Suchergebnisse

AbstractThe prophet Zoroaster founded the first monotheistic religion in history, which once rose to great imperial status and still survives unchanged today despite centuries of Muslim pressure. Unlike the founders of other monotheistic religions after him, he achieved this not through the overthrow of the original Iranian polytheism but through its deep reform—a strategy that made acceptance easier and ensured a continuing role for the priests. Monotheistic reform is thus a third way out of ancient Indo-European polytheism, besides extinction in the Greco-Roman case and mutation into sectarian theism in the Indian case. This paper surveys the Iranian story and offers two economic models to account for the two key factors that made the transition to monotheism possible: the theological structure and the role of the priesthood.

Shirk (polytheism) literally means the combination of two properties and two shares. Practical polytheism means associating (a) partner(s) with God along side Him, and it is overt (Jali) and covert (Khafi) polytheism. Covert polytheism appears in the stage of worship and obedience to God such as Obedience to the mundane wish and desires (Havaye Nafs), obedience to the devil, following the tyrants; Worldliness, selfishness, pursuit of certain habits and tendencies common among some believers for example, friendship with the deniers of God, Prophets or infallible Imams (as); Humility and submission to non-God; Being a slave and captive of others ( being controlled by others ) ; Honoring the rich and the oppressors; Also hypocrisy and Sum'ah... . The present study entitled "Consequences of practical polytheism in human fall" with the aim of enlightenment in this field; in order to protect faith from the influence of superstitions and false heresies, has been carried out in narrative and descriptive methods. It is a library research which made references to the Holy Book of the Qur'an, Nahj al-Balaghah, some commentary books of Quran, theological, moral, and lexical books. Practical polytheism has consequences such as actions being void (Habt 'Amal); reduction of sustenance; anxiety and distress; shortening life in this world and the hereafter; going far from the mercy of God; the wrath of God in this world and the hereafter; wandering; lack of cheerfulness in worship, regret and so on.