498010

This article traces the history of Australian peacekeeping since its beginnings in September 1947. It shows that, while there have always been Australian peacekeepers in the field since 1947, the level of commitment in different periods has varied greatly. The article sets out to explain this phenomenon, chiefly in political terms. It argues that Australia's early involvement in the invention of peacekeeping owed much to External Affairs Minister H.V. Evatt's interest in multilateralism, but that under the subsequent conservative Menzies government a new focus on alliance politics produced mixed results in terms of peacekeeping commitments. By contrast, in the 1970s and early 1980s, for different reasons Prime Ministers Whitlam and Fraser pursued policies which raised Australia's peacekeeping profile. After a lull in the early years of the Hawke Labor government, the arrival of internationalist Gareth Evans as Foreign Minister signalled a period of intense peacekeeping activity by Australia. For different, regionally-focused reasons, Australia was again active in peacekeeping in the late 1990s and early 2000s. In recent years, however, Australia's heavy commitment to Middle East wars has reduced its peacekeeping contribution once again to a low level.

This article traces the history of Australian peacekeeping since its beginnings in September 1947. It shows that, while there have always been Australian peacekeepers in the field since 1947, the level of commitment in different periods has varied greatly. The article sets out to explain this phenomenon, chiefly in political terms. It argues that Australia's early involvement in the invention of peacekeeping owed much to External Affairs Minister H.V. Evatt's interest in multilateralism, but that under the subsequent conservative Menzies government a new focus on alliance politics produced mixed results in terms of peacekeeping commitments. By contrast, in the 1970s and early 1980s, for different reasons Prime Ministers Whitlam and Fraser pursued policies which raised Australia's peacekeeping profile. After a lull in the early years of the Hawke Labor government, the arrival of internationalist Gareth Evans as Foreign Minister signalled a period of intense peacekeeping activity by Australia. For different, regionally-focused reasons, Australia was again active in peacekeeping in the late 1990s and early 2000s. In recent years, however, Australia's heavy commitment to Middle East wars has reduced its peacekeeping contribution once again to a low level.

Executive Seminar in Defense Decision-Making, June 2004 ; Purpose: To understand the motivation and conduct of civilian and military participants in international peacekeeping.

A one-day roundtable examining the UK's relationship with UN peace operations in the context of Brexit was held on 7 September 2018 at RUSI. Organised by the British International Studies Association (BISA) Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding Working Group in partnership with RUSI, the roundtable took as its starting point the broader question of the role of multilateral institutions in UK foreign and defence policy after the UK formally leaves the EU, and sought to identify and understand the role of peace operations within the framework of the 'Global Britain' agenda.Some 30 delegates from academia and the policy and NGO sectors provided perspectives on how different forms of engagement with UN peace operations could strengthen the UK government's commitment to supporting a rules-based international system. The roundtable provided an opportunity for more focused policy discussions pertaining to how the UK commits to UN operations, what the commitment should look like, and what opportunities and challenges exist in the varying ways in which the UK can approach UN operations. This conference report captures the key issues and themes discussed by participants.

Article II (4) of the UN Charter forbids the use of might by member state against the national sovereignty or political freedom of any country. The deployment of peacekeeping missions and peacekeeping operations has therefore been the traditional province of the UN. However, the emergence of local peacekeeping assignments towards the end of the 20th Century brought in some controversies that preoccupied the attention of some scholars. Such controversies range from the legality of such operations in international law. This thesis probes into the efficacy of the regionalization of peacekeeping operations in Africa with reference to the current debate about legitimacy and cooperation with the United Nations. Keywords: Regionalization of Peacekeeping, Legal Positivism Theory, Process Theory, Effectiveness of Operations, Legality of Operations. ; ÖZ: Kuruluşundan bugüne, Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) uluslararası hukukta güç kullanımına yetki vermek için ayrıcalık ve yegane sorumluluk. BM Şartı'nın 2 (4) maddesi, üye devletin aleyhine olan güç kullanımını yasaklamaktadır. herhangi bir devletin toprak bütünlüğü veya siyasi bağımsızlığı. Barışı koruma misyonlarının ve barışı koruma operasyonlarının konuşlandırılması, Birleşmiş Milletler'in geleneksel eyaleti olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, 20. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru bölgesel barışı koruma misyonlarının ortaya çıkması, bazı bilginlerin dikkatini çeken bazı tartışmalara neden oldu. Bu tür tartışmalar BM ve barışı koruma operasyonları yürüten bölgesel kurumlar arasındaki işbirliğinden, uluslararası hukukta bu tür operasyonların yasallığına kadar uzanmaktadır. Bu tez, Birleşmiş Milletler ile meşruiyet ve işbirliği hakkındaki mevcut tartışmalara istinaden Afrika'daki barışı koruma operasyonlarının bölgeselleştirilmesinin etkinliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Barışı Koruma Bölgeselleşmesi, Hukuki Pozitivizm Teorisi, Süreç Teorisi, Operasyonların Etkinliği, Operasyonların Yasallığı. ; Master of Arts in Diplomacy and Conflict Management. Institute of Graduate Studies and ...

United Nations (UN) peacekeeping is carried out by a complex bureaucratic organisation – the UN peacekeeping bureaucracy. This organisation is necessary for the work of UN peacekeeping operations. It is also a dynamic social entity, which produces its own processes, rules and procedures capable of making sense of the complex post-war recovery issue. This thesis explores how organisational processes within the UN peacekeeping bureaucracy work. It does so by cumulating three independent articles under this general research question. The first article develops a theoretical framework of analysis through introducing two core concepts of organisational sociology, 'coupling' and 'communication', to the study of UN peacekeeping. It argues that the interconnection between these two concepts define a dynamic organisational space in which UN officials interact and shape peacekeeping activities. The second and third articles present the results of a qualitative case study: the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) and its headquarters, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO). Through the use of interpretative methods, the second article particularly identifies general strategies used by UN officials to organise and influence peacekeeping activities within UNMIL and DPKO. The third article investigates the disconnection between the organisational perspective of UNMIL and that of DPKO, and analyses the use of communication practices in protection against intra-organisational interferences. The results of these articles reveal that the UN peacekeeping bureaucracy is more than a rationalised organisation functioning to fulfil a specific goal or mandate. Rather, its organisational processes rely on the creativity and flexibility of its individual member as well as their ability to make their work influential within the organisation. This thesis also shows that the UN peacekeeping bureaucracy includes a high degree of organisational diversity, as it incorporates multiple perspectives and autonomous local frameworks in which UN ...

In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich das Konfliktprofil von bewaffneten Konflikten maßgeblich verändert. Aus diesem Grund versuchen die Vereinten Nationen ein wirksames Mittel gegen innerstaatliche Konflikte zu finden, um diese so effektiv und nachhaltig wie möglich zu lösen. Diese Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Friedenseinsätzen der Vereinten Nationen, deren Weiterentwicklung und vor allem mit dem letzten Entwicklungsschritt, dem Einsatz der Force Intervention Brigade. Es wird dargestellt, wie Peacekeeping-Einsätze üblicherweise ausgestaltet sind, wie sich Peacekeeping in den letzten Jahrzehnten weiterentwickelt hat, wie diese Entwicklung ausgestaltet wurde und ob bzw. warum eine solche Weiterentwicklung notwendig ist. Außerdem wird die Entwicklung von Friedensmissionen am Beispiel des Einsatzes in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo näher dargestellt und auf die Gründe für den Einsatz der Intervention Brigade eingegangen. Des Weiteren wird die Ausgestaltung der Intervention Brigade und ihre rechtlichen Probleme näher erläutert. Schlussendlich wird die für den Einsatz der Force Intervention Brigade maßgebliche Resolution 2098 inhaltlich diskutiert und dargelegt, welche Probleme durch die Erteilung eines offensiven Mandates aufgeworfen werden. ; The development from traditional peacekeeping to a force intervention brigade, on the exaple of the peacekeeping operation in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In the last decades the profile of armed conflicts has changed. To keep up with the changing conflict environments and the change from international to internal conflicts the United Nations try to find an effective and lasting solution for this kind of conflicts. This thesis begins by presenting the reader an overview of peacekeeping missions and how these missions developed over the last decades. Further on the last step of the evolution of peace operations, the Force Intervention Brigade, will be displayed, and why this offensive mission was installed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In the main part of this thesis the reader will be introduced to the legal issues which come alongside with the Force Intervention Brigade and its leading resolution 2098. ; vorgelegt von Thaddäus Egghardt ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2015 ; (VLID)752816

Canadians have been comfortably living with the myth of Canada as a peacekeeping nation since the Suez Crisis of 1956. The myth is so compelling that many, too many, actually insist that our current role in Afghanistan is peacekeeping in the Pearsonian tradition. Faced with this durable myth the restructure, expansion and reequipping of our Army is made all the more politically challenging. Of all the countries in the world that would benefit from maintaining "an Army afloat", Canada stands at the head of the list. Paradoxically, unification and integration foisted on the Canadian Forces in the 70s has stood in the way of this imaginative development.

The nature of peacekeeping continues to evolve since its origins in 1948. One consequence is that UN peacekeeping consistently confronts new challenges to its legitimacy, undermining its ability to fulfill missions. This report seeks to identify what these key challenges are, the effect these challenges have on legitimacy, and areas which require change in order for UN peacekeeping to be an effective force in the future. This discussion is particularly important now given the recent decision of the Secretary-­‐General to appoint a High-­‐level Independent Panel on Peace Operations, the first comprehensive review of peacekeeping since 2000. However such a discussion is always relevant given the necessity of the UN to constantly reflect upon and change its practices on the ground if it is to be successful and uphold its legitimacy in the eyes of those in host nations, regional organisations and the international community. The research for this report was conducted using content analysis, relying mostly upon primary reports and resolutions from actors directly involved in missions. This method was chosen to capture as many viewpoints as possible regarding the perceived threats and potential areas for change within peacekeeping. The research affirmed that numerous interrelated problems confront modern UN operations. For a more comprehensive understanding of the problems that affect legitimacy, the concept of 'legitimacy' itself was divided into source, procedural and substantive legitimacy. Three case studies of UN missions in South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Timor-­‐Leste were then analysed to reveal the problems that certain threats caused to all types of legitimacy. It was found that unclear and unfulfilled mandates, personnel misconduct, as well as lack of consistent local integration and communication with various actors were all challenges to the maintenance of legitimacy. The report further suggests areas where change should be implemented in order to address these issues. It was found that there was a greater need for: 1. The UN Security Council and Secretariat to be more realistic and honest with Member States and host nations; 2. Improved communication amongst all actors; 3. The UN to accept more responsibility and improve its accountability; 4. Improved cultural sensitivity and respect towards local people; and 5. Greater empowerment of local populations. While it is acknowledged that already the UN has attempted to initiate reform in these areas, this report emphasises the importance of greater and more sincere change, as reforms to date have often been undermined by a lack of change elsewhere. Holistically this challenges the idea that the UN is serious in instituting change, and as long as they remain unaddressed these threats to peacekeeping mar the ability to maintain and strengthen the legitimacy of UN operations.

The degree to which peacekeeping missions impact perceived stress, cognitive performance and cortisol levels: a longitudinal study.Military deployment is often associated with stress. Learning more about deployment stress is relevant for developing both preventive and reactive strategies for managing stress. This study addresses stress before, during and after a peacekeeping mission. Data were collected on perceived stress and the stress biomarker cortisol. A total of 41 soldiers were assessed at three points (prior to deployment, during deployment and at homecoming). Soldiers' perceived stress, cognitive performance and biomarkers were measured. Contrary to our hypothesis that stress accumulates during deployment, leading to increased perceived stress and levels of cortisol (as measured in the morning by the cortisol awakening response, or CAR), and to decreased results on cognitive tests, the results show that the levels of perceived stress were lower during deployment than before and after deployment, as measured by the soldiers' pre- and post-deployment scores. The soldiers also had a reduced CAR response at homecoming compared to their pre-deployment levels. The results indicate that peacekeeping missions may contain stress-mitigating factors that have previously been underestimated. Further research addressing stress-mitigating factors might allow a deeper understanding of the deployment environment and, subsequently, new methods of promoting soldiers' well-being and maintaining high combat fitness.

Major Tony Pfaff, a former Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the United States Military Academy, addresses an important source of much of the confusion that currently surrounds many of the Operations Other Than War (OOTW) that the military finds itself participating in with increasing frequency. The author points out that, though the source of this confusion is primarily ethical, it has important operational implications as well. In the Just War Tradition, as well as the Law of War, there has always been a tension between winning and fighting well, and the peacekeeping environment does not change this. Commonly, the resolution of this tension is expressed in the maxim: always use the least amount of force necessary to achieve the military objective. This maxim applies, regardless of what environment one is in. The author's contention is, however, that the understanding of necessary is radically different in the peacekeeping environment than it is in more conventional operations. Failure to understand this results in a great deal of confusion as soldiers try to apply an ethic designed for dealing with enemies in environments where there are none. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1128/thumbnail.jpg

The time is ripe for the development of a UN early warning tool that estimates the likelihood of instability, intercommunity clashes and armed violence in areas in which UN peacekeepers operate. However, this development would require at least some initial collaboration between the UN and the scientific world. Scientists have developed advanced analytical tools to predict armed violence in recent years.1 Yet, these conflict prediction tools still cannot be utilized to their full potential because of a relatively poor quality of conflict data. It is precisely in the area of high quality conflict data that the UN has a strong comparative advantage,2 especially now that the Situational Awareness Geospatial Enterprise (SAGE) system is being implemented. SAGE is a web-based database system that allows UN military, police and civilians in UN peace operations (both UN peacekeeping operations and special political missions) to log incidents, events and activities. The development of SAGE has made it possible to leverage state of the art methodological tools to enable predictive peacekeeping. This policy brief provides background to the recent turn to using data in UN peacekeeping missions, suggestions for what an early warning tool based on SAGE data would look like, and discusses the practical and ethical challenges of such an early warning tool. ; Predictive peacekeeping: opportunities and challenges ; publishedVersion

In early 2008, the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) released a hundred page document entitled: "United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines". The Peacekeeping Best Practices Section of the UN DPKO and the Training for Peace Programme at NUPI, with support from the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, organized a seminar in Oslo, on 14-15 May 2008, with the aim of providing a small but globally representative group of researchers the opportunity to discuss the new doctrine with the drafters. The aim of the seminar was to create an opportunity for the research community to engage the authors of the doctrine, to facilitate a dialogue on the key issues contained in the doctrine, and to stimulate further knowledge development about the future of UN peacekeeping operations. ; Utenriksdepartementet

This article explores the legal bases of autonomy in peacekeeping and whether it has developed to such an extent that there are signs of a self-referential legal order governing peacekeeping, separate from other legal orders. Given that it will be shown that the principles governing peacekeeping are derived from general international law, there must be a presumption against there being a self-referential legal order, but the possibility that there has been a significant development of specific principles and rules will be explored. Moreover, this development may have occurred to such an extent that although the original source may remain in international law, a separate legal order has emerged. If the norms of that legal order no longer reflect the wider principles of international law then concerns revolve not only around fragmentation of international law, but also around the continuing compatibility of peacekeeping with international law.