Suchergebnisse

"Attitudes Toward LGBT+ People and Policies: Political Tolerance and Egalitarianism" published on by Oxford University Press.

"Attitudes toward LGBT Rights: Political Tolerance and Egalitarian Values in the United States" published on by Oxford University Press.

"Political Contempt and Religion" published on by Oxford University Press.

Discusses Baruch Spinoza's apparent endorsement of tolerance in his Theologico-Political Treatise (TPT). Despite its appearance of impiety, the real objective of the TPT was to demonstrate that true philosophy is both compatible with & conducive to piety, to present no threat for peace. It is argued that the knowledge of truth is a sufficient & necessary condition for peace; & the knowledge of truth is in harmony with & indispensable to "pietas," the constant willingness to execute the will of God (vs atheism). Indeed, the TPT focuses on peace more than on tolerance, peace that can only be realized based on true knowledge, even if such knowledge leads to conclusions generally considered impious. J. Sadler

Discusses Baruch Spinoza's apparent endorsement of tolerance in his Theologico-Political Treatise (TPT). Despite its appearance of impiety, the real objective of the TPT was to demonstrate that true philosophy is both compatible with & conducive to piety, to present no threat for peace. It is argued that the knowledge of truth is a sufficient & necessary condition for peace; & the knowledge of truth is in harmony with & indispensable to "pietas," the constant willingness to execute the will of God (vs atheism). Indeed, the TPT focuses on peace more than on tolerance, peace that can only be realized based on true knowledge, even if such knowledge leads to conclusions generally considered impious. J. Sadler

"Toleration and Political Philosophy" published on by Oxford University Press.

Conditions that render political corruption detrimental to governmental efficiency & legitimacy are examined. An overview of research illustrates that the magnitude of corruption's harmful effects remains uncertain. Cases of low-level corruption (eg, granting licenses to unqualified individuals) highlight the different efficiency costs of corrupt behavior; it is asserted that corrupt acts whose only cost is illegality should be legalized. Frank Flatters & W. Bentley MacLeod's (1995) contention that the public should tolerate corrupt acts involving tax collection is questioned. Additional attention is dedicated to determining the costs of high-level corruption (eg, accepting bribes before granting major contracts) & to investigating whether high-level corruption engenders capital flight. Two reasons for not tolerating bribes designed to overcome inefficient laws & overwhelming taxes are presented (eg, companies may subsequently make payoffs to overcome necessary laws & taxes). 40 References. J. W. Parker

A reflection on A. M. Ramsey's Philosophical Principles of Natural and Revealed Religion (1748-49) discussing liberty as free will, & liberty & self-determination belonging to the rational subject. Ramsey argues that liberty is the eternal, immutable, & universal law in the world, which applies equally to loving God for oneself, & loving all other creatures in proportion to their resemblance to God. Tolerance & political liberty are justified by virtue of universal salvation & freedom, & the universality of grace & the free cooperation of intelligent creatures. While Ramsey's politics aligned with exiled Jacobites, he was also guided by providentialism in protecting the integrity of divine & human freedom, & in choosing a conciliatory, but skeptical, approach to English rule. His classic defense of Freemasonry drew on his position in the organization in France in the 1730s. J. Sadler

Explores the causes & consequences of the failure of the Knights of Labor, drawing on a comparison with concurrent movements in the US; an event-history analysis of the Knights' collapse in NJ, 1879-1895; & a comparison of employer organizations & government tolerance for their actions in the late-19th-century US, France, & England. It is argued that failure was mainly due to the Knights' rapid growth & early successes, which resulted in a countermobilization of powerful employer associations. Unlike in France & England, these associations are shown to have had the benefit of rapid economic concentration & little state intervention. The Knights responded to this situation by reframing their conflict in terms of working-class republicanism to attract small employers to their side. It is suggested that this strategy failed, & the Knights were unable to innovate new strategies that would lead to a different outcome. This is attributed to a cognitive encumbrance in the organization, in which members blamed themselves for their failure. It is argued that the Knights' failure had two significant consequences for the subsequent labor movement: it strengthened employer collective identity & organizational abilities, & it indicated to workers the kinds of strategies & organizations likely to succeed in the future. 1 Table, 1 Appendix. D. M. Smith

Investigates the relationships between theories of conscience, liberty, & necessity as developed by Pierre Bayle in Commentaire philosophique (Philosophical Commentary). While Bayle started to write a defense of tolerance & an argument against persecution, he paradoxically elaborated a defense of tolerant persecutors, accounting for the reflexivity & limits of toleration, & considering the issue of intolerant persecution. Other analyses of Bayle's work are critiqued here. Gianluca Mori's assertion that Bayle abandoned notions of the erring religious conscience in later writings is refuted. Elisabeth Labrousse's underestimation of the Bayle paradox when civil authorities are authorized to repress those who persecute is revisited. Finally, an alternate, more generous view is suggested to offset Walter Rex's despair at the apparent disappearance of tolerance. Bayle's approach to tolerance from a political perspective leads to a stronger activist stance than originally conceived. J. Sadler