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The article shows the political economy role on the different stages of market economy development. Special attention is paid to political economy at Moscow State University in connection with 210-years of the Department of Political Economy. 21-st centuries' challenges to political economy are opened as well.

If the beginning of the 21st century, with its rapid changes, somewhat led into deep confusion of the world in general and the country in particular, then the arisen is unknown from where Covid 19 and the so-called digitalization are already testing the strength of the human community once again and even more with tough manifestations. Target attitudes, formed over decades, are shifted in the criteria. Living preferences, built priorities, prevailing moral but ethical standards. Of course, the forms of social consciousness, among which economic science, if you use a generalizing term is crucial. And the history of countries with their various characteristics confirms this, as well as the fact that science itself is not represented is a set of dogmas or once and for all frozen truths. Economic science, reflecting, to one degree or another, the cyclically developing economic world, also changes its object, subject, methodological approaches, tools analysis.

The optional course provides a general systemic view of classical political economy. Reflects the relevance of the classical theory and the direction of its development. The course allows students to study and learn how to apply the method of dialectical knowledge of economic and social processes. The course "Political Economy" is supposed to give students a holistic description of modern economic relations in historical retrospect as relations regarding ownership of the means of production. The course examines the socio-economic system of post-Soviet Russia. In the process of studying the course, business games are held, a discussion of modern problems.

The article examines the new role played by the state as a deliberate economic actor. The basis here is provided by the direct activity of the state in regulating the economy, as is characteristic of all economically developed countries. But at the same time, market regulators are beginning to die away, and are already fulfilling a secondary role. This situation is resulting in a change to the economy itself, with the previous goal of development-the maximising of profits-being replaced by the maximising of social utility. The degree and significance of conscious economic regulation, whose basis is scientific knowledge, is increasing. A new quality of the economy, designated by the article as noonomy, is emerging; this is steeped in scientific knowledge and in planned, considered regulation. The objective basis of this process is a new technological order within which production is permeated by complex technological systems, and for which knowledge-intensive production is a primary requirement. All this is serving to bring changes to political economy. In place of the classical political economy that concentrated on research into questions of market production and exchange, the new political economy or post-classical political economy studies the relations between people from the angle of social utility, that is, the exchanging of knowledge, information and activity with the goal of achieving economies in the use of social time.

The article is a review of a new monograph by the famous Russian theoretician-economist V.T. Ryazanov, «Modern Political Economy: Prospects for Neo-Marxist Synthesis». The focus is on the possibilities and content of neo-Marxist synthesis in political economy. Its new subject field, reflecting major changes in modern capitalism, is revealed. The scientific potential of classical political economy and the accumulated theoretical developments of heterodox schools that oppose the mainstream in modern economic theory are also shown. All this taken together makes it possible to lay the foundations of neo-Marxist synthesis as a new version of Marxist political economy. The review reveals specific theoretical, methodological and concrete economic problems studied in the monograph, and some critical remarks are made. According to the reviewer, this monograph can be an important step in contributing to the full revival of political economy in the public, scientific and educational space.

Political economy moves in wave-like patterns. Initially it had a universal character, simply as economic knowledge. Then came Karl Marx, with his Capital and critique of political economy. Later still came the division that saw some scholars accept Marxist political economy and others, the ideas denoted by the Russian transcription "ekomomiks". This verbal history of the terms that have been used to designate economic science may be topped off by referring to the fates and activity of the people who restore its fortunes. There are few such people, but the main thing is that they exist. Among them is the professor (and political economist!) V.V. Chekmarev. The purpose of this article is to show the influence of political economy on all aspects of human existence by reviewing the stages in the life of an outstanding representative of the scholarly world of economists, a person who has given 50 of his 70 years to the service of science.

The article presents an analysis of the endoteric basis of the concept, developed by the author, of the theoretical economy. In the author's view, this basis is provided by the development of classical political economy in its highest expression, Marxism. The article stresses the priority role of classical political economy within the framework of the above-mentioned concept as a tool for investigating the substantive aspects of the categories under study. The author considers that at the same time, the function of examining only the forms, taken in isolation, in which these categories manifest themselves belongs to neoclassical and institutional methodologies. In such a capacity, the concept of the theoretical economy positions itself as a new paradigmatic mainstream in socio-economic research.

The article presents an analysis of the endoteric basis of the concept, developed by the author, of the theoretical economy. In the author's view, this basis is provided by the development of classical political economy in its highest expression, Marxism. The article stresses the priority role of classical political economy within the framework of the above-mentioned concept as a tool for investigating the substantive aspects of the categories under study. The author considers that at the same time, the function of examining only the forms, taken in isolation, in which these categories manifest themselves belongs to neoclassical and institutional methodologies. In such a capacity, the concept of the theoretical economy positions itself as a new paradigmatic mainstream in socio-economic research.

Renewable energy policies have experienced significant evolution over the past few decades around the world. Regarding US experience in this area, both the federal and state governments were quite active in encouraging the transition to clean energy. Over the past decades, a lot of research has been done in this area. However, the existing literature deals mainly with the economic, political, and technical aspects of the transition to clean energy. At the same time, political dynamics received little attention. To understand the political dynamics of the energy transition (in this case, the United States), it is necessary to conduct detailed studies of federal and state policies. This article is devoted to the study of how decisions are made in the field of transition to clean energy, namely, the policy regarding one low-carbon technology - biofuel. For this technology, it was traced how the political agenda, actors, and institutions influenced the adoption and development of two programs: federal excise tax exemptions and the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS).

NEP 100 years ago and today: how should we understand it? Here the editors publish the materials of a discussion on the significance of the New Economic Policy for the development of Russia in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, and also for the work of devising a strategy for the development of modern capitalism as a whole. The discussion took place in a round-table format, and was organised by the editorial board of the journal Questions of Political Economy together with the Department of Political Economy and the Laboratory of Comparative Research on Socio-Economic Systems of the Faculty of Economics at the M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. The round table session was held on 3 May 2021 in online format. The following questions were put forward for consideration: Who came up with the concept of NEP – Lenin, Bukharin, Trotsky or Martov? What was the essence of NEP – the mixed economy, taxation, or the chervonets? What was NEP - a retreat, a model of the "integral society", or a highway to socialism? Could NEP have continued for longer, and why was it overturned? Does Russia need a NEP today? Over the past three decades, research into the dynamics of the commercialisation of the Russian economy has made it possible to reveal four periods in the development of this process: a period of accelerated commercialisation, a period of hypercommercialisation, an incipient period of de-commercialisation, and an anticipated period of post-commercialisation. The article analyses the peculiar features and most characteristic phenomena of each of these periods, formulating the main trends of economic policy, trends aimed at overcoming a lack of balance in the relationship between the commercial and non-commercial sectors of the economy. The contours are noted of tendencies in economic theory that break out of the confines of the modern mainstream, and that are oriented toward making quantitative measurements in the field of non-commercial goods. Underlying these tendencies is an effective synthesis of culturology and ...