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To be read in conjunction with the Asian Development Bank report Poverty: Is it an Issue in the Pacific? The intent of the papers is to foster broadly based consultation among the Asian Development Bank, governments, and civil society for the purpose of developing a supportive and appropriate approach to ensuring equitable growth and poverty reduction. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank or the governments of Pacific developing member countries.

This study uses household expenditure data from Nigeria to understand energy consumption patterns with respect to income levels, different energy goods, urban and rural livelihoods, and geographical distribution. Using the empirical subsidy simulation model by Araar & Verme (2012), this paper simulates 50% and 100% reductions of subsidies on petrol, electricity and kerosene. It presents the estimated effects of such reforms on consumption, poverty, and government revenue. This analysis also determines the minimum level of universal cash transfer that is required to achieve "poverty neutrality" of subsidy removal; i.e. the threshold at which direct cash compensation offsets increasing energy prices, such that the national poverty headcount rate is unchanged after the subsidy removal. By disaggregating this analysis to the state level, it is shown that poverty effects (and thus the required poverty neutral cash compensation) can vary significantly across states. Understanding these differences in vulnerability, and designing adequate compensation and social protection policies is critical for ensuring public and political support for subsidy reforms.

AbstractThe main objective of this essay is to point out the missing links between neoliberalism on the one hand, and a comprehensive analysis of poverty and effective policies to tackle it, on the other. After identifying the main channels through which neoliberalism affects poverty, I will draw attention to the inadequacy of the neoliberal approach in coming to terms with the main reasons behind poverty, as well as in developing a comprehensive and effective mechanism for its alleviation. I emphasize the role of international institutions in determining the dominant development discourse and changes in the importance given to the issue of poverty over time. The essay links the ineffectiveness of existing poverty alleviation policies to distributional imbalances at both the global and domestic levels. Against the background of the main constraints and opportunities for effective poverty alleviation policies in individual countries, it emphasizes the need for a poverty alleviation strategy as an integral part of a broader development strategy and identifies its main premises. It calls for action on the academic, domestic and international fronts and stresses the central role of the state, a more balanced reliance on domestic and international markets, emphasis on productive employment creation, the development of effective redistribution mechanisms, and the creation of effective domestic and international constituencies as the main components of such a strategy.

This short essay discusses the issue of poverty in Nepal. Despite a number of poverty-reduction programs run by a myriad of actors, poverty in Nepal is still rampant, and the country remains one of the poorest countries in the world. In this essay, I argue that many poverty alleviation programs in Nepal failed because they isolated poverty as an economic and growth problem, whereas, poverty should have been identified and tackled as a political and a human rights issue. I begin the essay by briefly sharing my own experience of poverty while growing up in rural Nepal. I, then, explore the overall poverty scenario in Nepal and analyze a few major causes and consequences of poverty in the country. After offering an overview of poverty reduction approaches in Nepal, I conclude the essay with a few recommendations intended for organizations and policymakers formulating poverty-alleviation strategies in Nepal.

Poverty is a variab1e condition with multiple effects on human life. There is no universal definition of poverty and it is understood differently in different countries. The poverty line is the criterion with which politicians or researchers distinguish whether people or households are poor. There are two main types of poverty lines: the absolute and the relative poverty line. Various methods are used to calculate both types of poverty line. They can be distinguished into the following groups: the budget or consumption basket; the subjective method; the economic distance method; and legal or political methods. ; Lietuvos žmonės dažnai vartoja žodį skurdas. Kasdienėje kalboje šis žodis yra suprantamas ir paprastai nekelia jokių abejonių. Tačiau atsakyti į klausimą, kuriuos gyventojus priskirti prie skurstančių ir kiek Lietuvoje yra skurstančių žmonių, sudėtinga. Šiame straipsnyje pateikiama užsienio šalių patirtis, nagrinėjant skurdo problemas.