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2: The Problem of Sentential Unity -- 2.1 The Asymmetry Thesis -- 2.2 The Related Designation Theory -- 2.3 The Two Views Compared -- 3: The Sense-Reference Distinction -- 3.1 The Sense-Reference Distinction -- 3.2 The Sense-Reference Distinction In Pr?bh?kara -- 3.3 The Sense-Reference Distinction In Buddhist Philosophy Of Language -- 3.4 Related Designation And apoha Semantics -- 4: Talk About the Non-Existent -- 4.1 Are Absences Perceived Or Inferred? -- 4.2 Conceptual Constructions -- 4.3 Affirmation, Denial, And Reference -- 4.4 Talking About The Non-Existent -- 4.5 Objections And Replies -- 4.6 The Alternatives -- References.

This article elucidates Márkus' new Marxist philosophy of language based on his critique of the paradigm of language represented by Popper, Wittgenstein, Lévi-Strauss, and Gadamer. His critique suggests that instrumental rationality, pure reason, alienated reason, and objective and idealistic rationality of the paradigm of language are elements that should be overcome. From his critical perspective, value rationality, practical reason, personal reason, and historical materialism are advocated instead. He not only critically develops the philosophy of language but also adds new levels of meaning to Marxism.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Series Editor's Foreword -- 0 Introduction -- 0.1 Expressive and representational semantics -- 0.2 The received view -- 0.3 Themes -- 1 Intuitionistic Formalism -- 1.1 What was Intuitionistic Formalism? -- 1.1.1 A puzzle about concepts and definitions -- 1.1.2 Tarski, Le´sniewski and Intuitionistic Formalism -- 1.1.3 Formalism -- 1.2 Le´sniewski -- 1.2.1 Le´sniewski's early work -- 1.2.2 Le´sniewski's later work -- 1.3 Kotarbi ´ nski -- 1.4 Tarski in context -- 1.4.1 The axiomatic method -- 1.4.2 Monism vs tolerance -- 1.4.3 Five doctrines -- 1.4.4 Tarski's project -- 2 Tarski as Intuitionistic Formalist -- 2.1 The early metamathematical works -- 2.1.1 Axiomatizing consequence -- 2.1.2 Relativization to a deductive science -- 2.2 Explicit definition -- 2.2.1 Defining definition -- 2.2.2 Two conceptions of definition -- 2.2.3 Padoa's method -- 2.3 Categoricity and completeness of terms -- 2.3.1 Provable monotransformability -- 2.3.2 Absolute monotransformability -- 2.4 Theory and concept -- 3 Semantics -- 3.1 Philosophical resistance -- 3.1.1 The quantifier -- 3.1.2 Paradox -- 3.2 Mathematical acceptance -- 3.3 Intuitionistic Formalism in "On Definable Sets" -- 3.3.1 The intuitive notion of definability -- 3.3.2 Defining definable sets vs defining "Defines" -- 4 Truth -- 4.1 Convention T -- 4.1.1 Terminological notes -- 4.1.2 Truth in the Lvov-Warsaw school -- 4.1.3 Semantic concepts in a mathematical theory -- 4.1.4 T-sentences -- 4.2 Tarski's definitions -- 4.2.1 Truth for the language of the calculus of classes -- 4.2.2 Higher order and polyadicity -- 4.2.3 Domain relativization and consequence -- 4.3 Evaluating Tarski's account -- 4.3.1 Familiar questions -- 4.3.2 Tarskian definitions and Tarski's "theory" -- 4.3.3 Reduction and physicalism -- 4.3.4 Correspondence and deflationism.

This article outlines the philosophy of language of the vitalist philosopher Ludwig Klages, as it can be found in his late work Language as the Source of Psychology ( Die Sprache als Quell der Seelenkunde). First published in 1948, this treatise is full of examples of how everyday usage of words should give us pause for thought – underlining the link between philosophy and life that is inherent to the project of vitalism or Lebensphilosophie. In line with the remit for submissions to this issue of the Journal of European Studies intended to mark 50 years since its inception, the article reflects the interest of its contributor (translation studies and the history of ideas), forms part of a larger project to retrieve the thought of a largely forgotten thinker, and showcases a work that occupies a key position in the history of twentieth-century thought and has been seminal to the contributor's own development. For ultimately Klages's philosophy of language illustrates the truth of Goethe's maxim, 'the point of life is life itself'.

1. Introduction: 20 Years of Experimental Philosophy of Language (David Bordonaba-Plou) -- Part 1. The Experimental Philosophy of Language Methodology -- 2. A Bibliometric Analysis of Experimental Philosophy of Language (Javier Osorio-Mancilla) -- 3. Experimental Philosophy and Ordinary Language Philosophy (Masaharu Mizumoto) -- 4. Does Scientific Conceptual Analysis Provide Better Justification than Armchair Conceptual Analysis? (Hristo Valchev) -- 5. Distributional Theories of Meaning: Experimental Philosophy of Language (Jumbly Grindrod) -- Part 2. Experimental Philosophy of Language and Corpus Methods -- 6. Are Moral Predicates Subjective? A Corpus Study (Isidora Stojanovic and Louise McNally) -- 7. Linguistic Corpora and Ordinary Language: On the Dispute between Ryle and Austin about the Use of 'Voluntary', 'Involuntary', 'Voluntarily', and 'Involuntarily' (Michael Zahorec, Robert Bishop, Nat Hansen, John Schwenkler and Justin Sytsma) -- 8. Light in Assessing Color Quality: An Arabic-Spanish Cross-Linguistic Study (David Bordonaba-Plou and Laila M. Jreis-Navarro) -- Part 3. Politically-Engaged Experimental Philosophy of Language -- 9. Experimentally-Informed Philosophy of Hate Speech (Bianca Cepollaro) -- 10. Slurs in the Rio de la Plata (Ana C. Polakof) -- 11. Who Has a Free Speech Problem? Motivated Censorship across the Ideological Divide? (Manuel Almagro-Holgado, Ivar A. Rodríguez and Neftalí Villanueva) -- Part 4. Experimental Philosophy of Language and Psychology -- 12. How Understanding Shapes Reasoning: Experimental Argument Analysis with Methods from Psycholinguistics and Computational Linguistics (Eugen Fischer and Aurélie Herbelot) -- 13. From Infants to Great Apes: False Belief Attribution and Primitivism about Truth (Joseph Ulatowski and Jeremy Wyatt).

This book is the first to provide a critical history of analytic philosophy from its inception in the late nineteenth century to the present day. Quentin Smith focuses on the connections between the four leading movements in analytic philosophy—logical realism, logical positivism, ordinary language analysis, and linguistic essentialism—and corresponding twentieth-century theories of ethics and of religion. Through a critical evaluation of each school's theoretical positions, Smith counters the widespread view of analytic philosophy as indifferent to important questions about right and wrong and human meaning. He argues that analytic philosophy throughout its history has revolved around the central issues of existence, and he offers a new ethics and philosophy of religion.The author develops a positive ethical theory based on a method of ethics first formulated by Robert Adams. Smith's theory belongs to the tradition of perfectionism or self-realization ethics and builds on Thomas Hurka's recent theory of perfectionism. In his consideration of philosophy of religion, Smith concludes that there is a sound "logical argument from evil" that takes into account Alvin Plantinga's free-will defense and undermines monotheism, paving the way to a naturalistic pantheism

One Historical Foundations of the Philosophy of Language -- One The Origin of the Philosophy of Language -- Two The Foundation of the Philosophy of Language -- Chater Three The Exploration of the Range of Language -- Four Language and the Rise of the Modern Era -- Two Contemporary Issues in the Philosophy of Language -- One Language and Precision -- Two Ordinary Language -- Three The Eminence of Language -- Four The Structure of Language -- Conclusion -- Conclusion.