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USING THE CONCEPTS OF A "FUZZY SET" AND A "TOLERANCE SPACE," ARGUMENTS FORTHE RESPECIFICATION OF THE FORMAL LANGUAGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE TERMS "REGION" AND "BOUNDARY" ARE PRESENTED. THE SELECTION OF CRITERIA FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION ARE THEN SHOWN TO BE DEPENDENT ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE LANGUAGE.

This paper examines whether national differences in political culture add an explanatory dimension to the formulation of policy in the area of biotechnology, especially with respect to genetically modified food. The analysis links the formulation of protective regulatory policies governing genetically modified food to both country and region-specific differences in uncertainty tolerance levels and risk perceptions in the United States, Canada, and European Union. Based on polling data and document analysis, the findings illustrate that these differences matter. Following a mostly opportunistic risk perception within an environment of high tolerance for uncertainty, policymakers in the United States and Canada modified existing regulatory frameworks that govern genetically modified food in their respective countries. In contrast, the mostly cautious perception of new food technologies and low tolerance for uncertainty among European Union member states has contributed to the creation of elaborate and stringent regulatory policies governing genetically modified food.

RECENT POLITICAL REFORMS IN TAIWAN REPRESENT AN ATTEMPT TO VENT THE RISING PRESSURE FOR POLITICAL CHANGE FROM AN INCREASINGLY PROSPEROUS AND EDUCATED PUBLIC. STILL, THE EXPANDING TOLERANCE OF DISSENT TAKES PLACE WITHIN AN OSSIFIED POLITICAL SYSTEM THAT IS CLOSELY MANIPULATED BY THE RULING PARTY. THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES THE POLITICAL SYSTEM IN TAIWAN, FOCUSING ON THE NATIONALIST PARTY (KMT) PROSPECTS FOR POLITICAL MODERNIZATION AND FOR LESSENING THE CONFLICT WITH THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. ALTHOUGH TAIWAN'S STABILITY DEPENDS ON CONTINUED DEMOCRATIZATION, THIS PROCESS COULD EMBROIL THE UNITED STATES IN A POLITICAL STRUGGLE BETWEEN BEIJING AND TAIPEI FOR DIPLOMATIC RECOGNITION.

Статья посвящена проблеме толерантности в с ложных процессах современной глобализации, все менее учитывающих гуманистические основы межличностных взаимоотношений в обществе. Автор уделяет внимание тем морально-психологическим контрастам, в которые попадает современный человек, выходящий за пределы «малых социальных групп» в мир масштабных политических и экономических изменений, где «язык» и основные принципы толерантности приобретают решающее значение. ; The article is devoted to the problem of tolerance in the complex processes of modern globalization, increasingly neglectful to humanistic foundations of interpersonal relationships in society. The author takes into consideration the moral and psychological contrasts, in which modern person find themselves outside «small groups» in the world of large-scale political and economic changes, where the «language» and the basic principles of tolerance play a crucial role.

There analyzed the political values of Ukrainian society in post-revolutionaryperiod. It is noted that the priority in the process of transformation of Ukrainian society is filling the vacuum of values and spiritual foundations of systematic research policy, attract attention of the general public to value problems of our society.The research of political values and ways of their transformation in the modern Ukrainian society is of particular relevance, since values serve as the core of the political system, form the basic criteria of the individual attitude to political life and determine their priorities. So now it is important to clarify their essence and describe the features of the transformation of politicalvalues Ukrainian society in post-revolutionary period. Within political science approach revealed that political values are summarized representation, seen as political ideals, fundamental principles of political thinking and evaluation criteria are ideal subjects in political activities.Determined that significant influence on the political values produce: cultural level and the level of the individual, the method of socialization, social and financial status of the individual, sexual, age-old features, and religion that holds a traditional values.Describing the values that formed in the development of Ukrainian society since independence, the system of positive political values as freedom, justice, political stability, civil society, rule of law, political loyalty, tolerance, tendency to compromise, responsibility, conscious, unbiased attitude to change, effective participation in political life, safety, equality, political sovereignty, patriotism, political pluralism, etc. legitimacy. On the role of fundamental values proposed today a national idea and political security.Thus, in the development of Ukrainian society is now an important issue is the transformation of political values as a fundamental component of the political system. ; Раскрыта сущность политических ценностей как составляющейполитической системы общества. Охарактеризованы ценности, сформировавшиеся в процессе развития украинского общества времен независимости. Проанализированы реальные возможности трансформации политических ценностей украинского общества в постреволюционный период ; Розкрито сутність політичних цінностей як складової політичноїсистеми суспільства. Охарактеризовано цінності, що сформувалися в процесі розвитку українського суспільства часів незалежності. Проаналізовано реальні можливості трансформації політичних цінностей українського суспільства у постреволюційний період.

У статті відмічено, що консолідація суспільства на суспільно-політичному, економічному і культурно-освітньому рівнях можлива на засадах толерантності, що базується на принципах миру, милосердя, взаєморозуміння та взаємодопомоги. Розкрито зміст, структуру, психологічні, організаційно-методичні умови, психолого-педагогічні та тренінгові засоби розвитку толерантності особистості у вищих та загальноосвітніх навчальних закладах. Представлено програму розвитку толерантності студентської, учнівської молоді розробленої в рамках Міжнародного наукового проекту за підтримки організації «Корпус Миру США в Україні» на тему: «Лідерство. Толерантність. Волонтерство». Програма забезпечує створення середовища, що сприяє розвитку особистісної відповідальності, емпатії, конструктивної взаємодії з оточуючими і природним середовищем. The article reveals that consolidation of the society on social, political, economic, cultural and educational levels is only possible on the tolerance of background, which is based on the principles of peace, compassion, mutual understanding and support. The content, structure, psychological, organizational and methodological conditions, psychological, educational and training facilities of individual tolerance in higher and secondary educational institutions were considered. The program of the students tolerance development which was carried out as the International research project and supported by the organization "Peace Corps in Ukraine" on "Leadership. Tolerance. Volunteering " was presented in the article. It provides an environment that promotes personal responsibility, empathy, constructive interaction with others and the natural environment.

В статье рассмотрены проблемы формирования межэтнической толерантности как индикатора зрелости политической, юридической, психологической и экологической культуры, показателя нравственной высоты нации, общественного сознанияThe problems of formation of inter-ethnic tolerance as an indicator of the maturity of the political, legal, psychological and ecological culture, indicator of morality of the nation, the public consciousness.

Appeal to multicultural education as a means of educating children in a spirit of tolerant communication is very important. The need to educate the younger generation within the tolerance for that argue advanced educators of the present, implies tolerance of dissent: religion, language-based, political sphere, etc. Multicultural education is an integral part of spiritual phenomenon of the masses. The attainment of ethnic and cultural musical experience promotes the understanding that native musical culture is a form of cultural diversity of the world, part of one interdependent world. In the process of multicultural education an emphasis on the values embedded in ethnic cultures that have prognostic significance, contributing to the formation of personality, the formation of the neighbourhood at different levels: interpersonal, governmental, international. ; Appeal to multicultural education as a means of educating children in a spirit of tolerant communication is very important. The need to educate the younger generation within the tolerance for that argue advanced educators of the present, implies tolerance of dissent: religion, language-based, political sphere, etc. Multicultural education is an integral part of spiritual phenomenon of the masses. The attainment of ethnic and cultural musical experience promotes the understanding that native musical culture is a form of cultural diversity of the world, part of one interdependent world. In the process of multicultural education an emphasis on the values embedded in ethnic cultures that have prognostic significance, contributing to the formation of personality, the formation of the neighbourhood at different levels: interpersonal, governmental, international.

This article expands on the understanding of the role civil society organisations (CSOs) play in counteracting right‐wing extremism. Drawing on central strands in the defending democracy literature, this article introduces a typology to classify the responses of CSOs to right‐wing extremism. The typology takes into account the distinction between tolerance and intolerance on the one hand, and active and passive political participation on the other. What is more, it allows for a more fine‐tuned analysis of a variety of CSO responses vis‐à‐vis extreme right‐wing movements. This distinction is important as it allows for a better understanding of the democratic role of civil society in general and the responses of pro‐democratic civil society to political extremism in particular. Using this typology as a point of departure, the article contributes empirically by exploring how local CSOs in the Swedish town of Ludvika responded to the foremost neo‐Nazi movement in the Nordic countries, namely the Nordic Resistance Movement (NRM), prior to the 2018 Swedish election. Drawing primarily on the perspective of civil society leaders, the findings show that local CSOs are generally intolerant of the NRM and have engaged in opposition to the movement. Notably, responses tend to be more oriented towards promoting dialogue and the importance of public discussion in civil society rather than using confrontational tactics such as protests and civil disobedience. The article concludes that CSOs serve as bulwarks against right‐wing extremism at least during politically charged situations; however, differences in tolerance and political participation indicate that CSOs respond differently to right‐wing extremism.

International audience ; Background: An experimental hut station built at M'Bé in 1998 was used for many years for the evaluation of insecticidal product for public health until the civil war broke out in 2002. Breeding sites of mosquitoes and selection pressure in the area were maintained by local farming practices and the West African Rice Development Association (WARDA, actually AfricaRice) in a large rice growing area. Ten years after the crisis, bioassays, molecular and biochemical analyses were conducted to update the resistance status and study the evolution of resistance mechanisms of Anopheles gambiae s.s population. Methods: Anopheles gambiae s.s larvae from M'Bé were collected in breeding sites and reared until emergence. Resistance status of this population to conventional insecticides was assessed using WHO bioassay test kits for adult mosquitoes, with 10 insecticides belonging to pyrethroids, pseudo-pyrethroid, organochlorides, carbamates and organophosphates with and without the inhibitor piperonyl butoxyde (PBO). Molecular and biochemical assays were carried out to identify the L1014F kdr, L1014S kdr and ace-1 R alleles in individual mosquitoes and to detect potential increase in mixed function oxidases (MFO) level, non-specific esterases (NSE) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities. Results and discussion: Anopheles gambiae s.s from M'Bé exerted high resistance levels to organochlorides, pyrethroids, and carbamates. Mortalities ranged from 3% to 21% for organochlorides, from 50% to 75% for pyrethroids, 34% for etofenprox, the pseudo-pyrethroid, and from 7% to 80% for carbamates. Tolerance to organophosphates was observed with mortalities ranging from 95% to 98%. Bioassays run with a pre-exposition of mosquitoes to PBO induced very high levels of mortalities compared to the bioassays without PBO, suggesting that the resistance to pyrethroid and carbamate relied largely on detoxifying enzymes' activities. The L1014F kdr allelic frequency was 0.33 in 2012 compared to 0.05 before the crisis in 2002. Neither the L1014S kdr nor ace-1 R mutations were detected. An increased activity of NSE and level of MFO was found relative to the reference strain Kisumu. This was the first evidence of metabolic resistance based resistance in An. gambiae s.s from M'Bé. Conclusion: The An. gambiae s.s population showed very high resistance to organochlorides, pyrethroids and carbamates. This resistance level relied largely on two major types of resistance: metabolic and target-site mutation. This multifactorial resistance offers a unique opportunity to evaluate the impact of both mechanisms and their interaction with the vector control tools currently used or in development.

Understanding contemporary global politics by connecting them to the meditations of a classical Greek philosopher may seem farfetched and counterintuitive. But for political theorists, policymakers, the new influencers, journalists and engaged students, Thucydides' ancient wisdom provides insights into diagnosing and even undermining an endemic of political fear spreading across the world's borders. With his help, this book probes six case studies of aspiring great powers and the brittle identities that they may have unwittingly constructed. Raymond Taras questions the motives of the manipulators of fear whether found in in authoritarian states or increasingly in backsliding liberal democratic ones. The urgency of returning to and respecting tolerance in states establishing relations with arriving refugees and migrants takes on critical importance.

Inhaltsverzeichnis: Introduction -- Montesquieu and classical particularism -- Montesquieu and humanist constitutionalism -- Regime pluralism -- Understanding liberal culture -- Religion, secularism, and liberal society -- The spirit of tolerance and gentleness -- Political change and the psychology of liberty -- Conclusion.

Проанализирована взаимосвязь категории «справедливость» и феномена «политического насилия», а также характеризуется правовая, религиозная, политологическая, социальная и этическая трактовка категории «справедливость». Рассмотрены проявления политического насилия в форме терроризма, этнических конфликтов и религиозного противостояния. Религиозный, социальный, политический и культурно-исторический аспекты отражаются на масштабе и формах применения политического насилия (открытого и латентного), где справедливость является тем идеалом, служит идеологическим обоснованием для достижения прагматичных целей. В религиозной сфере исламизм представляет собой радикальные политические движения, цель которых установить справедливое исламское государство (халифат) в противовес государству западного типа. Мусульмане становятся приверженцами салафизма (течение в суннитском исламе) и более радикального ваххабизма, т. к. его постулатом является идеология джихада (священной справедливой войны за веру), он стал наиболее привлекательным для вербовки маргинальных слоев населения. Причины вступления в террористические организации простых людей, жителей развивающихся стран это бедность, нищета, несправедливость и маргинализация общества, поиск путей самореализации через служение «великой» идее. Сделан вывод, что справедливость все чаще выступает социальным, религиозным идеалом или политическим мифом для применения политического насилия во всем многообразии его форм. ; The relation of the category "justice" and the phenomenon "political violence" is analyzed, and is characterized by legal, religious, political, social and ethical interpretation of the category of "justice". Manifestations of political violence in the form of terrorism, ethnic conflicts and religious confrontation are also considered. Religious, social, political, cultural and historical aspects are reflected in the scope and forms of political violence usage (open or latent), where the ideal of justice is the ideological basis for the achievement of pragmatic aims. In the religious sphere Islamism is a radical political movements that aim at establishing a just Islamic State (a Caliphate), in contrast to the State of the Western type. Muslims are adherents of Salafism (in Sunni Islam) and the more radical Wahhabism, as it is a postulate of the ideology of Jihad (Holy just war for the faith), it has become most attractive for the recruitment of marginalized populations. The reasons of membership in a terrorist organization of ordinary people, inhabitants of developing countries is poverty, poverty, injustice and marginalization of society, the search for ways of self-realization through the service of the "great" idea. It is concluded that justice more often serves as a social, religious ideal or political myth for political violence usage in all its manifold forms.