The attitude of Louis Althusser towards Mao Zedong and Maoism is determined by the philosopher's intolerance to the "humanistic" revisionism of the fundamental principles of Marxism. Althusser characterizes Mao Zedong as a great Chinese communist leader, whose theoretical and political practice was in strict accordance with Marxism-Leninism. The philosopher draws conclusions about the continuity of Maoism in Leninist theoretical and political practice, as well as the possibility of the existence of a Marxist-Leninist alternative to Soviet socialist development.
The article analyzes democratic processes in contemporary world through theoretical prism. There are many cases of the convergence of democratic and authoritarian ways of governance in global politics, which are mentioned in the article. The author supposes that political theory of democracy needs to be revised to become more heuristic. Key words: political theory, democracy, democratization, authoritarianism, liberalism. ; В статье анализируются особенности развития процессов демократизации в современном мире. На многочисленных примерах взаимной конвергенции демократических и авторитарных способов правления в современной глобальной политике автор показывает, что политическая теория демократии нуждается в существенной терминологической и методологической коррекции в целях сохранения своего эвристического потенциала. Ключевые слова: политическая теория, демократия, демократизация, авторитаризм, либерализм.
The article analyzes the issue of interrelation between domestic and foreign policy of states in Kant's political theory. His intra-legal («of a legal state» and «republic») and foreign policy («of a global civil status of public security» and «everlasting peace») projects are studied. The German author reconsidered and clarified his position, remaining intact in one thing: international security and legal state fit together in the evolutionary outlook of world policy. Its standard varied from recognition of «the security dilemma» and «balance of forces» to approval of axiological significancy of global security of states. ; В статье анализируется проблема взаимосвязи внутренней и внешней политики государств в политической теории Канта. Изучены его внутриправовые («правового государства» и «республики») и внешнеполитические («всемирно-гражданского состояния публичной безопасности» и «вечного мира») проекты. Немецкий автор пересматривал и уточнял свою позицию, оставаясь неизменным в одном: международная безопасность и правовое государство соответствуют друг другу в эволюционной перспективе мировой политики. Ее норматив изменялся от признания «дилеммы безопасности» и «равновесия сил» к утверждению аксиологической значимости всеобщей безопасности государств.
Abstract. The article determines the structure of political conflicts, technology, and practice management, explains the concept of subject and object of a political conflict. The article provides information about functions of the political conflict, inc ; Анотація. У статті окреслюються структура політичних конфліктів, технології і практика управління ними, пояснюється поняття суб'єкта і об'єкта політичного конфлікту, перераховані функції політичного конфлікту, а також наведено інформацію про розробників т ; Анотація. У статті окреслюються структура політичних конфліктів, технології і практика управління ними, пояснюється поняття суб'єкта і об'єкта політичного конфлікту, перераховані функції політичного конфлікту, а також наведено інформацію про розробників т
The article examines the history of modernization processes in the world's social and political practice.The author analyzes the theories of modernization, the researchers' views on the peculiarities of modernization processes and the main problems faced by the states that have embarked on the path of transformation.Attention is paid to the conceptual basis of modernization processes: concepts of evolutionism, diff usionism, modern theories of socio-cultural dynamics. Political modernization can be regarded as a process of changing the political system. The main directions of the political modernization processes are: the changes of the political system, stabilization of political relations, institutional adaptation to the current realities and modern challenges, sustainable economic growth and democracy. States are going through a process of modernization in accordance with their goals, objectives and level of development.The concept of political modernisation is one of the key notions in the policy arrangements approach. It tries to capture those structural transformations in political domains in contemporary societies, which have or may have consequences for day-to-day policy practices. In turn, developments within certain policy practices may contribute to or contradict these structural transformations.
The article attempts to provide a definition for the problem area of the philosophy of politics, political philosophy and political science. Given the lack of a well-established distinction between the subjects of these sciences in the Russian-language discourse, the author turns to the English-language tradition. The analysis of this discourse shows the following: 1) the absence of a distinction between political philosophy and the philosophy of politics, which is replaced by political ontology as part of political philosophy; 2) the existence of a distinction between political theory and political philosophy; 3) the dependence of the paradigm of the relationship between political theory and political philosophy on the consensus developed in the national intellectual tradition. In the English-language discourse, the question of the relationship between political science and political philosophy comes to the fore. The latter is considered as a subordinate, integral part of political science. It is shown that, based on the criterion of "insufficient scientificity", attempts to exclude political philosophy from the political science do not stop. The article substantiates the position according to which, despite their apparent similarity, the subjects of political science and political philosophy do not coincide – the disciplinary ontology of political science can become the subject of political philosophy. When discussing the relationship between the philosophy of politics and political philosophy, the article presents several hypotheses. First, a distinction is made between the philosophy of politics and political philosophy and the author argues that they are distinct. Secondly, the position, according to which the philosophy of politics belongs to the field of philosophy, and political philosophy to political science, is critically examined, and the fact that the two disciplines belong to the philosophical corpus of knowledge is substantiated. Thirdly, it is proposed to demarcate between the philosophy of politics and political philosophy in accordance with the difference between their subjects. The subject of philosophy of politics is the phenomenon of the political, while the subject of political philosophy is political phenomena.
Статья представляет собой обзор исследований по политической лингвистике в Китае. Теоретические исследования рассматривают такие принципиально важные вопросы, как сущность политического языка, функции политического языка, место политической лингвистики по отношению к другим научным областям.
The article analyzes and describes various definitions of the concept of citizenship. The author considers the features of the interpretation of this concept and its various aspects. The article substantiates the hypothesis that the basis of the concept of citizenship is a set of basic values of the political theory. Core values determine citizenship practices. The article describes citizenship as involvement, citizenship as a concern for the public good, and citizenship as mutual assistance. Based on the work of representatives of liberal political theory (J. St. Mill, J. Rawls) and representatives of the political theory of communitarianism (M. Sandel, A. Etzioni and A. MacIntyre), the author describes the concepts of civicism inherent in these theories.Key words: citizenship, civic virtue, civicism, liberalism, communitarianism, values, political theory, axiology. ; В статье проводится анализ и описание различных определений понятия «гражданственность». Рассматриваются особенности его трактовки. Обосновывается гипотеза, что в основании концепции гражданственности находится набор базовых ценностей той или иной политической теории. Базовые ценности определяют практики гражданственности. В статье приводится описание гражданственности как вовлеченности, гражданственности как заботы об общественном благе и гражданственности как взаимопомощи. Опираясь на работы представителей либеральной политической теории (Дж. Ст. Милль, Дж. Роулз) и представителей политической теории коммунитаризма (М. Сэндел, А. Этциони и А. Макиантайра), авторы описывают концепции гражданственности, свойственные данным теориям.
The article examines the political views of the famous Persian thinker and political figure Nizam al- Mulk, expressed in his main work, the treatise "Siyasatnama". The paper deals with the brief description of the historical situation in which the thinker's life took place; after that the author characterizes the structure and logic of the treatise. It is argued that politics for Nizam al- Mulk is inextricably linked to practice, not reduced to a set of certain theoretical provisions. Based on personal experience and proofing his ideas by concrete examples, the thinker sketched main traits of the ideal ruler and gave recommendations that the latter should follow in order to strengthen the power of state and to maintain it. At the same time Nizam al- Mulk sought to recreate the traditional Iranian political structure throughout the Empire. In particular, a competent approach to government issues implies a good awareness of the ruler, attention to economic problems and issues of religious education and upbringing. The thinker paid great attention to all three aspects in his work. This paper also concentrates on the question, how these ideas were implemented by Nizam al- Mulk, in his attempts to create an information service (diwan-i barid) to reorganize the financial system of the Seljuk Empire. Moreover, the article discusses why some of ideas of Nizam al- Mulk (mainly related to economic development) were not implemented or led to negative consequences while have been implemented. ; В статье рассматриваются политические взгляды известного персидского мыслителя и государственного деятеля Низам ал- Мулка, выраженные в его главном произведении, трактате «Сиасет-намэ» («Книга о правлении»). Дается краткая характеристика исторической ситуации, в которой проходила жизнь мыслителя, затем описывается структура и общая логика трактата, которому посвящено данное исследование. Раскрываются основные источники политических воззрений Низам ал- Мулка. Утверждается, что политика для него неразрывно связана с практикой и не сводится к набору некоторых теоретических положений. Основываясь на личном опыте и подкрепляя свои идеи конкретными примерами, Низам ал- Мулк создает идеал правителя и дает рекомендации, которым тот должен следовать для укрепления власти и поддержания силы государства. При этом с исторической точки зрения Низам ал- Мулк стремится воссоздать во всей империи традиционную иранскую политическую структуру. В частности, он ратует за грамотный подход к вопросам управления государством, предполагающий хорошую информированность правителя, внимание к экономическим проблемам и вопросам религиозного воспитания и образования. Всем трем аспектам мыслитель уделяет большое внимание в своей работе. В статье мы говорим о том, как эти идеи были реализованы Низам ал- Мулком на практике, в предпринятых им попытках создания информационной службы (диван-и барид), реорганизации финансовой системы Сельджукской империи, в виде системы медресе. В статье также обсуждается, почему некоторые идеи Низам ал- Мулка (касающиеся главным образом экономического развития) не нашли воплощения или же их реализация привела к негативным последствиям.
В статье представлена рецензия на монографию Л. В. Балашовой, которая является итогом многолетней деятельности автора и концепцией дальнейшего развития отечественной метафорологии.
In modern political and theoretical discourse, the concept of a ' just society' is usually perceived as a normative idea that expresses the notion of what society "should be". Nowadays, social justice as a political slogan is becoming an increasingly universal requirement made by social movements, political parties and groups regarding the ways of social organization and its functions. Regardless of the different interpretations, it is inseparable from other related concepts, such as 'equality', ' freedom' and many others. It also represents the projection of various concepts of justice on social relations in individual countries, regions, and, finally, throughout the world ('global justice' on the scale of all mankind). Comparative analysis of the A.M. Kovalev's concept of a just society and the main trends in the interpretation of this idea in modern Western socio-political theory indicate that the methodology developed by an outstanding Russian scientist can rightfully be considered one of the most promising. Its distinguishing feature is the creative interpretation of a set of ideas about a just society, dating back to the early works of Marx. It is combined with the analysis of the ideas of the Western European Enlightenment, the philosophy of Kant, Hegel and Fichte, the evolution of the social philosophy of the Frankfurt School and other equally influential areas of modern political theory (R. Aron and others). An analysis of modern political theories shows that the dyad " justice / state" constitutes the ontological core of the political and philosophical discourse, in the structure of which the ideas of Marxism play an important role. In the A.M. Kovalev's theory of a just society, the various assessments of the heuristic potential of Marxism acquire additional incentives, opening the way to new creative discussions. The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of A.M. Kovalev.
Выявляются предпосылки формирования теории креативного общества в XXI в. Обсуждаются различные подходы к ее разработке. Проводится анализ концепций, на базе которых реализуется политическая программа ЕС «Креативная Европа» (2014–2020). Обозначены политические вызовы ее применения в странах Восточного партнерства. ; The article reveals prerequisites for the formation of the creative society theory in the XXIst century. Different approaches to its elaboration are subjected to discussion. The author analyses conceptions on the basis of which the political programme «Creative Europe» (2014–2020) is fulfilled. The political challenges of its employment in the Eastern Partnership countries are indicated.
The review presents a discussion at the session of the Scientific Council of Moscow State University on the development of modern economic theory and Russian model of social and economic development. The session, held on November 28, 2019 at the Faculty of Economics in Lomonosov Moscow State University, was dedicated to two dates - the 215th anniversary of the Department of Political Economy and the 115th anniversary of N. A. Tsagolov. The topic of scientific discussion: "Interdisciplinary approach - the key to solving theoretical and practical problems of modern time". During the discussion, issues related to interdisciplinary method in economic theory, University traditions and modern experience of interdisciplinary method in economic science were discussed. Speakers also concentrated on the problems of national political economy development, inseparably connected with the history of the Department of Political Economy at the Faculty of Economics in Moscow University. Special attention was paid to the period of the development of the Department under the leadership of N. A. Tsagolov and formation of the scientific school connected with his name. The discussion focused on the interdisciplinary approach developed by "Tsagolov School", the possibility of its development under the conditions of a new scientific and technological revolution, and its role in the effective study of economy and society in the twenty-first century.
The article is devoted to the investigation of Russian cosmists' political views. The political theory touched upon in the works of the cosmists is an essential feature of the entire trend. At the same time, a paradox in the political views of cosmists is observed. On the one hand, the project of cosmism is universal, worldwide. On the other hand, not a single cosmist ignored the question of Russia's place in the world, and this reflects the nature of Russian thought. We can see that the problem of political power in cosmism is both universal and national. Unfortunately, not enough attention has been paid to this problem, although Russian cosmism is recognized as the core of all Russian philosophy and as an important element of the Russian idea. The study of the political thought of Russian cosmism is an important step in understanding the political characteristics of Russian culture. For a complete review the cosmists' philosophy of politic, we analyzed the works of Russian cosmists – N.F. Fedorov, V.S. Solovyov, K.E. Tsiolkovsky V.I. Vernadsky, S.G. Semenova and lesser known figures – N.A. Setnitsky, V.N. Muravyov, B.B. Vakhtin, I.M. Borzenko. Dialectical and hermeneutic methods were used to solve the research problems. As a result of the study, the key features of various political concepts of cosmists are identified, the palette of political views of cosmists is presented, including N.F. Fedorov's autocracy, V.N. Muravyov's republic, B.B. Vakhtin's skepticism of the possibility of stable political governance. The philosophical and historical causes of changes in the political views of cosmists are proposed. The proposition that the political views of Russian cosmists synthetically combine the universal and the individual, thereby removing the contradiction between the global and the national, is substantiated. It is noted that various political concepts of Russian cosmists is reduced by a general intention towards a global and cosmic essence of the political structure. This intention is one of the main features of Russian cosmism.
