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Earth System Modelling is a modern approach for studying the complexity of the world and has become integral to the environmental and climate change discourse. It has enabled the possibility of research into areas previously unreachable and has led to the discovery of some of the most complex phenomena on the planet such as Chaos Theory. The exponential growth of computer capabilities has led to an impressive advance in the recognition of complexity and uncertainty. It has also opened up the path for a new scientific paradigm, post normal science. Decisions increasingly have to be made within this framework. Incomplete or poorly understood information provided by models is, despite modelling uncertainties, increasingly dictating the frontiers and interface of science and politics. Modelling, like any tool, has its advantages and disadvantages. This paper critically evaluates, through a comprehensive literature review, some of the benefits, limitations and controversies that surround models and questions their utilisation in the scientific quest for "truth" within the climate change debate. It also looks into the future of climate modelling and post normal science based decision making for a sustainable world. ; Earth System Modelling is a modern approach for studying the complexity of the world and has become integral to the environmental and climate change discourse. It has enabled the possibility of research into areas previously unreachable and has led to the discovery of some of the most complex phenomena on the planet such as Chaos Theory. The exponential growth of computer capabilities has led to an impressive advance in the recognition of complexity and uncertainty. It has also opened up the path for a new scientific paradigm, post normal science. Decisions increasingly have to be made within this framework. Incomplete or poorly understood information provided by models is, despite modelling uncertainties, increasingly dictating the frontiers and interface of science and politics. Modelling, like any tool, has its advantages and disadvantages. This paper critically evaluates, through a comprehensive literature review, some of the benefits, limitations and controversies that surround models and questions their utilisation in the scientific quest for "truth" within the climate change debate. It also looks into the future of climate modelling and post normal science based decision making for a sustainable world.

This paper address an aspect which is key to take into consideration to make business decisions when we are assessing different alternatives : the political risk. ; Este artículo aborda un tipo de criterio que conviene tener en cuenta a la hora de tomar ciertas decisiones empresariales o de negocio cuando se están valorando varias alternativas: el riesgo político.

El artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación etnográfica sobre la vida pública, de acuerdo con algunos patrones institucionales y de cultura asociativa en un club deportivo en la Ciudad de México. Su objetivo es establecer si -como algunas teorías sostienen- este tipo de asociación no política promueve patrones cívicos, habilidades y la participación de sus miembros cuando atiende problemas comunes. Está basado en la información recabada a través del trabajo etnográfico y la realización de entrevistas abiertas a diferentes actores. Los resultados muestran que esta asociación tiene recursos culturales e institucionales limitados para alcanzar estos fines, debido principalmente a las prácticas clientelares y a prácticas negativas que rigen su administración.

Resumen: El artículo intenta demostrar que la espiritualidad no es una forma de "altruismo racional" y que la elección de los actores espiritualmente motivados no puede reducirse a la lógica de "maximizar una preferencia altruista". En primer lugar, explica que la espiritualidad es necesaria como método para resolver problemas divergentes, que no pueden ser resueltos por la mente racional calculadora. Luego, explora el modus operandi del discernimiento espiritual, tomando como guía las conferencias de Hannah Arendt sobre la filosofía política de Kant. Por último, el autor ofrece algunas indicaciones acerca del modo en que este método de juicio moral y de discernimiento espiritual puede renovar las bases de la ética empresarial y del liderazgo. ; Abstract: The paper tries to demonstrate that spirituality is not a form of "rational altruism" and the choice of spiritually motivated actors cannot be reduced to the logic of "maximizing an altruistic preference". First, it explains that we need spirituality as a method to solve the socalled "divergent problems" which cannot be solved by the rational calculative mind. Then, it explores the modus operandi of spiritual discernment. Hannah Arendt's lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy are a guide in this exploration. Finally, the author gives some indications on how this method of moral judgment and spiritual discernment may renew the foundations of business and leadership.

La toma de decisiones es una de las competencias principales de los graduados en Ciencia Política y de la Administración. Analizamos una encuesta realizada a estudiantes durante los cursos 2006-2007 al 2012-2013, para la asignatura de Estructura Social de carácter obligatorio y equivalente a 6 créditos ECTS. Aplicamos el análisis multivariante para reducir la dimensionalidad de las variables estudiadas. Se construyen cuatro factores y un modelo de regresión logístico multinomial. Los resultados obtenidos indican que tres de los cuatro factores influyen positivamente a la hora de incrementar la probabilidad de pasar de una capacidad de Toma de decisiones de nivel nulo a un nivel elevado, sólo dos si se pasa a un nivel intermedio, y únicamente uno cuando se pasa a un nivel bajo. [Decision making is one of the main competencies graduates in Political Science and Administration should achieve. We analyzed a survey conducted among students from the 2006-2007 to the 2012-2013 academic courses, for the subject Social Structure, a compulsory subject with 6 ECTS credits. We used a multivariate analysis to reduce the dimensionality of the variables. Four factors were retained and then we applied a multinomial logistic regression model. The results indicate that (1) three of the factors have a positive influence on the probability to move from a null to a large decision making ability, and (2) the higher the decision making capacity, the more factors end up exerting a positive influence.]

This article comes from research of the impact of administrative tools applied to public administration and confronts theoretical-conceptual elements. These elements were analyzed with the up bring, beliefs and risk aversion of several political leaders from Valle del Cauca. This work was done during the final stage of a Masters of Public Administration at the Universidad del Valle. The investigation included many interviews with governmental leaders and public servants from thirteen municipalities in Valle del Cauca. The authors concluded that in spite of the growing wave of technocracy in Colombian public administration, it is still not used enough in the decision-making process of the region. ; Este artículo surge de la investigación sobre el impacto de la aplicación de herramientas gerenciales dentro de la administración pública, en la cual se confrontan elementos teórico – conceptuales, analizados durante la última parte de los estudios de maestría en políticas públicas y gestión de la Universidad del Valle, contrastados con aspectos de formación, creencias y aversión al riesgo de varios dirigentes vallecaucanos. Para lograrlo se recurrió a entrevistas con directivos gubernamentales y servidores públicos de trece municipios del Valle del Cauca, en los que se pudo concluir que pese a existir una creciente ola de tecnocracia en la gestión pública colombiana, ésta aún no se arraiga lo suficiente en los procesos de toma de decisiones de la región. ; Universidad de San Buenaventura - Cali

This paper analyzes, from a strictly legal perspective, the different legislative initiatives presented in the Spanish Congress of Deputies during the present legislature aimed at the regulation of End-of-life decision making. To this end, starting from the legislative reality currently in force in Spain, the paper proceeds to analyze, on the one hand, two Proposals of Law on rights and guarantees of the dignity of the person during the final process of his life and, in the other hand, the Proposal of Organic Law for the Regulation of euthanasia which, in view of the concurrent parliamentary majorities in Spain, is called to constitute the norm that regulates this field in the near future in Spain. ; El presente trabajo pretende abordar, desde una perspectiva eminentemente jurídica, una serie de iniciativas legislativas presentadas en el Congreso de los Diputados durante la presente legislatura orientadas a la regulación de la toma de decisiones al final de la vida. Con dicho fin, partiendo de la realidad legislativa actualmente vigente en España se procede a analizar, por un lado, sendas Proposiciones de Ley de derechos y garantías de la dignidad de la persona ante el proceso final de su vida (Grupo Parlamentario Popular y Grupo Parlamentario Ciudadanos) así como, por otro lado, la Proposición de Ley Orgánica de Regulación de la eutanasia (Grupo Parlamentario Socialista) que, a la vista de las mayorías parlamentarias concurrentes, está llamada a constituir la norma que regule dicha materia en el futuro próximo en España.

This paper addresses the problem of false balance in the press, in the context of technical decision making —those in which science intersects with the public domain because the issues at stake are relevant for the population as a whole. It sets out to frame the problem in a broad context, the sociology of sciences, that enables meeting the need for recognising the democratic commitments of journalism and the importance of communicating technological progress efficiently to confront the challenges posed by misinformation. The methodology consists in a conceptual analysis, grounded in recent cases of false balance: climate changeand vaccines. It concludes that the conceptual categories proposed by the theory help journalism regain a place of credibility where both the role of expertise and citizen participation find legitimacy in technical decision making, without blurring the distinction between the expert and the lay person. ; Este artículo aborda el problema del falso balance en la prensa, en el contexto de la toma de decisiones técnicas —aquellas en que la ciencia se interseca con el dominio político porque los temas en cuestión son relevantes para toda la población—. El objetivo es enmarcar el problema en un contexto amplio, la sociología de las ciencias, que satisfaga la necesidad de reconocer los compromisos democráticos del periodismo y la importancia de comunicar los avances tecnológicos eficazmente y enfrentar la desinformación. La metodología consiste en un análisis conceptual, anclado en casos recientes de falso balance: cambio climático y vacunas. Seconcluye que las categorías conceptuales propuestas por la teoría ayudan al periodismo a reconquistar un espacio de credibilidad en que se legitimen tanto la experticia como la participación ciudadana en la toma de decisiones técnicas, sin por ello difuminar la distinción entre la persona lega y la experta.

This article is engaged in upholding the appropiate place for decision in Educational Politics and Policy. All that inside the knowledge of Education. Political decision making in the educational arena has got a place between technical decisions and moral decisions. The one has increased its relevance in educational forum. On the other point of view, this kind of decision must not be understood as a result of the discipline «Politics of Education» or as a consequence of practical theories which are known like «Politica Pedagógica» (Pedagogy into Politics). Decisions in educational policy apply knowledge of Education but they are not made only with pedagogical facts and technical decisions. It's posible to think of technical decisions as the ones which come not only from the process, but from the knowledge of the process in its own. Pedagogy as a discipline of education let you make technical decisions. Upper these ones, we find the moral decision. To study the special characteristics of political decisions shows two big mistakes into the controversy «Science-Moral- Politics»: scientism and moral subsunction of Political decision in that. In the last pages, this work goes beyond the causal relation between «meansends ». The authors suggest, for the field of goals, to make subsystem levels for decision making, in stead of ubing the taylorist model in order to organize beveral stages of goals.

This article is engaged in upholding the appropiate place for decision in Educational Politics and Policy. All that inside the knowledge of Education. Political decision making in the educational arena has got a place between technical decisions and moral decisions. The one has increased its relevance in educational forum. On the other point of view, this kind of decision must not be understood as a result of the discipline «Politics of Education» or as a consequence of practical theories which are known like «Politica Pedagógica» (Pedagogy into Politics). Decisions in educational policy apply knowledge of Education but they are not made only with pedagogical facts and technical decisions. It's posible to think of technical decisions as the ones which come not only from the process, but from the knowledge of the process in its own. Pedagogy as a discipline of education let you make technical decisions. Upper these ones, we find the moral decision. To study the special characteristics of political decisions shows two big mistakes into the controversy «Science-Moral- Politics»: scientism and moral subsunction of Political decision in that. In the last pages, this work goes beyond the causal relation between «meansends ». The authors suggest, for the field of goals, to make subsystem levels for decision making, in stead of ubing the taylorist model in order to organize beveral stages of goals ; SI

This article is a product of a research study named Youth political participation in policy decision making in Valle del Cauca conducted as part of the Public Policy master's degree program in Universidad del Valle. The main objective was to identify the incidence that young people had in the public policy decision making process in Valle del Cauca, Colombia, between 2005 and 2015. The study employed multiple case study (4) analysis through two methodological tools: in-depth interviews and narration of life experiences. The main conclusion was that young people are able to mobilize their demands to the State by influencing the entire cycle of public policy management, and especially, in agenda setting, problem definition and policy formulation. However, their incidence level is deeply related with their closeness to decision makers, and such closeness is determined by the type of leadership exercised by the young people. ; Este artículo expone los principales resultados de la investigación Participación política de los jóvenes del Valle del Cauca en la toma de decisiones de política pública, derivado de la investigación que lleva el mismo título que se adelantó en el marco de la maestría en políticas públicas de la universidad del Valle. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar la capacidad de incidencia que tienen los jóvenes en la toma de decisiones en política pública en el Valle del Cauca, entre los años 2005-2015, empleando un análisis de caso múltiple (4) a través de dos herramientas metodológicas: la entrevista a profundidad y los relatos de vida. La investigación arrojó, como principal conclusión, que los jóvenes logran movilizar sus demandas hacia el Estado influenciando en todo el ciclo de la gestión pública, especialmente en la elaboración del diagnóstico y en la formulación. Sin embargo, su capacidad de incidencia política está estrechamente relacionada con la cercanía que tengan a los tomadores de decisión: entre más alejado se esté de los decisores, menor es la influencia y viceversa. Dicha distancia es dada por el tipo de liderazgo ejercido por los jóvenes que fueron objeto de estudio en esta investigación, cada tipología determina al mismo tiempo la distancia.

The European Union (UE) has combined decision making processes based on unanimity and on majority voting, mainly owing to the recognition that, depending on the context, they present valuable advantages as well as shortcomings. Thus, the EU has so far followed a rather pragmatic course. The future seems to lie along this same path, not favouring one decision- making process per se over the other, but combining unanimity and majority voting according to the needs and possibilities of the specific issue at hand. ; El derecho de la Unió Europea (UE) consagra procesos de toma de decisiones tanto por unanimidad como por mayoría. La Unión ha reconocido que ambas formas de adopción de decisiones tienen ventajas e inconvenientes, por lo cual ha adoptado uno u otro pragmáticamente, según el contexto. Es de esperar que en el futuro siga combinando ambas variantes de acuerdo con las necesidades y las posibilidades concretas de cada caso.

The decision-making has been constituted during the last 40 years, in a discipline field of the greater relevance for different political-administrative spheres. The different academic, politics and organizationals circles have provided him a place of supremacy to the process of decision making. From the recognition of the importance of the study of the decisional phenomenon, we initially try, to explore the identification aspects between the decision- making and Public Policies by means of a general conceptualization. Next, and considering the Co-existence of these two spheres of the knowledge, an explanation will be constructed that tell of the process of decision making in public policies, which differs given to its nature and specificities, of the organizational and personal making decision process. This article contain as epistemologic bet the construction of a generic model of decision making in public policies, which can to explain the decisional phenomenon in the different governmental courses of action. ; La toma de decisiones se ha constituido durante los últimos 40 años, en un campo disciplinar de la mayor relevancia para las diferentes esferas político administrativas. Los diferentes círculos académicos, políticos y organizacionales le han proporcionado un lugar de supremacía al proceso de toma de decisiones. A partir del reconocimiento de la importancia del estudio del fenómeno decisional, pretendemos inicialmente, explorar los aspectos identitarios entre la toma de decisiones y las Políticas Públicas por medio de una conceptualización general. Seguidamente, y considerando la co-existencia de estas dos esferas del conocimiento, se construirá una explicación que dé cuenta del proceso de toma de decisiones en Políticas Públicas, el cual difiere dada su naturaleza y especificidades, de los procesos de toma de decisiones organizacionales y personales. Este artículo contiene como apuesta epistemológica la construcción de un modelo genérico de Toma de Decisiones en Políticas Públicas, el cual pueda llegar a explicar el fenómeno decisional en los distintos cursos de acción gubernamental.

This submission proposes that Criminal Policy decisions (legislation, judicial rulings and Government regulation) can achieve a certain degree of stability. Stability renders the decision making process reasonable, by virtue of its modality of rational argumentation guided by principies, rules, exceptions and "meta-rules". This stability makes possible comprehension, consensus, rational critical analysis, and the gradual improvement of the decisions.