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From the early 1960s until his sudden and unexpected death in August 1978, Jim Dyos was the chief inspiration, proselytizer and ambassador of urban history in Britain. Through many personal contacts and friendships in various parts of the world, he gave to all those connected with his chosen pursuit the sense of belonging to a great international family. It was entirely in keeping with his ambitions that he had been planning a major international conference to chart the progress made since the earlier agenda for urban history was set out at Leicester in 1966, and to highlight those methodological issues which should be confronted if urban historians are to sustain an innovative role into the 1980s. This conference will still take place with the help of a committee which had been working with him, the intention being to publish a volume based on the proceedings as the most fitting tribute to his memory. Nevertheless, it seemed right to begin this issue of theYearbookwith a short appreciation of the way Jim Dyos contributed to the study and enjoyment of urban history through his own teaching, research and writings.

Artículo de revista ; The COVID-19 crisis has had a very uneven impact on the different productive sectors of the economy, with those requiring less personal contact or that are less labour-intensive, such as industry, being the least affected. This appears to have been a determining factor behind the buoyancy observed in investment in capital goods during the current crisis, as the sectors representing a higher relative share of investment are those that, broadly speaking, have been more resilient. The drive towards digitalisation and e-commerce has also helped cushion the fall in this aggregate in the current crisis, as they require investing in the relevant equipment. Furthermore, unlike in previous recessions, the relatively favourable financing conditions have helped prevent this factor from being an additional constraint in tackling planned investment projects. Lastly, general government has also played a key role in sustaining investment in capital goods during this crisis, given the effort required in terms of digitalisation in order to continue providing services in a setting marked by mobility restrictions and the need to acquire equipment to deal with the health emergency.

Deaths in state total 5160 as result of the disease, not including those in the military camps or other government reservations. 20392 stricken in the city. 87 districts have not provided data yet, so record is incomplete. In the county the reported number of cases was 26714 and 1746 deaths, with 87 districts not having reported their data. The data shows the death rate to be much higher in the city than in the counties. In the city yesterday there were 21 new cases and 24 deaths. The new cases in the State totaled 661. According to the Health Department, 'the number of cases of pneumonia reported is entirely out of proportion to the number of deaths, and it is apparent that not more than one-quarter or one-fifth of the total number of cases of influenza and pneumonia were reported', probably due to how busy doctors were. The Health Department emphasizes the importance of preventive measures such as personal contact with persons who may have contracted the disease as well as 'guarding against coughing, sneezing and talking in the face of others'. ; Newspaper article ; 9

The increasing role of the Internet enables the spread of knowledge-based consumption; consumers are turning to their social environment to exchange information and experiences with products either through personal contacts or by contacting others on the Internet. Several former studies analyzed the influencing role of experience-based communication on a variety of products but in the case of heating appliances the scientific literature is lacking. The goal of the study is to reveal the influence of experience in the various stages of the purchase process and to identify the credible information sources that consumers consult while making a decision. A two-step exploratory research was conducted in 2013 with homeowners in Hungary on the residential heat market. Consumers were found be active decision-makers and deliberately planned the purchase of heating products. The influencing role of experience prevails not only in the consumers' personal experience but also in the experience of other users they interact with and in the experience of professionals they consult. Personal experience starts at the early age as respondents' recall childhood memories with heating, which influences the consumers' expectations in the early stage of the purchase process. The experience of other users prevails along the whole purchase process through credible sources and the experience of professionals influences mainly the information search and validation phase of the purchase process. Consumers consult other users (strong and weak social sources) personally or via online sources by the final decision rather than turning to the installer.

PurposeA key aspect of the government's modernisation programme is to promote greater gender balance and diversity across public sector institutions and services. This includes appointments to and membership of public funded bodies. This paper reports on initial research on gender representation on boards in the Scottish enterprise (SE) sector.Design/methodology/approachA survey of membership by gender of SE and local enterprise company (LEC) boards; questionnaire survey of board members (n=66 – 43 male, 23 female); elite interviews.FindingsGender imbalance skewed in favour of males to an even greater extent than the public appointments sector as a whole. Women were more likely to approach board membership through formal means than by personal contact. Men and women had different views about personal contribution made to boards. Women surveyed tended to serve on more boards than did men. There were major procedural differences and inconsistencies between LECs and between LECs and SE regarding board recruitment.Practical implicationsAppointments procedures could be altered to ensure consistency, transparency and increased "gaze" across the enterprise network. Ways should be found to increase the female recruitment pool to counter the over stretching currently observed among existing female board members.Originality/valueThis research highlights the challenges faced by modernisation in this sector with respect to improving gender balance in representational terms. The next stage of the research will focus on substantive representation in the enterprise sector.

Lyell visited Spain in the summer of 1830, after the publication of the first volume of Principles of Geology, and in the winter of 1853 coming back from his third trip to America. In his first stay he visited, among others, the Olot region (Catalonia, NE Spain) and in the second the Canary Islands. In both cases his major aim was to study these volcanic zones since volcanism constituted for Lyell the clearest evidence of the Earth interior energy, which had led to mountain building in the past. Another of his aims during his 1830 visit was to study the Pyrenees. Lyell endeavoured to show that this orogen did not result from a violent and rapid revolution, as proposed by Elie de Beaumont, but from processes that spanned long time periods. In the Pyrenees he also made some observations on the neogene lacustrine deposits of la Cerdanya basin, while in the southern Pyrenean foreland (i.e. Ebro basin) he paid attention to facies changes and correlations in the Eocene sequences. Lyell spent some days in Barcelona during this visit but at that time the country was in political turmoil and the main scientific institutions of the city had been closed down. Once in the Olot region, Lyell paid a visit to Bolós, pharmacist and botanist who had an interest in geology and introduced him in the volcanic zone. During his second trip in 1853, Lyell visited the Canaries and limited his personal contacts to Pedro Maffiote, professor of the Nautical School of Tenerife, who had made some interesting although never published geological observations in this island. In the Canary Islands Lyell sought to demonstrate the relationship between volcanism and coastal movement, and to confirm his theory of volcanic cone growth by accretion. Lyell¿s influence in Spain was not due to his personal contacts in the country but to his books and especially the translation into Spanish by Ezquerra del Bayo of the first edition of ¿Elements of Geology¿ in 1838. Lyell¿s ideas and especially his geological terminology, which was one of his most important contributions, spread in Spain thanks to this translation. Both the personality and the scientific reputation of Ezquerra del Bayo helped to promote the book that became for many years the official teaching book at the Schools of Mines in Spain and Mexico. Ezquerra del Bayo carried out the first geological map of the whole of Spain (1850) adopting in this and other publications (1850-1857) Lyell¿s nomenclature, although his theoretical concepts (e.g. actualism) did not exert the same influence. It should be borne in mind that Lyell regarded his Elements of Geology as a descriptive Geology, a text book for students and beginners. His more elaborated theories included in Principles of Geology resulted in little influence in Spain, since this book was not translated into Spanish. ; Peer reviewed

Lyell visited Spain in the summer of 1830, after the publication of the first volume of Principles of Geology, and in the winter of 1853 coming back from his third trip to America. In his first stay he visited, among others, the Olot region (Catalonia, NE Spain) and in the second the Canary Islands. In both cases his major aim was to study these volcanic zones since volcanism constituted for Lyell the clearest evidence of the Earth interior energy, which had led to mountain building in the past. Another of his aims during his 1830 visit was to study the Pyrenees. Lyell endeavoured to show that this orogen did not result from a violent and rapid revolution, as proposed by Elie de Beaumont, but from processes that spanned long time periods. In the Pyrenees he also made some observations on the neogene lacustrine deposits of la Cerdanya basin, while in the southern Pyrenean foreland (i.e. Ebro basin) he paid attention to facies changes and correlations in the Eocene sequences. Lyell spent some days in Barcelona during this visit but at that time the country was in political turmoil and the main scientific institutions of the city had been closed down. Once in the Olot region, Lyell paid a visit to Bolós, pharmacist and botanist who had an interest in geology and introduced him in the volcanic zone. During his second trip in 1853, Lyell visited the Canaries and limited his personal contacts to Pedro Maffiote, professor of the Nautical School of Tenerife, who had made some interesting although never published geological observations in this island. In the Canary Islands Lyell sought to demonstrate the relationship between volcanism and coastal movement, and to confirm his theory of volcanic cone growth by accretion. Lyell's influence in Spain was not due to his personal contacts in the country but to his books and especially the translation into Spanish by Ezquerra del Bayo of the first edition of "Elements of Geology" in 1838. Lyell's ideas and especially his geological terminology, which was one of his most important contributions, spread in Spain thanks to this translation. Both the personality and the scientific reputation of Ezquerra del Bayo helped to promote the book that became for many years the official teaching book at the Schools of Mines in Spain and Mexico. Ezquerra del Bayo carried out the first geological map of the whole of Spain (1850) adopting in this and other publications (1850-1857) Lyell's nomenclature, although his theoretical concepts (e.g. actualism) did not exert the same influence. It should be borne in mind that Lyell regarded his Elements of Geology as a descriptive Geology, a text book for students and beginners. His more elaborated theories included in Principles of Geology resulted in little influence in Spain, since this book was not translated into Spanish.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- About the Contributors -- 1 Psychology, Sociology, and Social Psychology -- 2 The Relationship between Tourism and Sociology, Psychology, and Social Psychology -- 3 The Effects of Tourism: Economic, Environmental, Social, Cultural, Social Psychological -- 4 Tourism, Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Personal Contact: Gordon Allport's Contributions to Tourism Research -- 5 Mere Exposure Effect and Tourism Relationship -- 6 Social Exchange Theory and Tourism -- 7 Social Representation Theory and Tourism -- 8 Travel Career Pattern Theory of Motivation -- 9 Social Comparison Theory and Tourism -- 10 Hotel CSR May Not Always Lead to Positive Outcomes: The Role of Attributions about Motives Behind CSR Initiatives -- 11 Attitudes in Tourism and Traveling as a Tool/ Instrument for Attitude Change -- 12 Explaining Intergroup and Intragroup Dynamics in Tourism: A Social Identity Approach -- 13 Travel and Transformation: An Examination of Tourists' Attitude Changes -- 14 Does Tourism Impact on Prejudice, Discrimination, Assimilation, Genocide, Segregation, Integration? -- 15 Re-examining the Tourism and Peace Nexus: A Social Network Theory Perspective -- 16 What Influences Attitude Change? Tourist Satisfaction, Motivation, Personality, Tolerance Level, Contact Situation (Level, Type, Frequency) -- 17 Social/ Cultural Distance and Its Reflections on Tourism -- 18 Inbound Tourism and Alteration in Social Culture, Norms, and Community Attitudes in the Tourism Industry: The South Asian Experiences -- 19 Culture Shock Experiences of Tourists: A Transformative Perspective -- 20 Tourist-to-Tourist Interaction ( TTI): A Social Distance Perspective -- 21 Value Typology in the Context of the Tourism Sector -- 22 Impact of Overtourism on Residents.

Durch mobile internetfähige Geräte ist das Web heute jederzeit und in jeder Situation abrufbar. Es ermöglicht eine Vernetzung zwischen Individuen und schafft einen semiotischen Raum, in dem jeder Textrezipient zum Textproduzenten werden kann. Neue multimodale Genres und Interaktionsmuster wie Internet-Memes entstehen. Während herkömmliche Memes oft aktuelle politische Ereignisse kommentieren oder gesellschaftliche Stereotype thematisieren, werden mit den multimodalen Artefakten im Kontext von Zeitschriften Verhaltensmuster der Gesellschaft illustriert. Solche Alltagsphänomene werden in konventionellen Internet-Memes rekontextualisiert und auf eigene Art und Weise, in beibehaltener erkennbarer Form reproduziert. Obwohl sie die prototypischen Erwartungen an einen Werbetext nicht ganz erfüllen, fallen sie in diese Kategorie. Medienunternehmen inszenieren bewusst einen persönlichen Kontakt, um dadurch die Reichweite der Zeitschrift zu erweitern und neue Leser und Leserinnen zu gewinnen. The web not only enables dynamic networking between individuals, but also creates a semiotic space in which every text recipient can become a text producer. New multimodal genres and interaction patterns are emerging such as for example, in Web 2.0 using Internet memes, the creation of which enabled the digital processing of images, videos or sound. While conventional memes essentially comment on current and political topics and address social stereotypes, multimodal artifacts in the context of magazines are mainly used to illustrate behavioral patterns in society. They are recontextualized in conventional Internet memes and reproduced in their own way, in a retained recognizable form. Although they do not quite meet the prototypical expectations of an advertising copy, they fall into the category of advertising copy. The media company endeavors to stage a personal contact in order to expand the reach of the magazine to indirectly induce potential readers to buy the magazine. Thus, the published contributions, in conjunction with the context, take on an appellative function, which is at the same time linked to the entertaining and contact-making function.

Dropout from substance use disorder treatment is usually investigated and understood from a perspective of quantitative patient-related factors. Patients' own perspectives (user perspective) are rarely reported. This study, therefore, aimed to explore patients' own understanding of their dropout from residential substance use disorder treatment. The participants were 15 males and females, aged 19–29 years, who had dropped out of residential substance use disorder treatment at the Department of Addiction Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Norway. Qualitative methodology with semistructured interviews was used to explore how the participants described their dropout and their reasons for doing so. Thematic analysis was used as the framework for analyzing the data derived from the interviews. Dropout had different meanings for different participants. It was understood as a break from treatment, as an end to treatment, or as a means of reduced treatment intensity. Against that background, four main themes for dropout were found: drug craving, negative emotions, personal contact, and activity. Patient and treatment factors seem to interact when participants explore reasons for their dropout. A complex pattern of variables is involved. As remedies, participants suggested that substance use disorder treatment should provide more focus on drug craving and training to understand and tolerate emotional discomfort. They also wanted closer contact with the staff during treatment, more activities, and rigorous posttreatment follow-up. These findings from the user perspective have important implications for substance use disorder treatment, clinical and social work practice, management, and research.

Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold, in the introduction to his fourteenth annual report on the work of the Organization, June 16, 1958 to June 15, 1959 observed that the year had been characterized by intense diplomatic activities mainly outside the UN, although in some cases within its precincts or in informal contact with the Organization. The dual significance of this intense diplomatic and political activity, exemplified by the meetings in Geneva on a controlled cessation of nuclear tests and on die problem of the status of Berlin, as well as by die increasing number of exchanges of visits of leading statesmen, lay, on the one hand, in its indication that various international problems had been brought to a point where they called for renewed and urgent efforts to find a solution, and, on die other, in its introduction, through the broadening and deepening of personal contacts on different levels, of a new constructive element which might strengthen the hope that ways to reconciliation and to a reduction of tensions might be found. Although such negotiations were encouraged by the Charter of the UN, the Secretary-General continued, diere would be legitimate reason for concern if such developments outside the Organization were to reflect a neglect of the possibilities offered by the Organization, because of a lapse into bilateralism, disregarding third party interests. Likewise, the situation would be a reason for concern if it reflected a view that the Organization was unable to meet the demands which Member nations were entitled to put on it.