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The scope of this study is comprehensive, extending from technological development to historical evolution of planning in energy sector. On policy, the current situation of the national context was clarified, including reforms and programs that characterized the industry in the last two decades. The adherence of Brazilian policy to the evolution of the energy and climate policies at the international level was obtained with the examination of more than ten countries and with the chronological comparison of the regulatory framework in Brazil, the United States and the European Union. The most interesting, however, was to see how planning and policy can be shaped by technical progress, albeit belatedly. This finding followed the examination of the technological dimension, divided in twelve branches of energy generation, which allowed a glimpse of the diversity of alternatives, as well as the real chances of achieving truly sustainable technologies.

"Return to democracy was never the desired outcome of Brazil's military government despite its initiation of the abertura. Sallum argues that this dynamic political transition is the result of the country's relations in the international sphere, internal economic processes, and the democratization of society. Recommended"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57

The making of a Constitution is a fundamental process towards the development of a post-conflict State, the peaceful coexistence of its citizens and, in the end, to guaranty the social cohesion & reconciliation, as well as a lasting & sustainable peace. The present article focuses on the relevance of the politico-constitutional dimension as a statebuilding element, analyzing the inherent dilemmas & perversities that may result from the intervention of external actors. The lessons that may be learned from the case of Iraq are relevant in order to identify the limits from external assistance on the making of a Constitution within a post-conflict political transition process, as well as the areas in which it can be optimized. This article argues that the intervention by external actors can be constructive if marginal or even partial at a low intensity level. Adapted from the source document.

Transition theories have become increasingly important in the fields of political science & international relations & are crucial to explain the path towards democracy in Portugal. This case is part of the broader study of democratization & the multiple variables of those processes of democratic transition are used to analyze the internal & external dimensions of the Portuguese political process since 1974. Adapted from the source document.

This paper looks at foreign policy in transition from a Soviet communist regime towards failed attempts at democratization, in the case of the Russian Federation. The sinuous process of transition twenty years ago, the challenges implied & the opportunities missed, are here focus of analysis. This article addresses also Russia twenty years past, highlighting the elements of continuity that persist in a changed context. An analysis based on the formulation & implementation of foreign policy, in a Soviet & post-Soviet framing, & in the way this differentiation reveals the underlining dynamics to politics of action & reaction in Russian foreign policy. In this way the paper seeks to understand the foreign policy alignments underlying Russian affirmation as a relevant actor in the international system. Adapted from the source document.

At the dawn of the new millennium, Cuba is, once again, at a vital crossroad. After ruling the country for almost half a century, Fidel Castro was taken seriously ill & had to delegate its responsibilities as head of State & of Government to his constitutional successor, General Raul Castro. This event inaugurated the process of finding a new way to govern Cuban society, but it cannot be confused with what has become familiarly known, in the jargon of Political Science, as a "transition." This notion is too charged & suggests a change of regime, & we are not about to witness anything like that in Cuba. However, it seems obvious that changes will have to be introduced, both in the structure of government & in the way political life is organized. This essay will try to predict some of those changes taking as reference the "real existing" Cuban society. Adapted from the source document.

The Western Balkans countries are an inseparable part of the ongoing formation of a "new" European space. Its integration into European structures, particularly the European Union, has proved to be a difficult process due to the problematic political, economic & social situation of these countries. As shown in the case of EU-candidate FYROM, it is possible to argue that EU membership aspiration has been a key factor for the systemic & structural transformation required for the stabilization & gradual democratization of the country. Understanding Europeanization as the conceptual framework that links transition & integration, it is possible to analyze to what extent the EU efforts & initiatives in the Western Balkans have been contributing to the area's pacification & to fostering good governance in the region. This could contribute to a better understanding of the Europeanization process in Macedonia, addressing its results & effects in the democratization process & in the improvement of human rights standards. Appendixes. Adapted from the source document.

The complexity of the democratic transition in Indonesia creates the opportunity of an interpretation of the July 2014 Presidential elections and of the April 2014 Parliamentary elections. The purpose of this analysis is to identify signs of change and continuity. This article will focus on the electoral events of April and July, describing the protagonists and the campaign main issues in order to explain ruptures and continuities, similarities and differences. The text will reflect the tension between atavism and the drive for reforms which, since 1998, influenced the discourse and political life in Indonesia. Adapted from the source document.

Seventeen years after the genocide, Rwanda remains a divided country shaped by the opposition between Hutus and Tutsis, colonized and settlers, genocidaires and victims. As President Kagame and the RPF stand firmly in control of the country, democracy is delayed. Only a reconciliation process among Rwandese and their history, and the renewing of the policy making will allow a real transition to democracy. Adapted from the source document.

The crisis of 2001 & 2002 & the recovery from the crisis are an excellent example of the cyclical nature of Argentine politics & economics. The analysis of the evolution of the crisis is important in order to compare it with the key issues of regional development in Latin America in the 1980s, namely the "double transition" from authoritarianism to democracy & from state interventionism to market economy. Graphs, References. Adapted from the source document.

The democratization process which was launched by the United Nations mission in Kosovo on June in, 1999 & the unilateral declaration of independence of the Serbian province on February 17, 2008 are the landmarks that signal the democratic transition & the creation of the new state in Kosovo. International recognition of Pristina's declaration in contested by the Seth political elite, while at the same time the democratic government of Serbia is making good progress in its process of European integration, as shown by the arrest & extradition of Radovan Karadzic. Adapted from the source document.

The failure of the Constitutional Treaty has merely shown what was there for all to see in terms of the evolution of the European societies & the transition from the generic project of a United Europe to the specific project of a European Union. The main obstacle in the road towards European unification stems from the internal divisions of the European states & the fact that European political leaders are quite incapable of telling their electors what are the real strategic possibilities of European societies. The failure of the Constitutional Treaty is a positive contribution to bring this strategic issue to the forefront where it belongs. Adapted from the source document.

This article argues that, among other things, one of India's main foreign policy goals is the attainment of a leading role in the international system. It analyses the concept of "great power" & identifies eight factors that sustain & legitimize India's bid for that status, such as her past as a great civilization, her hierarchical conception of the international system, her sense of discrimination, or the predominance of the Realist approach to international relations in her academic & diplomatic communities. It then proposes that this dimension should be taken into account in the explanation, analyses & foresight of India's foreign policy, as well as in the incentives that may facilitate her systemic integration, thereby minimizing the transition shock to regional & global architectures. Adapted from the source document.

Discusses methodological differences between federalists and functionalists over integration, the legal and political meaning of transition from confederation to federation, and constitutional agreement over respective competences of the federation and of member states; European Union. Summary in English p. 255.

This article makes a classification of inflation processes. In chronic inflation, inertial and backward looking indexation are major factors. It is argued that although the public inflation factor deficit is not always the primary cause of chronic inflation, in later stages no government deficit whatsoever can be financed. The lack of all sources of public factor financing is what characterizes the transition to hyperinflation. The current Brazilian scene is analysed