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The Bosnian Crisis became a milestone in the process of disintegration of Yugoslavia. An important role in the development and settlement of the conflict was played by external actors, represented both by the countries of the West, as well as NATO and the EU, and by the Muslim community, which actively supported their co-religionists in Bosnia. On behalf of the latter, the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC, since 2011 — the Organization of Islamic Cooperation), which is the most authoritative and representative Muslim international organization, spoke. The position of the OIC, its interaction with the Bosnian leadership and other parties to the conflict significantly influenced the outcome of the Bosnian Crisis, despite the fact that most researchers tend to classify the OIC as a secondary participant in the process. The topic of the Bosnian conflict became one of the key ones at several conferences of foreign ministers of the OIC member countries, and the consolidated position of Muslim states developed at them in support of the Bosnians, according to the authors, prompted other stakeholders in the issue of resolving the conflict to more decisive action. The organization itself pursued the goal of including Bosnia and Herzegovina in its sphere of influence, but in the future this Balkan state will never become a member of the OIC, being content with observer status to this day. Nevertheless, the impact of international Islamic structures and, above all, the OIC on the course of hostilities and the political settlement in Bosnia and Herzegovina was a significant factor that retained its significance in the post-war period. Thus, the study of the history of interaction between the OIC and the Bosnian side seems relevant in order to identify the role and influence of the Islamic world on political processes in the Western Balkans and, above all, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. ; Боснийский кризис стал рубежным этапом в процессе дезинтеграции Югославии. Важную роль в развертывании и урегулировании конфликта ...

Northwestern Syria is being consolidated into an effective canton protected and sustained by-and dependent on-Türkiye. Given the lack of prospects for any side to secure a decisive victory in the Syrian war or for a political settlement, the territory is the outcome of conflict management processes pursued by Türkiye, Russia, Iran, and the Syrian regime since 2016.

This article assesses the impact of sovereign countries in global financial governance. It uses the methodology of international political economy that studies the interaction between political and economic processes in the international arena. It shows the dualistic nature of international financial institutions, which, on the one hand, represent intergovernmental organizations and, on the other hand, are financial institutions with financial goals. The author investigates the principles of sovereign equality, equitable geographical representation and equal (parity) representation of groups of countries with distinct interests in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Group of 20 (G20) and Financial Stability Board (FSB). The IMF's decision-making mechanism is shown in detail, including its executive board and the recent redistribution of quotas among member states, with special attention on the formula for calculating quotas, its criticism and possible reform. The article shows the major causes of reducing the impact of the IMF and the formation of a new, globally distributed system of financial governance. The article shows the hierarchy (by function as well as by country representativeness) of the system of global financial governance, established by 2010. It discusses the leadership of countries according to quantity and to key indicators (revenues, assets and market capitalization) of global systemically important financial institutions (banks and insurance company). Based on countries' membership in the G7 and the G20, the FSB, IMF, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and Bank for International Settlements countries are designated as at the core, semi-periphery or periphery of the international financial system in the context of the world systems theory. The influence of the technical elite, prevailing in the international financial sector, as well as the qualitative composition (education) of its members are revealed. The article concludes that there is significant polarization in the international financial system (core and the socalled marginal majority). Unlike the IMF, the newly created global financial institutions of the G20 and FSB fully comply with the principles of equitable geographical representation and parity representation of states with distinct interests.

Situations with uncertain developments and results are more often taking place in the world of politics. In this regard, the role of actors who are interested in the implementation of plans for peaceful conflict resolution and non-violence is becoming more urgent. The modern world is replete with situations in which a decision should be made only by qualified intermediaries (mediators), whose purpose is to resolve the conflict by the most effective and painless method. This article discusses the main aspects of the technology which is new for the political reality - political mediation as a vital means for solving complex inter-ethnic and interconfessional problems. The author attempts to identify general and specific characteristics of the conflict field that are peculiar for both international and inter-ethnic contradictions arising in the process of multilateral relations of nations with each other and between ethnic groups in multi-ethnic space. At this, the attention is focused on the fact that the conflicts arise out of the contradictions between the interests of these social organisms. The article provides the system of argumentation of the thesis that the use of mediation technologies helps to achieve the combination of the parties' autonomy and to guarantee a mutually beneficial result on a common ground. For this purpose the conflicting parties endow a third party with certain powers - the mediator, who is involved in order to look at the conflict from the side and help conflicting actors to get rid of excessive emotion and bias in a dispute. Thus, political mediation is a form of alternative expert and political dispute resolution and settlement, voluntarily elected by conflicting communities on the basis of their desire to reach agreement and political objectivity. (author's abstract)

This article considers the history of Soviet-American relations on the Korean issue in the period of their development in the format of bilateral negotiations (1943–1947). The author aims to characterise the content and principles of the organisation of the dialogue between Moscow and Washington on the Korean issue during World War II and the postwar settlement, and to reveal the influence of this interaction on the fate of Korea.The author analyses the content of the dialogue between Moscow and Washington at the Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam conferences, describes the decision-making process on Korea at the Moscow meeting of foreign ministers in 1945, and examines the work of the Joint Soviet-American Commission, and the interaction between the Soviet and American occupation zones on the peninsula.The analysis is carried out with reference to published and unpublished documents of the diplomatic departments of the USSR and the US (including materials of the Foreign Policy Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Fede­ration, and Internet archives), declassified CIA materials, and memoirs of political establishment members.The research allows the author to conclude that the fixation of the Korean division in 1948 occurred despite the original aspirations of the superpowers, but it became a logical outcome of the Korean settlement process. After the liberation of Korea, the USSR and the United States failed to build effective cooperation in the complex internal political conditions of the peninsula. In the end, Washington decided to choose the path that led to the implementation of a fundamentally new scenario, i.e. the formation of an independent South Korean state. ; Статья посвящена истории советско-американских отношений по корейскому вопросу в период их развития в формате двусторонних переговоров (1943–1947). Цель работы — охарактеризовать содержание и принципы организации диалога Москвы и Вашингтона по корейскому вопросу в годы Второй мировой войны и в период послевоенного урегулирования, а также выявить, как результаты этого взаимодействия повлияли на судьбу Кореи.В статье анализируется содержание диалога Москвы и Вашингтона на Тегеранской, Ялтинской и Потсдамской конференциях, освещается процесс принятия решений по Корее на Московском совещании министров иностранных дел 1945 г., рассматривается работа Совместной советско-американской комиссии, исследуются вопросы взаимодействия между советской и американской оккупационными зонами на полуострове.Источниковая база исследования — опубликованные и неопубликованные документы дипломатических ведомств СССР и США (в том числе материалы Архива внешней политики Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации, интернет-архивов), рассекреченные материалы ЦРУ, воспоминания и мемуары ряда ключевых действующих лиц.Проведенное исследование позволяет сделать вывод, что фиксирование раскола Кореи на два независимых и враждебных друг другу государства в 1948 г. произошло вопреки изначальным устремлениям сверхдержав, однако стало логичным итогом процесса корейского урегулирования. После освобождения Кореи СССР и США так и не сумели построить эффективное сотрудничество в сложных внутриполитических условиях полуострова. В конечном итоге в Вашингтоне было принято решение встать на путь, ведущий к реализации принципиально нового сценария, который предусматривал формирование самостоятельного южно­корейского государства.

When the state social-economic system collapsed in the beginning of the 1990s, the necessity to close down the single-industry and subsidized settlements became acute. The settlements failed to survive on their own. It is necessary to establish the investment priorities and to work out the tactics and goals of public and private investments and initiatives. However, the social-economic measures proposed by the government and the Ministry for Economic Development do not come into urban planning practice. The authors propose a conceptual basis for the political course in the urban planning of monocities. Through the case study of the cities of the Kemerovo region they propose possible development scenarios and prove the necessity of intensive use of the spatial environment. The investment sites are marked in the article. It is proposed to integrate the scattered rural sites under the strategy of mixed use, various-story neighborhood development, reconstruction of the former cement factory and its adaptation for a multifunctional center. ; Необходимость ликвидации монопрофильных и дотационных поселений особенно обозначилась с разрушением системы государственного социально-экономического устройства в начале 1990-х годов. Расчет на самостоятельное выживание поселений не оправдался. Должны быть установлены приоритеты инвестиций, разработана тактика и нацеленность государственных и частных инвестиции и инициатив. Однако предлагаемые Минэкономразвития и правительством мероприятия в социально-экономической сфере не поддержаны градостроительными мероприятиями. Авторы предлагают концептуальную основу для политического курса в сфере городского планирования моногородов. На примере результатов исследования городов Кемеровской области предложены возможные сценарии роста, обосновывается необходимость перехода к интенсивному использованию пространственной среды. Выделяются инвестиционные площадки. Объединение разрозненных участков поселкового характера предполагается осуществить в рамках стратегии смешанного использования, квартальной разноэтажной застройки, реконструкции и приспособления бывшего цементного завода под многофункциональный центр.

The article discusses the positions of the USSR and the USA as to the territorial national claims of Greece after World War II. The Greek government claimed the Dodecanese Islands in the Aegean Sea, the Island of Sazan in the Adriatic Sea, Northern Epirus (South Albania), and also demanded a rectification of the Greek-Bulgarian border. As a result, only the Dodecanese Islands were ceded to Greece. The author analyzes the discussion on the Greek issue at sessions of the Council of Foreign Ministers and the Paris Peace Conference. The article also considers the Soviet plans to gain a base of trade ships in the Mediterranean Sea. The process of territorial settlement on the Balkan Peninsula is considered in the context of the origins of the Cold War. At the Paris Peace Conference it was the first time that two hostile coalitions of countries led by the USA and the USSR had clashed. Greek territorial claims to northern neighbours led to an aggravation of contradictions between the Balkan states and contributed to the support of the Communist insurgents by Albania, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria during the Greek Civil War of 1946–1949. The analysis is made referring to official American and Soviet diplomatic documents and memoirs, as well as materials from the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History. ; В статье рассматриваются позиции СССР и США относительно территориальных «национальных требований» Греции после окончания Второй мировой войны. Греческое правительство выдвигало претензии на Додеканесские острова в Эгейском море, остров Сазани в Адриатическом море, Северный Эпир (Южную Албанию), а также требовало «исправления» греко-болгарской границы. В итоге Греции были переданы только Додеканесские острова. Проведен анализ обсуждения греческого вопроса на сессиях Совета министров иностранных дел и Парижской мирной конференции. Затрагиваются советские планы получить базу торговых кораблей в Средиземном море. Процесс территориального урегулирования на Балканском полуострове рассматривается в контексте генезиса холодной вой-ны. На Парижской мирной конференции впервые столкнулись две враждебные коалиции стран во главе с США и СССР. Территориальные претензии Греции к северным соседям привели к обострению противоречий между балканскими государствами и стали одной из причин поддержки коммунистических повстанцев Албанией, Югославией и Болгарией в период греческой гражданской войны 1946–1949 гг. Источниковую базу статьи составили американские и советские дипломатические документы и мемуары. Использованы материалы Архива внешней политики РФ и Российского государственного архива социально- политической истории.

Рассмотрен феномен политического кризиса в локальном измерении. Выделены основные экологические, экономические, социальные и иные причины локальных кризисов.Проанализирован характер протекания кризиса локального характера в различных политических системах. Рассмотрены основные особенности развития кризисов на местном уровне в условиях постсоветской политической реальности. Исследован зарубежный и отечественный опыт антикризисного управления на локальном уровне. Рассмотрены принципы и перспективы использования GR-управления в условиях кризиса. Исследовано влияние кризисов локального характера на развитие протестных движений. ; The purpose of the article is to research mainfeatures of political crises at municipal level.Modern city is a product of globalization andurbanization, it is extremely vulnerable tocrises and threats of the global world. A city isan indicator of problems of the entire state,because crises in a particular city may appearmuch sharper than in the state as a whole.The causes of the crises are lack of municipalfunds for the effective exercise of its powersand paternalistic attitudes of the population,preventing the perception of the object of theirvillage government and their unwillingness toparticipate in the resolution local problems.Local political crises often happen in newdemocratic states that used to be parts ofSocialist bloc and colonial empires. Local crisesin Tallinn (Estonia), Istanbul (Turkey), Moscow(Russia), Zhanaozen (Kazakhstan) becamenational ones and lead to clashes between theauthorities and opposition and civil movements.Local crises in Western states (for example, inDetroit, Michigan) usually do not lead to seriousconsequences outside the city.Unsatisfactory work of local governmentsin Ukraine, the reluctance of local authoritiesto deal with the arbitrariness of businessand environmental degradation have led tostrengthening of the protest movement inthe cities and villages. So, in 2009, protests inTernopol and Lvov regions have been successful:dumps near some settlements were eliminated.In 2010 in Kharkov the movement against theconstruction of a road through the park wasorganized, but the success of this action hasnot been reached. Local crises in Ukraine havebecome a serious threat to political stability inthe whole state.Considering the prospects of overcoming somenegative effects of local political crises, we shouldpay attention to government relations as a specialtype of activity associated with the protectionof the interests of the local community in itsrelations with the central government. GR unitsare created not only in private companies, butalso in local governments. GR specialists manageregulatory risks and minimize them, achieve andmaintain the most efficient interaction betweenbusiness, government and local self-governance.Lack of transparency and extreme corruptionof Ukrainian authorities and local governmenthinder the development of the GR in Ukraine.Consequently, the efficiency of the system oflocal government is extremely low, and crises arenot resolved. ; Розглянуто феномен політичної кризи улокальному вимірі. Виокремлено основніекологічні, економічні, соціальні та інші причинилокальних криз. У статті проаналізованохарактер протікання кризи на локальному рівні урізних політичних системах. Розглянуто основніособливості розвитку криз на місцевому рівні вумовах пострадянської політичної реальності, утому числі в Україні. Досліджено зарубіжний тавітчизняний досвід антикризового управлінняна локальному рівні. Розглянуто принципи іперспективи використання GR-управлінняу кризових умовах. Досліджено особливостівпливу локальних криз на формування ірозвиток протестних рухів.

International audience ; This paper considers items of decoration of Danubian origin of the late 6th — early 9th century found at sitesin the forest zone of Eastern Europe and marking the settlement of the Slavs in the territory of what is nowBelorussia and Russia. It is commonly known that, in traditional societies, female costume was fairly conservative. Items of male decoration, e.g. belt fittings, as a rule, reflect a 'military' fashion and are of interest for betterunderstanding of the cultural and political trend and, therefore, of the military-political history of the earlypopulation. The distribution of Danubian objects probably reflects the penetration of the forest zone by the Slavmigrants from Central Europe. These objects include small finger brooches, bracelets with hollow expandingends, earrings with a star-like pendant and a volute at the end, lamellar round and small trapezoid pendants,and elements of belt fittings of the Avar type. In the forest zone, the set of objects of the Danubian origin of thelate 6th — early 9th century is not limited by decorations. Here also Central-European spurs with inner hooks,knives with the top of the handle in the form of volutes, handmade and early wheel-made vessels of ovoid formswith a linear-wavy ornamentation are known. All these artefacts have been encountered at sites of very differingarchaeological cultures including the undoubtedly non-Slavic ones as, e. g., the cultures of Dyakovo, RyazanOka, east Lithuanian barrows or cemeteries of the early Mordvins. However the mentioned set of Danubianobjects can have appeared in the forest zone of Eastern Europe only together with the Slavs — neither Avars,nor Hepids or Romaions here appeared. Moreover, in the most of cases, not simply any contacts are implied butthe immediate physical presence of a new foreign population, since, as the objects of female decoration are concerned, in traditional societies these ornaments are not a subject of intertribal/interregional trade. Therefore itmay be supposed with a fair ...

The research featured a historical and legal analysis of functions attributed to bailiffs of forts and settlements inhabited by free peasants in the XVIII-century Western Siberia. The objective was to develop a deeper understanding of the essence of law enforcement process at a local level in the early Imperial Russia. The author relied on management documents and case records from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Bailiffs appeared to have no clearly stated police functions in the related regulatory acts. The author describes their responsibilities in law enforcement, rights protection, crime documentation, surveillance, detention, interrogation, search, and escorting. The article also focuses on the three types of popular crimes in the local administrative practices. The content and peculiarities of most law enforcement procedures depended on the general tendencies in the regional and state-level administrations. By the middle of the XVIII century, bailiffs had lost most of their police powers, which were resumed by the military officers of the local regular forces. ; Статья посвящена историко-юридическому анализу сложившегося в первой половине XVIII в. круга подходов и практик реализации приказчиками острогов и слобод Западной Сибири своих правоохранительных компетенций и призвана способствовать более глубокому пониманию сущности протекания в Российском раннеимперском государстве правоприменительного процесса на местах. Источниковую основу исследования составили делопроизводственные материалы и судебно-следственная документация из фондов Российского государственного архива древних актов. Автор показывает отсутствие четкой формальной выраженности полицейских полномочий приказчиков в нормативных положениях инструктивного характера, обосновывает приоритет среди фактической деятельности по охране закона и права действий, связанных с фиксацией преступлений и установлением фактов, задержанием, допросом, обыском и конвоированием подозреваемых, а также раскрывает три ведущих проявления государственных преступлений в локальной административной практике. Принадлежность, содержание и нюансы большинства процедурных аспектов правоприменения ощутимым образом зависели от общих тенденций эволюции как регионального, так и общегосударственного административного уклада. К середине XVIII в. приказчики острогов и слобод стали терять большую часть своих полицейских полномочий, которые в районах дислокации регулярных воинских подразделений переходили к военным командирам.

The paper is analyzing political aspects of "trade war" between the Republic of Korea and Japan. In our research we took an attempt to considering the number of events that started in July of 2019 and connected with mutual doings of Seoul and Tokyo on exempting from preferential "white lists" of exporters. We also analyzed political roots and implications of these events. Since the bilateral talks between Republic of Korea and Japan doesn't gave no significant result, we are dealing with new unsettled issues, that potentially can reduce the non-political cooperation between two states. The reason of current crisis in South Korea – Japan relations was an attempt of gov- ernment of Republic of Korea to use for political goals the issue of compensation for victims of forced labour in the World War II. It caused a negative reaction from the Japanese side. In Tokyo stated that these claims are controverting the Agreement on the settlement of problems concerning property and claims and on economic co-operation (1965). Under this agreement, both sides rejected from the property and compensations claims, in exchange for the financial aid and credits that were provided by Japan. New dispute was caused to negative implications for Korea-Japan relations. In particular, issue of preserving the General Security of Military Information Agreement that allows intelligence information sharing, is open. Moreover, using the economic pressure measures toward South Korea, becomes an instrument that allows Tokyo to demonstrate its readiness to act more strictly. ; В статье рассмотрены политические аспекты «торговой войны» междуРеспубликой Корея и Японией. Речь идет о событиях, начавшихся в июле 2019 года и связанных с взаимными акциями Сеула и Токио по исключению из преференциальных списков экспортеров, а также политических предпосылках, причинах и последствиях этих шагов. Судя по тому, что двусторонние южнокорейско-японские переговоры, начатые в декабре 2019 года, не принесли заметного результата, скорее всего, мы имеем дело с появлением новых неурегулированных проблем, которые потенциально могут нанести урон неполитическому сотрудничеству между Республикой Корея и Японией. Причиной нынеш-него кризиса в южнокорейско-японских отношениях стали попытки властей Республики Корея использовать тему компенсаций жертвам принудительного труда в период Второй мировой войны во внутриполитических целях. Это вызвало негативную реакцию со сто-роны Токио, где обратили внимание на то, что вынесение требований о компенсациях противоречит духу и букве Соглашения об урегулировании проблемы прав и притязаний и о экономическом сотрудничестве между Республикой Корея и Японией от 22 июня 1965 г.По этому соглашению стороны взаимно отказывались от прав на компенсации и претензий на собственность в обмен на предоставление Японией финансовой помощи и кредитов. Развертывание нового спора привело к неблагоприятным для сторон последствиям. В частности, поставлено под вопрос существование Договора о защите военной информации между РК и Японией, который предполагал, помимо прочего, обмен разведывательной информацией. Кроме того, использованием мер экономического давления в отношении РК, в Токио дали понять, что, в случае дальнейших попыток заставить Японию принять невыгодные для себя соглашения, правительство страны может отреагировать куда жестче, чем на этапе переговоров по проблеме «женщин для утешения».

The article provides a semiotic analysis of the urban space of the medieval city of Kastek. In the era of the Turkic Kaganate and subsequent ethnocultural and state formations with a Turkic political dominant, the process of urbanization in the marginal zones of the sedentary agricultural culture intensified. In the pre-Mongol era, the local urban complex with general Muslim standards and standards in its medieval incarnation, motley multilingualism and ethnic assimilation of Sogdians and various Turkic-speaking peoples within the Karakhanid state, which is a model of medieval urbanized culture, is firmly established. Also on the materials of artifacts found during the excavations, reconstruction of some ritual and everyday practices characteristic of the urban culture of the medieval Turks Zhetysu was made. The functional analysis of artifacts proves that utilitarian objects and actions in traditional culture are imbued with symbols and there are equally, both everyday objects and sacred works of art of the urban culture of the Turks. ; В эпоху тюркского каганата и последующих этнокультурных и государственных образований с тюркоязычной политической доминантой процесс урбанизации в маргинальных зонах оседло-земледельческой культуры все более усиливался. В домонгольскую эпоху здесь прочно складывается локальный урбанистический комплекс с общемусульманскими стандартами и эталонами в его средневековом воплощении, пестрым многоязычием и этнической ассимиляцией согдийцев и различных тюркоязычных народов в рамках Караханидского государства, которое являет собой образец средневековой урбанизированной культуры. Также на материалах артефактов, найденных в ходе раскопок, произведена реконструкция некоторых ритуальных и повседневных практик, характерных для городской культуры средневековых тюрков Жетысу. Функциональный анализ артефактов доказывает, что утилитарные предметы и действия в традиционной культуре пронизаны символами и существуют в равной степени как предмет быта, и сакральное произведение искусства городской культуры тюрков. Библиографические ссылки 1. Байпаков К.М., Терновая Г.А. Религии и культы средневекового Казахстана. Алматы: Изд-во «Баур», 2005. 236 с. 2. Бичурин Н.Я. Собрание сведений о народах, обитавших в Средней Азии в древние времена. Т. 1. М.–Л.: изд-во АН СССР. 1950. 382 с. 3. Геродот. История в девяти книгах. / Перевод и примеч. Г.А. Стратановского. 4 кн. Л.: Наука, 1972. 600 с. 4. Зиливинская Э.Д. Очаги жилого комплекса на городище Джанкент // Известия НАН РК. Сер. обществ. и гуманит. наук. 2013. № 3 (289). С. 100-109. 5. Левина Л.М. Этнокультурная история Восточного Приаралья (в первом тысячелетии н.э.). М.: Вост.лит., 1996. 398 с. 6. Нуржанов А.А., Терновая Г.А. К вопросу об обрядовой практике жителей Жетысу (Семиречья) в VIII–IX вв. // Труды «IV» ХХ Всеросссийского археологического съезда. Казань: «Отечество», 2014, Т. 2. С. 312-316. 7. Полосьмак Н.В. Жизнь и смерть пазырыкцев Укока: междисциплинарные исследования материалов из Пазырыкских курганов с «замерзшими» могилами на плато Укок, Горный Алтай (конец IV – III в. до н.э.) // Вестник истории, литературы, искусства. 2006. Т.3. с.7-18. 8. Руденко С.И. Горноалтайские находки и скифы. М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1952. 268 с. 9. Смагулов Е.А. Исследования доисламского храмового комплекса на городище Сидак // Культурное наследие Казахстана. Открытия, проблемы, перспективы. Алматы: Вестник КазНПУ им. Абая, 2005. С. 486-491. ; Мақалада ортағасырлық Қастек қаласына семиотикалық талдау жасалған. Түрік қағанаттары дәуірі кезінде отырықшы қала мәдениеттерінің шеткі аумақтарында кенттену үрдістерінің дамуы көрсетіледі. XIII ғасырға дейін бұл аумақтарда мұсылман дінінің қабылдауына байланысты, соғды түрік халықтары арасындағы мәдени-этникалық қарым-қатынастар урбанизацияның басты өркениетін көрсетеді. Артефактілерді талдау арқалы Жетісу түріктерінің ғұрыптық және күнделікті өмір салттарына талдау жасалды. Артефактілерді талдау барысында халықтардың рухани дүниесінде заттардың ерекше орын алғандығы белгілі болып отыр.

Рассматривается функциональное назначение круглых и кольцевых средневековых городищ Пруто-Днестровского междуречья. ; There are known more than 20 settlements on the territory of Prut and Dniester interfluves, that are attributed to the period of 9-13th centuries. The main part of them are located in the north-eastern part of this region. All settlements are divided into two types. The first group includes settlements, their strengthenings are not subordinate to natural terrain. They are located on the gentle slopes and have a round or an oval shape in plain view. It is so called "round» or "ring" settlements. So called "promontories" type is the second type of fortified settlements, they have several protected areas and arranged in view of the protective properties of the terrain relief. The authors deal with the problem of landscape location of so called round fortified areas of Ecim?u?i-Alchedar type in Dniester-Prut interfluves. These areas appeared in the region not later than at the end of the 9th century. Because of their planning and structure, as well as because of character of archaeological evidences, they seem to be foreign, most likely they have West Slavic origin. The authors suggest that the main function of these areas was sacral, because they are located in geomantic zones, sometimes against any defense interests. Ring settlements were vulnerable because they were located in the ravines (valleys) next to a very high hills from which they could be fired by an enemy. The arguments are: 1) concomitant "ring" and "promontories" settlements; 2) ring-shaped fort could accommodate a very limited number of people; 3) location of "ring" settlements in geo mantle zones; 4) the presence on this monuments of the huge pits, much higher than the potential defense needs. The fact that the primary function of the round fortified areas is considered to be sacral does not exclude that they played or could play, at the same time, the role of communities centers of political and economic life, where are various industries could be located too.

Crises and conflicts in Middle East are compounded by the fact that the settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is still far from a solution and the peace process in Syria has just begun. Taking into account the current situation and taking into account the tensions between the states of the Middle East region, there is reason to believe that all the states of the region should sit at the negotiating table in order to create, based on reasonable compromises and permissible outcomes, an acceptable model for building a regional security system for everyone .

This article for the first time in Moldova, based on scientific literature from different countries, explores the relationship between the United States of America and the State of Israel in the matter of a Palestinian settlement in the period of 2009-2018. Israel is the only strategic partner of the United States of America in the Middle East region. The strategic alliance between the United States and Israel has existed for several decades and provides military and political cover for the State of Israel in conditions of an irreconcilable hostile environment in the matter of resolving the Palestinian problem. Naturally, the scientific interest in this phenomenon, the stages of its development and the mechanisms of interaction is very great. First, this is due to the fact that the political and military-strategic cooperation of these two countries has a decisive effect on the situation throughout the entire Greater Middle East and, to a large extent, on Israel's relations with Palestine. The United States is practically considered in Israel as the main guarantor of the existence of the state in its military-political confrontation with its neighbors. In a serious way American sup-port increases the stability of the Israeli state and its ability to resist the endless attempts of "being thrown into the sea" and contributes to strengthening its position as one of the regional centers of power. At the same time, many decisions that are strategically important for US Middle East policy are made in Washington, taking into account the interests of Israel.