Suchergebnisse

Cet article étudie l'impact de la microfinance sur la pauvreté en analysant les liens de causalité entre l'intensité de la microfinance et les indicateurs de pauvreté et d'inégalité (indice de Gini et taux de pauvreté). Nous utilisons des techniques de causalité hétérogènes sur un panel composé de 52 pays en développement et d'une période allant de 1996 à 2011. Les résultats de cette analyse macro-économique montrent que l'accès au microcrédit, grâce à l'augmentation du nombre d'emprunteurs actifs, améliore le revenu des pauvres et conduit à une réduction des inégalités. Nous observons aussi un lien entre l'indice de Gini et le niveau des prêts individuels.

Since the end of the 19th century, concern about the definition of poverty has significantly risen in both political and academic circles. Most of the success of anti-poverty programs depends on the definition of this concept of poverty. The ambition of this Ph-D dissertation is to question ambiguous links between three information bases. Utilitarianism, which still constitutes, because of theoretical extensions, the main paradigm in poverty analysis, defines poverty as a lack of monetary resources to maintain a good physical and psychological quality of life. Two recent branches of research have attempted to enrich the definition. Both the Basic Needs Approach and the Capability Approach have broadened the concept of poverty to include non-monetary dimensions of the quality of life as well as to allow for individual freedom for the latter. If those approaches appear to be at odds with the monetary one, this dissertation shows that they overlap more than it seems. To question this theoretical result we confront them with original data from Observatories of Maritime Guinea. Empirical results corroborate our theoretical stance: both monetary and multidimensional approaches tend to provide additional information as for the reality of the phenomenon of poverty on our sample. Moreover, if monetary information is not sufficient to understand the reality of deprivation, income remains important in the probability for a household of being a victim of multidimensional poverty. ; Depuis la fin du XIXème siècle, les préoccupations concernant la définition de la pauvreté ne cessent de croître dans les milieux universitaires et politiques. Les implications sur les programmes de lutte contre la pauvreté dépendent en grande partie de la définition que l'on retient de la notion même de pauvreté. Cette thèse a pour ambition de questionner les rapports parfois ambigus entre trois grandes familles informationnelles. L'utilitarisme qui constitue, aujourd'hui encore, grâce à de nombreuses extensions théoriques, le paradigme dominant ...

Poverty reduction has become the main objective of development policy. However, analysing tools for the proposition of efficient "pro-poor" policy recommendations can be seen as incomplete or questionable. This PhD dissertation is a technical and normative analysis of the methods used to decompose monetary poverty variations into components that are respectively associated with growth and changes in inequality. Chapters 1 to 3 deal with methodological issues related to the computation of growth and inequality elasticities of poverty. The chapter 1 is a critical review of the different approaches presented in the literature, namely the "accounting", the "analytical" and the econometric approaches. We emphasize in chapter 2 the crucial role of distributive hypotheses involved in the computation of growth and inequality elasticities of poverty when only grouped data are available. In chapter 3, we explicitely define a general family of Lorenz-curve transformations designed fot the estimation of inequality elasticities of poverty. Finally, the last chapter is an attempt to shed light on the ethical dimension of the analytical framework used for the decomposition of poverty variations into its growth and inequality effects. ; Alors que la lutte contre la pauvreté est devenue l'objectif prioritaire des politiques de développement, les outils dont nous disposons pour analyser ce phénomène et proposer des recommandations de politiques économique semblent encore incomplets ou sujets à caution. La présente thèse constitue une analyse technique et normative desméthodes employées pour décomposer les variations de la pauvreté en composantes respectivement associées à la croissance du revenumoyen et aux évolutions du degré d'inégalités. Les chapitres 1 à 3 s'intéressent aux problèmes de méthode que l'on peut rencontrer pour l'estimation d'élasticités croissance et inégalités de la pauvreté. Le chapitre 1 est une revue critique des différentes approches développées dans la littérature pour estimer ces élasticités, à savoir les ...

Poverty reduction has become the main objective of development policy. However, analysing tools for the proposition of efficient "pro-poor" policy recommendations can be seen as incomplete or questionable. This PhD dissertation is a technical and normative analysis of the methods used to decompose monetary poverty variations into components that are respectively associated with growth and changes in inequality. Chapters 1 to 3 deal with methodological issues related to the computation of growth and inequality elasticities of poverty. The chapter 1 is a critical review of the different approaches presented in the literature, namely the "accounting", the "analytical" and the econometric approaches. We emphasize in chapter 2 the crucial role of distributive hypotheses involved in the computation of growth and inequality elasticities of poverty when only grouped data are available. In chapter 3, we explicitely define a general family of Lorenz-curve transformations designed fot the estimation of inequality elasticities of poverty. Finally, the last chapter is an attempt to shed light on the ethical dimension of the analytical framework used for the decomposition of poverty variations into its growth and inequality effects. ; Alors que la lutte contre la pauvreté est devenue l'objectif prioritaire des politiques de développement, les outils dont nous disposons pour analyser ce phénomène et proposer des recommandations de politiques économique semblent encore incomplets ou sujets à caution. La présente thèse constitue une analyse technique et normative desméthodes employées pour décomposer les variations de la pauvreté en composantes respectivement associées à la croissance du revenumoyen et aux évolutions du degré d'inégalités. Les chapitres 1 à 3 s'intéressent aux problèmes de méthode que l'on peut rencontrer pour l'estimation d'élasticités croissance et inégalités de la pauvreté. Le chapitre 1 est une revue critique des différentes approches développées dans la littérature pour estimer ces élasticités, à savoir les approches « comptable », « analytique » et économétrique. Le chapitre 2montre l'importance des formes fonctionnelles utilisées pour le calcul des élasticités de la pauvreté lorsque l'intégralité de l'information relative à la distribution des revenus n'est pas disponible. Nous proposons ensuite dans le chapitre 3 une famille de transformations de la courbe de Lorenz permettant une formulation analytique, pour différentesmesures de pauvreté et d'inégalités, des élasticités inégalités de la pauvreté. Enfin, le chapitre 4 aborde sous l'angle normatif le cadre analytique sur lequel repose cette distinction stricte des effets de la croissance et de la redistribution, etmet en lumière l'importance des a priori éthiques individuels dans la décomposition des variations observées de la pauvreté.

The aim of this thesis is to propose and develop the various multidimensional measures of poverty. There is a consensus on the multidimensional nature of poverty. Scientists, policy makers and development professionals agree that the monetary dimension (lack of income) is inadequate to represent poverty. On the basis of the work of Sen (Nobel Proze of Economics), particularly on the capability approach, we propose four different measures of poverty. The first one is a monetary measure based on the utilitarian approach ; the second is a subjective measure founded on household experience ; the third is a multidimensional axiomatic measure and the final one is a non-axiomatic measure based on the theory of fuzzy sets. They are implemented using survey data EDAM3-IS (Djiboutian Survey of Households 2012). The esults fall within the framework of economic growth in Djibouti. However, all the measures used have shown great disparities between the capital and the regions in terms of basic infrastructure and household welfare. Each method produced results with different interpretations of the determinants of poverty. This does not mean that there is one method being better than the other but rather each approach, in a particular context, may be more relevant. Thus, identifying the poor by applying the different measures of poverty gave us a clear-cut profile, which implies that the decision-maker must first set the aim in view in the implementation of anti-poverty policies. It can be emphasized that the inclusion of a subjective weighting in the process of measuring of poverty is one of our contributions towards the development of multidimensional measures of poverty. ; L'objet de cette thèse est de proposer et de développer les différentes mesures multidimensionnelles de la pauvreté. La multidimensionnalité de la pauvreté fait aujourd'hui consensus. Scientifiques, décideurs politiques et professionnels du développement s'accordent pour dire que la seule dimension monétaire (le manque de revenu) ne suffit pas à ...

The aim of this thesis is to propose and develop the various multidimensional measures of poverty. There is a consensus on the multidimensional nature of poverty. Scientists, policy makers and development professionals agree that the monetary dimension (lack of income) is inadequate to represent poverty. On the basis of the work of Sen (Nobel Proze of Economics), particularly on the capability approach, we propose four different measures of poverty. The first one is a monetary measure based on the utilitarian approach ; the second is a subjective measure founded on household experience ; the third is a multidimensional axiomatic measure and the final one is a non-axiomatic measure based on the theory of fuzzy sets. They are implemented using survey data EDAM3-IS (Djiboutian Survey of Households 2012). The esults fall within the framework of economic growth in Djibouti. However, all the measures used have shown great disparities between the capital and the regions in terms of basic infrastructure and household welfare. Each method produced results with different interpretations of the determinants of poverty. This does not mean that there is one method being better than the other but rather each approach, in a particular context, may be more relevant. Thus, identifying the poor by applying the different measures of poverty gave us a clear-cut profile, which implies that the decision-maker must first set the aim in view in the implementation of anti-poverty policies. It can be emphasized that the inclusion of a subjective weighting in the process of measuring of poverty is one of our contributions towards the development of multidimensional measures of poverty. ; L'objet de cette thèse est de proposer et de développer les différentes mesures multidimensionnelles de la pauvreté. La multidimensionnalité de la pauvreté fait aujourd'hui consensus. Scientifiques, décideurs politiques et professionnels du développement s'accordent pour dire que la seule dimension monétaire (le manque de revenu) ne suffit pas à représenter la pauvreté. En se basant sur les travaux de Sen (Prix Nobel d'Economie) en particulier sur l'approche des capacités, nous proposons quatre mesures différentes de la pauvreté. La première est une mesure monétaire basée sur l'approche utilitaire ; la seconde est une mesure subjective basée sur les expériences des ménages ; la troisième est une mesure multidimensionnelle axiomatique et enfin la dernière est une mesure non axiomatique basée sur la théorie des ensembles flous. Elles sont toutes mises en oeuvre en utilisant les données d'enquêtes EDAM3-IS (Enquête Djiboutienne Auprès des Ménages 2012). Les résultats s'inscrivent dans un contexte de croissance économique que connait Djibouti. Cependant, toutes les mesures utilisées ont montré des grandes disparités régionales entre la capitale et les régions en termes d'infrastructure de base et de bien-être des ménages. Chacune de ses méthodes a fourni des résultats avec différentes interprétations des déterminants de la pauvreté. Cela ne signifie pas qu'il existe une méthode bien meilleure que l'autre, mais chaque approche, dans un contexte particulier, peut-être plus pertinente. Ainsi, l'identification des pauvres en appliquant les différentes mesures de la pauvreté nous a donné un profil différencié. Par conséquent, le décideur doit définir au préalable l'objectif poursuivi dans les politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté. Nous pouvons souligner que l'intégration d'une pondération subjective dans la mesure de la pauvreté est une de nos contributions au développement de mesures multidimensionnelles de la pauvreté.

The predominance of the informal sector in the economy of Haiti, where more than 80% of the population lives below the threshold of poverty and more than 35% unemployed, suggests links between the informal economy, poverty and the labour market. Highlight these interrelationships, requires an assessment of the informal economy, which is the subject of the four chapters of this thesis, dealing successively with the evolution of the macroeconomic situation, human capital, the informal earnings of workers, and the segmentation of the labour market.The first chapter made a diagnosis of the phenomenon according to the State of affairs of the developed theories and the evolution of the macroeconomic framework of Haiti from 1980 to 2010. And then offers a macroeconomic assessment of the informal sector as a percentage of GDP from a PLS (Partial Least Squares).Chapter two sets out the relationship between the evolution of the informal economy, deregulation and neo-liberal policies through a LISREL (Linear Structural Relations) model. We look at the impact of the budgetary, fiscal and monetary policies of the past 30 years on the informal economy. We also reassess the causes of the evolution of the informal economy generally evoked by the empirical studies (taxes, social security).In the chapter three, we analyse the micro-real dimension of the informal economy through a model of the Mincer earnings estimated by the equations logit from data in a national survey on employment and the informal economy (EEEI) in 2007. We analyse the determinants of informal gains in terms of the position of the market workers (employees, entrepreneurs and self-employed); and revenues (formal and informal) and the socio-economic characteristics of the working poor and non-poor compared to the poverty line.In chapter four, we first test the competitiveness and the segmentation of the labour market by making use of model of Roy and the expanded Roy model through an estimate a model Tobit. We use a model of Dirichlet process: first analyse the segmentation and possible informal work and market competitiveness as its determinants, according to data from the EEEI 2007; then, to distinguish the fundamental characteristics of the involuntary informal (excluded from the formal labour market) than the voluntary informal who gain comparative advantages. ; La prédominance de l'informel dans l'économie d'Haïti, où plus de 80% de la population vit en dessous du seuil de la pauvreté et plus de 35% au chômage, laisse entrevoir des liens étroits entre l'économie informelle, la pauvreté et le marché du travail. Faire ressortir ces interrelations, exige une évaluation de cette économie informelle qui fait l'objet des quatre chapitres de notre thèse traitant successivement l'évolution de la situation macroéconomique, le capital humain, les gains des travailleurs informels, et la segmentation du marché du travail.Le premier chapitre fait un diagnostic du phénomène selon l'état des lieux des théories élaborées et l'évolution du cadre macro-économique d'Haïti de 1980 à 2010 et propose une évaluation macroéconomique de l'informel à partir d'un modèle PLS (Partial Least Squares) en pourcentage du PIB.Le chapitre deux établit les relations entre l'évolution de l'économie informelle, dérégulation et politiques néolibérales grâce à un modèle LISREL (Linear Structural Relations). Nous examinons les incidences des politiques fiscales, budgétaires et monétaires des 30 dernières années sur l'économie informelle. Nous réévaluons aussi les causes de l'évolution de l'informel généralement évoquées par les études empiriques (taxes, sécurité sociale).Au chapitre trois, nous analysons la dimension micro-réelle de l'informel grâce à un modèle des gains à la Mincer estimé par les équations logit à partir des données d'une enquête nationale sur l'emploi et l'économie informelle (EEEI) de 2007. Nous analysons les déterminants des gains informels au regard de la position des travailleurs sur le marché (salariés, entrepreneurs et indépendants) ; et les revenus (formels et informels) et les caractéristiques socioéconomiques des travailleurs pauvres et non-pauvres par rapport au seuil de pauvreté.Au chapitre quatre, nous testons d'abord la compétitivité et la segmentation du marché de l'emploi en faisant usage de modèle de Roy et du modèle de Roy élargi à travers une estimation d'un modèle Tobit. Nous utilisons un modèle de Processus de Dirichlet : d'abord analyser la segmentation et la compétitivité éventuelle du marché du travail informel ainsi que ses déterminants, selon les données de l'EEEI-2007 ; ensuite, pour distinguer les caractéristiques fondamentales des informels involontaires (exclus du marché du travail formel) de celles des informels volontaires qui en retirent des avantages comparatifs.

The objective of this thesis is to contribute as well on the theoretical level as empirical to the research on the links between the macro-economic policies and the social indicators and that in a context of the post-conflict country, the case of Rwanda.The main issue raised here to know what is really the economic policies which can be set up in a country post-conflict in order to reduce poverty within the households? Our thesis is based on two assumptions: First, the economic reforms should converge towards the economic growth and the reduction of poverty in the only condition which this growth is equitably distributed. In addition, we consider the political good-will and the stable macroeconomic environment.It is clear that it is difficult for a poor country as Rwanda which underwent during four years of the ethnic conflicts leading to a genocide waits at intervals of fast growth of its GDP per capita without setting up a parallel program of family planning in order to reduce the growth rate of its population estimated currently at 2,9%. It s required also a solid program of the social sectors through the education and the health.To try to answer this question, we used the Model developed by the World Bank called Poverty Analysis Macroeconomic Model . PAMS is a model which link the households survey to the macro-economic framework. It s evaluate the impact of macro-economic policies - in particular those associated the strategies of reduction of poverty - on employment with the centre of the various socio-economic groups, the households s income, the incidence of poverty and the distribution of income.This thesis is articulated on four chapters; the first one which tried to the poverty under all its dimensions, it weaves the difference between the thresholds of poverty according to various authors; it analyzes then and measures the indicators relating to poverty. This first part of the thesis also makes the overall picture of the empirical literature in context of poverty, etc; finally, it defined and ...

This paper analyzes different approaches in poverty in Senegal, relying in particular on data provided by the last two household surveys (ESPS-2-2002 and ESAM 2006) conducted by the National Agency of Statistics and Demography in partnership with the World Bank.In the analysis of monetary poverty, we reveal important differences in terms of poverty lines in regions with at extremes, Dakar 923,55 F CFA (1,40 €) and Tambacounda 515,70 FCFA (0,78€), suggesting little relevance to the use of a threshold at national level alone. On basis of these thresholds, the indices of poverty stemming from the Foster's generic formula, to Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) reveal a reduction in the rate of poverty between 2002 and 2006 from the 57.1 % to 50.8 %, that is 6.9 in the whole of country and a gap in the poverty's line passing from 18 % to 16,4 %. This decline is particularly observed in the regions of Dakar, Diourbel, Kaolack, Saint-Louis and Thies. At the departmental level, poverty rates show a significant concentration in rural areas and the existence of pockets of poverty enclaved in urban areas. The estimation of a spatial econometric model highlights the socioeconomic factors that may explain the interdepartmental differences in poverty rates observed in 2006, including the level of regional economic development (urbanization, employment) and household behavior related at infrastructure (education, health and fertility). Furthermore, we propose a dichotomous model from which it is possible to identify the determinants of income poverty of household heads. The results show that female-headed households are not the poorest layer. In general way, differences of poverty apparent between urban and rural areas are largely correlated with disabilities in terms of education and unequal access to information and communication resources.We are entering a multidimensional analysis of poverty in Senegal, through an estimate of the degree of deprivation of some basic household needs. The approach by the theory of fuzzy sets used for this purpose shows that poverty declined slightly: 1% against 7% for monetary poverty. Unlike the monetary approach, the observed decrease from non-monetary poverty affects other regions as Kolda and Ziguinchor and Kaolack and Diourbel saw an increase. The estimation of one-dimensional fuzzy indexes allowed identifying the domains in which the households post the degree of largest deprivation: the quality of housing, education and information and communication technologies, beyond income.The profiles of monetary poverty as well as multidimensional are excellent tools to target the most destitute groups of the population. However, these tools remain dumb on the perception of these poor people as for their own socioeconomic situation. In this sense, an econometric analysis of the determinants of poverty felt in Senegal in 2006 brings up the importance of certain non-economic dimensions (social exclusion, cultural and lack of consultation of stakeholders on policy development and cutter fight poverty). ; Ce travail analyse sous différentes approches la pauvreté au Sénégal en s'appuyant notamment sur les données fournies par les deux dernières enquêtes auprès des ménages (ESAM 2-2002 et ESPS-2006) réalisées par l'Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie en partenariat avec la Banque mondiale.Dans l'analyse de la pauvreté monétaire, nous faisons apparaître des différences importantes en termes de seuils de pauvreté dans les régions avec aux extrêmes la région Dakar 923,55 F CFA (1,40 €) et Tambacounda 515,70 F CFA (0,78€), ce qui suggère le peu de pertinence quant à l'utilisation d'un seuil établi au seul niveau national. Sur la base de ces seuils, les indices de pauvreté issus de la formule générique de Foster, Greer et Thorbecke (FGT) dévoilent une baisse du taux de pauvreté entre 2002 et 2006 de 57,1% à 50,8%, soit de 6,9 point dans l'ensemble du pays et un écart à la ligne de pauvreté passant de 18% à 16,4%. Cette baisse est particulièrement observée dans les régions de Dakar, Diourbel, Kaolack, Saint-Louis et Thiès. Au niveau départemental, les taux de pauvreté montrent une concentration importante dans les zones rurales et l'existence de poches de pauvreté enclavées dans les zones urbaines. L'estimation d'un modèle économétrique spatial met en évidence les facteurs socioéconomiques susceptibles d'expliquer les différences interdépartementales de taux de pauvreté constatées en 2006, notamment le degré de développement économique des territoires (urbanisation, emploi) ainsi que les comportements des ménages liés au niveau d'infrastructures (d'éducation, de santé et de fécondité).Par ailleurs, nous proposons un modèle dichotomique à partir duquel il est possible de mettre en évidence les déterminants de la pauvreté monétaire des chefs de ménage. Les résultats montrent que les femmes chefs de ménage ne sont pas la couche la plus pauvre. De manière générale, les disparités de pauvreté manifestes entre milieux urbain et rural sont largement corrélées à des handicapes en matière de d'éducation et à l'inégal accès aux moyens d'information et de communication.Nous abordons une analyse multidimensionnelle de la pauvreté au Sénégal, à travers une estimation des degrés de privation de certains besoins essentiels des ménages. L'approche par la théorie des ensembles flous utilisée à cet effet suggère que la pauvreté a faiblement diminué : 1 % contre 7 % pour la pauvreté monétaire. Contrairement à l'approche monétaire, la baisse de la pauvreté non monétaire observée concerne d'autres régions comme Kolda et Ziguinchor et les régions de Diourbel et Kaolack connaissent une hausse. L'estimation des indices flous unidimensionnels a permis d'identifier les domaines dans lesquels les ménages affichent le degré de privation le plus important : la qualité du logement, le niveau d'instruction et les moyens d'information et de communication, au-delà du revenu.Les profils de pauvreté monétaire aussi bien que multidimensionnelle sont d'excellents outils pour cibler les groupes les plus nécessiteux de la population. En revanche, ces outils restent muets sur la perception de ces pauvres quant à leur propre situation socioéconomique. En ce sens, une analyse économétrique des facteurs déterminants de la pauvreté ressentie au Sénégal en 2006 fait apparaître l'importance de certaines dimensions non économiques (exclusion sociale, culturelle et manque de concertation des intéressés sur les politiques de développement et de lutte cotre la pauvreté).

Based on qualitative methodologies, this PhD dissertation proposes a geographical analysis of urban poverty, in one of the biggest city in the world. The urban region of Jakarta counts more than twenty millions of inhabitants. It comes up as the showcase for economic success in Indonesia and a node of globalization, where one could expect the level of poverty to have decreased. Yet, current urban dynamics contribute to unsettle urban spaces increasing the vulnerability of poor people. The examination of the concept of poverty through a geographical lens allows to grasp the diversity of social and spatial positions and positionnings, from the neighborhood level to the metropolitan area. It helps also to investigate how they compete with each other and are (re)negotiated and interwoven under the influence of power relations. More than the mere situation of poverty, this work is based on a cross-analysis of individual and collective trajectories and spatial transformations. Further than the issue of defining poverty, this thesis explores the role of representations and the interest of stakeholders in urban policies related to mainstream ideologies, such as urban neoliberalism. Finally, a comparison between different types of poverty's spaces in Jakarta and in Bekasi shows the strong differences in space's appropriations and space's uses. Beyond the idea of dualization of the urban society, this study aims to highlight the segmented interests of citizens, according to their sense of being legitimate in the city and their sense of belonging to the city. This shows how much the geographical inquiry is political. ; Fondée sur une démarche de terrain qualitative, cette thèse propose une analyse géographique de la pauvreté urbaine dans une des plus grandes villes du monde. La métropole de Jakarta, agglomération de plus de vingt millions d'habitants, s'affirme comme ville vitrine de la croissance économique de l'Indonésie et comme point relais de la mondialisation, où la pauvreté n'aurait, en somme, plus lieu d'être. ...

Based on qualitative methodologies, this PhD dissertation proposes a geographical analysis of urban poverty, in one of the biggest city in the world. The urban region of Jakarta counts more than twenty millions of inhabitants. It comes up as the showcase for economic success in Indonesia and a node of globalization, where one could expect the level of poverty to have decreased. Yet, current urban dynamics contribute to unsettle urban spaces increasing the vulnerability of poor people. The examination of the concept of poverty through a geographical lens allows to grasp the diversity of social and spatial positions and positionnings, from the neighborhood level to the metropolitan area. It helps also to investigate how they compete with each other and are (re)negotiated and interwoven under the influence of power relations. More than the mere situation of poverty, this work is based on a cross-analysis of individual and collective trajectories and spatial transformations. Further than the issue of defining poverty, this thesis explores the role of representations and the interest of stakeholders in urban policies related to mainstream ideologies, such as urban neoliberalism. Finally, a comparison between different types of poverty's spaces in Jakarta and in Bekasi shows the strong differences in space's appropriations and space's uses. Beyond the idea of dualization of the urban society, this study aims to highlight the segmented interests of citizens, according to their sense of being legitimate in the city and their sense of belonging to the city. This shows how much the geographical inquiry is political. ; Fondée sur une démarche de terrain qualitative, cette thèse propose une analyse géographique de la pauvreté urbaine dans une des plus grandes villes du monde. La métropole de Jakarta, agglomération de plus de vingt millions d'habitants, s'affirme comme ville vitrine de la croissance économique de l'Indonésie et comme point relais de la mondialisation, où la pauvreté n'aurait, en somme, plus lieu d'être. ...

The notion of poverty has been the subject of much debate around the world. Previous analyses have emphasized the one-dimensional character based essentially on a monetary approach (income or consumption expenditure). Thanks to the work of some authors such as Townsend and Sen, the multidimensional character is highlighted, considering the difficulty of quantifying certain variables that translated the idea of lack. In addition, many empirical studies show that the rural sector remains the most affected by poverty.In the case of Côte d'Ivoire, poverty is also a rural phenomenon and most studies have focused on the monetary approach.This study addresses the analysis of poverty by focusing on rural farming and apprehends the phenomenon of poverty from three (03) approaches: (i) monetary; (ii) relative deprivation and (iii) wealth.The results show that poverty remains important in this sector with a high rate for the indicator of the relative deprivation. In addition, there is greater monetary inequality than other types of poverty whatever the year (2002 and 2008).The identification of the explanatory factors of the membership or not in the class of the poor shows that the variables related to the gender, to the type of religion and the age group are the most common in the various years and various approaches.Based on the obtained results , the following recommendations are formulated: (i) towards the Ivorian government, use monetary and non-monetary approaches in next analyses on poverty in Côte d'Ivoire; emphasize the construction of new infrastructures and the purchase of new equipment; improve communication about government actions; build the capacity of producers to use improved inputs and relevant tools; (ii) to agricultural producers, adopt agricultural technologies and techniques and quality inputs, accept to join cooperative enterprises; (iii) for cooperatives, it is necessary to look for outlets for its members, to negotiate better remunerations for agricultural productions, to transform farmers into ...

Fighting against poverty is being since now one of the main preoccupations of populations and governmental authorities in Senegal. Substantial efforts have been engaged over the last decade and many projects operating on poverty reduction have been implemented. Among these projects, National Rural Infrastructure Program (PNIR) is appeared as one of the most relevant. Its objectives was to build basic social infrastructures in order to improve living conditions of rural populations. The main goal of this thesis is to assess the impact of PNIR on populations well-being, using novel well-being measures. In our knowledge, these measures are not very developed in Senegal. The well-being of households has been analysed through children's anthropometric data and through the population perception of their own well-being level. This thesis also admits an analysis of the nutritional situation of children according to their sex, and an analysis of school dropout, which allows us to better assess the situation of poverty or lack of well-being in rural households. The data used are mainly drawn from surveys that we carried out in rural areas in order to analyse the impact of PNIR on rural poverty reduction. The results show that the rate of poverty with anthropometric data is smaller than the rate of poverty measured by classic methods (monetary approach in general) and PNIR positively affects population well-being based on anthropometric data. While the rate of poverty based on the perception data is larger. However, the declarations regarding this subjective measurement of well-being are fundamentally conditioned by factors like the education of the household head, the accessibility to basic social infrastructures, the ownership of durable goods, the existence of social network in the village, and the existence of nutritional problems in the family. Moreover, we remark that the larger rate of subjective poverty is recorded in village with prot to the program. The analysis on treated children show that the PNIR program has ...

This report is the product of a comprehensive study on Benin. It highlights the country s geographical and economic situation and concentrates in particular on environmental conditions and the challenges facing Benin. This report covers the financing of priority environmental activities, as well as allocations to programs designed to improve the environment and living conditions of the population. The environmental analysis of Benin seeks to help the Government integrate the environment into policy formulation by analyzing cross-cutting aspects and the challenges of implementing sound environmental management, and creating a platform for strengthening the country s capacities in order to facilitate sustainable natural resource and environmental management. To this end, a number of measures have been recommended, among them the establishment of effective policies and institutions based on sound governance and improved effectiveness, and the mobilization of financing for environmental protection and natural resource management. The study includes the analysis of a case study on three cities: Porto-Novo, Cotonou, and Parakou, and examines the impact of environmental problems and environmental management challenges on these cities.

Fighting against poverty is being since now one of the main preoccupations of populations and governmental authorities in Senegal. Substantial efforts have been engaged over the last decade and many projects operating on poverty reduction have been implemented. Among these projects, National Rural Infrastructure Program (PNIR) is appeared as one of the most relevant. Its objectives was to build basic social infrastructures in order to improve living conditions of rural populations. The main goal of this thesis is to assess the impact of PNIR on populations well-being, using novel well-being measures. In our knowledge, these measures are not very developed in Senegal. The well-being of households has been analysed through children's anthropometric data and through the population perception of their own well-being level. This thesis also admits an analysis of the nutritional situation of children according to their sex, and an analysis of school dropout, which allows us to better assess the situation of poverty or lack of well-being in rural households. The data used are mainly drawn from surveys that we carried out in rural areas in order to analyse the impact of PNIR on rural poverty reduction. The results show that the rate of poverty with anthropometric data is smaller than the rate of poverty measured by classic methods (monetary approach in general) and PNIR positively affects population well-being based on anthropometric data. While the rate of poverty based on the perception data is larger. However, the declarations regarding this subjective measurement of well-being are fundamentally conditioned by factors like the education of the household head, the accessibility to basic social infrastructures, the ownership of durable goods, the existence of social network in the village, and the existence of nutritional problems in the family. Moreover, we remark that the larger rate of subjective poverty is recorded in village with prot to the program. The analysis on treated children show that the PNIR program has an overall positive effect on the well-being level. However, this impact is obtained particularly with the improvement in the well-being of boys in the areas where the program is implemented. Moreover, the rate of primary and secondary school dropout is respectively estimated at 9% and 8% and the impact of the program in this domain is positive, but not signicant. ; La lutte contre la pauvreté constitue depuis longtemps la principale préoccupation aussi bien des populations que des autorités gouvernementales du Sénégal. Des efforts substantiels ont été déployés lors des dix dernières années et plusieurs projets de développement ont vu jour à cet effet. Parmi ces projets, le Programme National d'Infrastructures rurales (PNIR) est apparu comme l'un des plus pertinents. Son objectif était de construire des infrastructures sociales de base pour améliorer les conditions de vie des populations rurales. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apprécier l'impact du PNIR sur le bien-être des populations. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des mesures de bien-être très peu développées au Sénégal. Le bien-être des ménages a été analysé à partir des données anthropométriques des enfants et à partir de la perception des populations de leur propre niveau de vie. Toujours dans cette optique, cette thèse comporte aussi une analyse de la situation nutritionnelle des enfants selon le genre et une analyse de l'abandon scolaire qui nous permettent néanmoins de mieux apprécier l'état de la pauvreté ou de l'absence de bien-être dans les ménages ruraux. Les données utilisées proviennent essentiellement des enquêtes que nous avons menées en zone rurale pour étudier l'impact du PNIR sur la réduction de la pauvreté rurale. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que le taux de pauvreté anthropométrique est plus faible que celui avancé avec l'utilisation des méthodes classiques d'analyse (approche monétaire en général) et le PNIR a eu un impact positif sur ce type de bien-être . Quant à la perception sur le bien-être, un taux un peu plus élevé a été obtenu. Cependant, les déclarations sur ce bien-être subjectif sont fondamentalement conditionnées par des facteurs comme l'éducation du chef de ménage, l'accessibilité aux infrastructures sociales de base, la possession de biens durables, la présence de tissus associatifs dans les villages et l'existence des problèmes nutritionnels dans la famille. Aussi, c'est dans les communautés rurales bénéficiaires du programme qu'on enregistre les taux de pauvreté subjectifs les plus élevés. L'analyse du traitement des enfants a révélé que le programme PNIR a eu un effet global positif sur leur niveau de bien-être. Cependant, cet impact est obtenu avec l'amélioration particulière du bien-être des garçons dans les zones du programme. Par ailleurs, le taux d'abandon à l'école primaire et secondaire est estimé à 9% et 8% respectivement et l'impact du programme dans ce domaine est positif mais non significatif.