Ovaj rad prati profesionalnu i znanstvenu karijeru Franje Ivaničeka, prvog bioarheologa u Hrvatskoj. U vrijeme Drugog svjetskoga rata ustaški poručnik Ivaniček školovao se na Institutu cara Wilhelma za antropologiju, znanost o ljudskom nasljeđivanju i eugeniku u Berlinu, mjestu stvaranja većine znanstvenih teorija nacističke eugenike i rasne higijene. Provodi rasistička antropološka istraživanja u skladu sa službenom rasnom politikom NDH, što ga 1944. godine dovodi na poziciju rukovoditelja Hrvatskog državnoga antropoložkog zavoda u Zagrebu. Nakon rata, postaje voditelj Antropološkog odsjeka Biološkog zavoda na Medicinskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu te mijenja znanstveni diskurs u proučavanje geneze među staroslavenskom i suvremenom populacijom Jugoslavije kako bi opovrgnuo njemačke i mađarske znanstvene teorije o naseljavanju Nijemaca i Avara na teritoriju Jugoslavije. ; This paper focuses on the professional and scientific career of Franjo Ivaniček, the first bioarchaeologist in Croatia. During World War II Ivaniček, an Ustaša Lieutenant, was educated at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Genetics and Eugenics in Berlin (KWI-A), place of birth of most scientific theories of Nazi eugenics and racial hygiene. He conducted racist anthropological research following the official racial policy of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), thus becoming the head of the Croatian State Anthropological Institute in Zagreb in 1944. After the war, he became the head of the Anthropological Department of the Institute of Biology at the School of Medicine of the University of Zagreb. Ivaniček completely changed the scientific discourse of study of the genesis of the Old Slavic and modern Yugoslav populations to refute German and Hungarian scientific theories of German and Avar settlement in Yugoslavia.
In his State, Plato allowed his philosopher-kings the "noble lie," the "lie" that benefits the person lied to, akin to the "medical lie" used by a physician to his patient's benefit. This text, using Plato as its starting point, looks into the role of the "noble lies" in today's politics. It turns out that such lies occur in today's democratic societies. Also, the "noble lies" are held responsible for stifling democratic publics & the loss of political trust. 17 References. Adapted from the source document.
In this paper, the author focuses on the work of Bernard Mandeville as predecessor of Scottish Enlightenment and liberal tradition of thought. Starting from the social, political and economic context of the all-embracing crisis of the society in transition of his time, special attention is devoted to his moral, social and economic views based on methodological individualism. The author argues that Mandeville's controversial thought resists one-sided labeling and unambiguous fitting into mutually opposed camps of mercantilism and market liberalism, i.e. constructivism and evolutionism. This is the reason behind the variety of interpretations, and sometimes even completely opposite readings of his work. He was a satirist, social critic, physician, philosopher and economist, who effectuated a shift and a turn with regard to the habitual perceptions of the age in all those segments of his reflection and activity, and he launched a sort of "revolution in thought", which will be given its definitive formulation and elaboration in the second half of the 18th century by the Scottish moral philosophers. The author concludes that Mandeville was, first and foremost, a man of his time and responded to the acute problems of his age. It would thus be inappropriate and wrong to apply his ideas from the beginning of the 18th century to the present time with a clearer precising of intellectual and political projects, and declare him either a mercantilist or an interventionist, or else an advocate of laissez-faire. Nonetheless, Mandeville came up with answers that would later be incorporated in the liberal tradition. One may therefore say that he greatly influenced the Scottish Enlightenment and contributed to the birth of liberalism, although he was not a consistent economic liberal himself, of the type that was familiar to the late 18th century. Adapted from the source document.
Suradnja kemičara, liječnika i urologa s Instituta Ruđer Bošković Zagreb, Instituta za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada Zagreb te Kliničke bolnice Osijek (danas Kliničkoga bolničkoga centra Osijek) započela je prije više od tridesetak godina na projektima povezanim s nastankom urolitijaze. Sama istraživanja pridonijela su novim spoznajama o različitim faktorima važnim za nastajanje kamenaca, dijagnosticiranje i liječenje urolitijaze. Više radova objavljeno je u znanstveno-stručnom časopisu Medicinski vjesnik (1984. i 1985.) te u knjizi Urolitijaza (1989.). U radu V. Babić-Ivančić i sur., objavljenom u Medicinskom vjesniku 2004. godine, danje detaljan pregled bazičnih, primijenjenih i kliničkih istraživanja do 2004. godine na zajedničkim projektima financiranim iz Hrvatske (MZOŠ) i na međunarodnim projektima (EZ, USA, TEMPUS) provedenim u trima suradnim ustanovama čiji su rezultati objavljeni u znanstvenim časopisima i/ili prezentirani na znanstvenim skupovima u zemlji i inozemstvu. U ovome radu dat će se osvrt na rezultate istraživanja, te suradnju u vremenskom razdoblju od 2004. godine do danas (2010.). Iz ranijih istraživanja te istraživanja u zadnjih šest godina dat će se viđenje o istraživanjima te problematike u budućnosti. ; Collaboration between chemists, physicians and urologists from the Ruđer Bošković Institute, the Institute for Medical Research and the Occupational Health and Clinical Hospital Osijek, has started more than 30 years ago through the projects in the filed of urolithiasis. Those investigations have contributed to new understandings of risk factors for kidney stones formation and also for diagnostic and therapy of urolithiasis. Several articles have been published in the journal "Medicinski vjesnik (1984 and 1985) and in the book "Urolitijaza (1989.). The article published in 2004 (Babić-Ivančić V, et al; Medicinski vjesnik presented the review of basic and clinical investigations which results have been published in scientific journals or presented at the scientific conferences til 2004 and financed by the Croatian Ministry of Science, European Union, USA or TEMPUS. This article presents the results of investigations from 2004 until today and also gives a vision about future scope in this issue.
Occupational and sports medicine (OSM) education is poorly represented in Croatian university undergraduate medical curricula. Zagreb University medical students are required to take OSM classes for a week on their final year of studies. The classes are organised around team-based learning (TBL). Given that students who attend TBL classes have significantly higher exam scores than students who take lectures ex cathedra, the aim of this study was to assess students' knowledge and attitudes immediately after TBL OSM classes. This cross-sectional study included 162 final-year Zagreb University School of Medicine students taking TBL classes in OSM in the academic year of 2019/2020. They were recruited from 30 September 2019 to 4 March 2020. Participants filled in a 20-item questionnaire compiled by the authors and adapted to the Croatian legislation. Their answers demonstrated positive attitude toward OSM classes and negative attitude toward occupational medicine practice and OSM specialty. They showed moderate interest only for the job of sports physician. Even though they showed sufficient knowledge of OSM immediately after the course was completed, they were moderately satisfied with their knowledge. Our findings call for rethinking the practical aspects of teaching OSM classes in order to promote OSM practice among medical students or at least raise awareness about the importance of prevention of numerous work or sport-related disorders. ; Edukacija iz medicine rada i sporta (MRIS) slabo je zastupljena u kurikulima dodiplomskih studija medicine. Studenti medicine na Medicinskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu obvezni su pohađati nastavu iz MRIS-a tjedan dana na posljednjoj godini studija. Nastava je organizirana prema načinu poučavanja u grupi (PUG). Kako studenti koji iskuse PUG imaju bolje rezultate ispita i ocjene u odnosu na studente koji samo pohađaju predavanja, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti znanje i stavove studenata odmah nakon nastave iz MRIS-a koja je zasnovana na PUG-u. U ovom presječnom istraživanju sudjelovala su 162 studenta završne godine studija medicine na Medicinskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu koji su iskusili PUG tijekom nastave iz MRIS-a u akademskoj godini 2019./2020. Bili su uključeni u istraživanje od 30. rujna 2019. do 4. ožujka 2020. Sudionici su ispunili upitnik s 20 čestica koji se odnosi na znanje i stavove studenata o MRIS-u. Autori su ga sastavili i prilagodili hrvatskom zakonodavstvu. Rezultati našega istraživanja pokazali su pozitivne stavove studenata prema nastavi iz MRIS-a i negativne stavove prema poslu u medicini rada i specijalizaciji iz MRIS-a. Studenti su pokazali osrednje zanimanje za posao u sportskoj medicini. Iako su pokazali dostatno znanje odmah nakon završetka kolegija, bili su umjereno zadovoljni svojim znanjem iz MRIS-a. Praktični aspekti strategije poučavanja na nastavi iz MRIS-a trebali bi se razmotriti u budućnosti kako bi se promicao rad u MRIS-u među studentima medicine rada i sporta ili barem podigla svijest o važnosti prevencije brojnih poremećaja koji su vezani uz rad ili sport.
Etička je obveza liječnika da budu upoznati s trenutnim dostignućima. Stručne medicinske udruge. poput Europskog kardiološkog društva (ESC), podupiru te vrste obveze. Troškovi stalnog medicinskog usavršavanja (SMU) u Europi su nedovoljno pokriveni od vlade i poslodavaca, ali ipak se stučne udruge kritiziraju zbog primanja alternativne financijske potpore od strane industrije. Medicinska edeukacija i osposobljavanje u području istraživanja uključuje obuku procjene kvalitete i pouzdanosti bilo koje informacije. Postoje realne opasnosti neobjektivne pristranosti kod bilo kojeg oblika znanstvene komunikacije uključujući intelektualnu, stručnu i financijsku, i izrazito je važno da se to uoči i razotkrije. Neophodna je bliska suradnja bazičnih i kliničkih istraživača iz akademskih institucija s jedne strane, te s druge strane s inženjerima i znanstvenicima istraživačkih odjela za medicinske uređaje i farmaceutskih tvrtki. Ona je ključna za razvoj novih dijagnostičkih metoda i postupaka. Promidžba industrijskih inovacija može ubrzati njihovu primjenu u kliničkoj praksi. Sveučilišta, u ovom trenutku, često potiču svoje akademsko osoblje na zaštitu svog intelektualnog vlasništva ili na komercijalizaciju svojih istraživanja, što samo po sebi ne predstavlja komercijalnu aktivnost niti predstavlja veze koje su postale meta kritika. Pod kritikom je uočeni utjecaj komercijalnih tvrtki na donošenje kliničkih odluka ili na poruke koje prenose stručne zdravstvene organizacije. Ovaj dokument donosi stav ESC o aktualnoj raspravi te savjetuje kako smanjiti komercijalni utjecaj u znanstvenoj komunikaciji i na SMU te kako osigurati odgovarajuće etičke standarde i transparentnost u odnosima između medicinske struke i industrije. ; Physicians have an ethical duty to keep up-to-date with current knowledge. Professional medical associations such as the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) support these obligations. In Europe, the costs of continuing medical education (CME) are insufficiently supported from governments and employers; however, medical associations have been criticized for accepting alternative financial support from industry. Medical education and training in research include learning how to assess the quality and reliability of any information. There is some risk of bias in any form of scientific communication including intellectual, professional, and financial and it is essential that in particular, the latter must be acknowledged by full disclosure. It is essential that there is strong collaboration between basic and clinical researchers from academic institutions on the one hand, with engineers and scientists from the research divisions of device and pharmaceutical companies on the other. This is vital so that new diagnostic methods and treatments are developed. Promotion of advances by industry may accelerate their implementation into clinical practice. Universities now frequently exhort their academic staff to protect their intellectual property or commercialize their research. Thus, it is not commercial activity or links per se that have become the target for criticism but the perceived influence of commercial enterprises on clinical decision-making or on messages conveyed by professional medical organizations. This document offers the perspective of the ESC on the current debate, and it recommends how to minimize bias in scientific communications and CME and how to ensure proper ethical standards and transparency in relations between the medical profession and industry.
Sanitetsko odjeljenje (Sn.O) bataljuna u jednoj od brigada Hrvatske vojske (HV) ustrojeno je tijekom srpnja 1991. godine, postavljanjem referenta Sn.O. Osnovni zadatak bio je kontinuirano izvršavanje zbrinjavanja vojaka u postrojbi bataljuna. S tim u svezi organiziran je rad ambulante opće prakse, stomatološke i ambulante za fizikalnu terapiju. Organiziranje i rad sanitetskih ekipa koje prate vojake na položaju, kao i interventne ekipe pri ambulanti opće prakse. Osim izvršavanja navedenoga Sn.O. bataljuna upućuje ranjene vojake na postoperativnu rehabilitaciju u toplice, kako u Republiku Hrvatsku, tako i u inozemstvo. Ovo Sn.O. pokrenulo je inicijativu glede obeštećenja ranjenih i poginulih vojaka na razini bataljuna. U ambulantama koje pokriva ovo Sn.O. (ambulanta opće prakse, stomatološka i ambulanta za fizikalnu terapiju), vodi se protokol bolesnika i kompjutorska obrada relevantnih pokazatelja zbrinutih vojaka. U Sn.O. bataljuna djeluju: referent sanitetskog odjeljenja, dva liječnika, jedna interventna ekipa sa sanitetskim vozilom pri ambulanti, tri sanitetske ekipe koje prate postrojbu na položaju (ekipe sačinjava: vozač, bolničar, medicinski tehničar i sanitetsko vozilo), jedan liječnik stomatolog i asistent u stomatološkoj ambulanti, jedan fizioterapeut i bolničar u ambulanti za fizikalnu terapiju. Ovdje je, međutim, važno pripomenuti da postrojba o kojoj je riječ po broju vojaka dvostruko premašuje postrojbu normalnog bataljuna, pa je organizacija Sn.O. ove postrojbe nešto drukčija od uobičajene sheme organizacije sanitetske službe (odjeljenja) na razini bataljuna. I, konačno, sanitetsko odjeljenje organiziralo je rad bolničara i medicinskih tehničara od razine voda do satnije, čime je u cijelosti zaokružena organizacija sanitetske službe ovoga bataljuna. ; Medical unit of a battalion in one of the brigades of the Croatian Army has been founded in July 1991 by the appointment of the medical officer. The main task was to perform continously the health care of the members of the battalion. At first, the work of a GP's surgery has been organized as well as that of a dentist's surgery and a surgery for physical therapy. The work of medical teams accompanying soldiers on their positions has also been organized as well as that of an emergency team in the GP's surgery. Besides of these tasks the medical officer of the battalion does also referrals of wounded soldiers to postoperative rehabilitation in rehabilitation institutes or spas both within the Republic of Croatia and abroad. This medical unit has also taken initiative concerning compensations to wounded soldiers or to families of dead soldiers at the level of the batt alion. In surgeries which are parts of this medical unit (GP, dentist, physical therapy) the patients' records are kept as well as the computer analysis of all relevant data about treated soldiers. The members of the medical unit are: the medical officer, two physicians, one emergency team with an ambulance which is a part of the surgery, 3 medical teams who accompany soldiers on their positions (a team consists of a driver, an aidman and a male nurse equipped with an ambulance), a dentist, a dentist's assistant, a physiotherapist and a aidman in the surgery for physical therapy. It is, however, important to remark that the military unit in question has twice inore soldiers than a normal battalion, so that its medical unit differs to some extent from the usual organizational scheme of medical units at the level of a battalion. And finally, the medical unit has organized the activity of aidmen and male nurses at the level of platoons up to the level of companies. In this way the organization of the medical service of this battalion has been rounded off completely.
Predmet je ovoga rada razvoj zakonodavstva nadležnoga za regulativu lijekova u Banskoj Hrvatskoj u razdoblju Austro-Ugarske i na istom području kasnije, između dva svjetska rata, u okviru nove države (Kraljevstvo/Kraljevina SHS, odnosno Kraljevina Jugoslavija). Na početku vremenskoga razdoblja samo su ljekarne po propisima farmakopeje izrađivale službene lijekove. Na kraju promatranoga razdoblja to je područje imalo farmaceutsku industriju, sposobnu pratiti dosege svjetske farmaceutske industrije. Rad je napravljen s namjerom prikazati kako je zakonodavstvo pratilo novosti u farmaciji i farmaceutskoj industriji te kako je također proaktivno uvodilo i činilo obvezatnim nova praćenja svojstava lijekova. ; The variety of human diseases and necessity for curing them resulted in the appearance of medicines and medical treatments. Traditional or people's medicines had been applied in the old times. Rulers realized over time the importance of getting medicines and medical treatments codified. Pharmacies, being in charge for the production of medicines, existed from 13th century. The Habsburg Monarchy proclaimed the General Sanitary Order (Das Generalsanitätsnormativum) in 1770, codifying that physicians should visit pharmacies and control their work once a year. The pharmaceutical industry has taken over medicines production in the late 19th and the first half of the 20th century in Western Europe and North America, and new methods of medicines production has been occurring ever since.The Banal Croatia, which included today's Croatia without Međimurje, Baranja (Baranya), Istria and Dalmatia, had been relatively independent in the health policies in the period from 1869 to 1918, and passed the Law on Pharmacies in 1894. The Law stipulated the control of pharmacies rather than the control over the pharmaceutical industry. The traditional approach prevailed in healing of many different health issues at the times when modern medicines had not yet been developed. Pharmacists were barred from knowing the properties of medicines made by manufacturers, since manufacturers have kept ingredients and recipes of their sources of income secret. State was the only one privy to all of the properties of a medicine and such a medicine was usually known as "a secret remedy". The Banal Croatia witnessed the birth of a large-scale manufacturing of secret remedies by companies held by Adolphe Thierry de Chateauvieux and Eugen Viktor Feller.The interwar period saw the proliferation of the Croatian pharmaceutical industry. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in which the area of the Banal Croatia had been extended to Međimurje and Baranja, established the control of medicines made by the growing pharmaceutical industry. At first, the manufacturers were responsible for their products. In 1925 a state surveillance and control of medicines production and sale was established. It meant that the state had accepted the responsibility for the quality of medicines thereby making the state quality-proof assignments put on package inserts of medicines, as well as making the state registries and other documents regarding the medicines control. The Control of Biologics Act of 1930 made it clear that biological medicines are more important and that they treated efficiently the larger scope of health issues than chemical medicines had. The regulation related to the state control of medicines from the same year had been the biggest achievement of the interwar medicines state control. The regulation of medicines became an overall state affair, with the state comptrollers actively involved in the control of each and every batch of medicines. Banovina Hrvatska, which had included the former Banal Croatia, created the state institutes for production as well as control of medicines aimed at the centralization and co-ordination of production and control of medicines. The assessment of the properties of medicines improved as well, from the control of harmlessness to the controls of purity and potency. The control of efficiency was introduced later. The development of the production and regulation of medicines in the territory of Banal Croatia in the timeframe selected for this article moved in line with the development that occurred in the Western Europe and North America. When the Second World War broke out modern medicines regulation was already in existence.
Od ukupno pet poznatih bojnih listova barem djelomične hrvatske provenijencije, list Sudrug zagrebačke 25. domobranske pješačke pukovnije jedini je gotovo u cijelosti dostupan istraživačima. Od 25. rujna 1915. do 24. listopada 1918. tiskana su ukupno 84 broja, uglavnom na ruskom, manjim dijelom na talijanskom bojištu, opsega četiri do 16 stranica, u nakladi po svoj prilici manjoj od 100 primjeraka, pri čem su borbe narušavale planirani tjedni tempo izlaženja. Glavninu brojeva uredio je pričuvni natporučnik Ivo Klučka, inače zagrebački gimnazijski profesor, među suradnicima bili su Branimir Knežević, Milivoj Jambrišak, Rikard Kraus i Kosta Premužić, no većinu prinosa potpisali su danas nepoznati dočasnici i domobrani, a dio je ostao skriven iza pseudonima. Autorova raščlamba tematskih slojeva, odjeka i recepcije Sudruga zasnovana je na inozemnim radovima o sličnim vojničkim listovima te na hrvatskoj literaturi o usmenoj, pučkoj i popularnoj kulturi. Zaključno, ustanovljuje se da je riječ o vrijednom izvoru za raznolike pristupe književne, kulturne i vojne povijesti, kojega bi valjalo uzeti i kao poticaj za produbljenija istraživanja. Kao ilustracija poetičkoga šarenila Sudruga, prijepis deset u njem objavljenih izvornih pjesama dan je u prilogu. ; In many ways, Croatian experience of the First World War has for decades been a neglected theme. Among other things, a total of five trench journals (Feldzeitungen, bojni listovi) are known to have had existed, but only that of the Zagreb-seated 25th Home Guard Infantry Regiment, the Sudrug (Comrade), is almost completely preserved, and available on the Croatian State Archives website. Starting on September the 25th 1915 and ending on October the 24th 1918, a total of 84 issues of Sudrug have been published, varying from 4 to 16 pages, and probably with a circulation of less than 100 specimens. Projected rate of publication was once a week, which was mainly sustained, apart from the serious setbacks caused by the 1916 Brusilov and the 1917 Kerenski offensive, and also by the 1918 fighting on the Italian front. As the journal was conceived under the auspices of the 25th Home Guard Infantry Regiment Headquarters, for most of the time edited by one Ivo Klučka, Oberleutnant in der Reserve and otherwise a highschool teacher of Croatian and Classic languages, all of the available 1915–1917 issues were printed somewhere on the Russian front (probably in the close vicinity of the Regimental Headquarters), while the preserved 1918 issues were printed by the Austro-Hungarian 11th Army press department in the occupied region of Italy. Apart from Klučka, who had been a lesser known teacher without registered civilian bibliography, only several of the contributors were to a degree notable individuals, all of them at least for a brief period serving in the 25th Regiment: writer Branimir Knežević, physician and politician Milivoj Jambrišak, biologist and geographer Rikard Kraus, lawyer and war correspondent Kosta Premužić. Practicaly all other contributors of Sudrug were either simple NCOs and common soldiers whose names don't tell us much, or they had even decided to stay hidden behind the pseudonyms. As far as the ideological-political layer of Sudrug is concerned, generally it could be said that it followed the official Habsburg line, but with some alterations, presenting – or, more often, just hinting – a somewhat »nationalized«, Croatian view on the Monarchy, the armed forces in general, and the more specific Croatian national interests. Much more elaborated was the educational layer of Sudrug, reporting not only on the current advances in military technology and tactics, but also on hygiene, legal questions, national history, geology etc. Most of the epic poetry, short-stories and essays dealt with either real or fictionalised battlefield events, mainly influenced by the oral folk tradition, but some also had certain expressionist traits. As a general rule, enemy rulers were frequently mocked at, but enemy soldiers – apart from pretty much demonized Russian Cossacks – were seldom derogatory treated. Similarly, liric poetry of Sudrug was more often on the rather simplified romanticist track, including two or three possible cases of avantgardism. Themes and tones vary from the expected (patriotism, perseverance, vengeance of fallen comrades, devotion to family, religious consolation…) to rather unexpected ones (meaningless suffering, pessimism, betrayal by beloved persons, unconditional pacifism…). Although not decisive, such a shift is clearly discernible as the war progressed. Particularly revelatory is a large section dedicated to humour, as the jokes and funny verses (mainly in the Croatian kajkavian dialect) tended to convey both happy and unhappy moments of the soldier's life, ranging from lice and monotonuos food to fatherly commanders and home leave. Interestingly, the absence of women was not so much coped with eroticism, as with mysoginistic utterances of a sort, culminating in a description of a would be physical punishment of an unfaithfull spouse. Also, most issues of Sudrug contained a section dedicated to the more serene regimental news such as decorations or promotions, and also to the memorial activities, such as the regimental frontline cemeteries and the Zagreb-seated regimental museum. Finally, there was also an enigmatics section, some of the correct answers bringing cigarettes, pocket watches and other officer-donated prizes. In spite of the primitive printing technique (»hectography«), many of the issues were illustrated with Art Nouveau vignettes, heraldic variations, caricatural portraits and even some short comic cartoons. Presumably, as the Sudrug had not been significantly distributed outside the battlefield and the 25th Regiment, its content was outside regular censorship as well as out of traditional high culture criteria. Although neither the contributing circle nor the reception of Sudrug had been as wide as the editors hoped for, it seems that the position of the journal – in spite of all the casualties, including the wounded Klučko – was unproblematic all the way untill the second half of 1917, when trends of war weariness and decaying complement numbers irreversibly gained the upper hand. All in all, Sudrug is judged to be an early Croatian manifestation of popular culture (as defined by Dean Duda), thus also representing a possible window to the oral culture world of illiterate soldiers, a window that certainly should be compared to other sources.
