Suchergebnisse

The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and identify the factors of chronic poverty.

The paper presents the results of the study, which was aimed at comparative statistical analysis of the main indicators of poverty of different socio-demographic groups of the population to identify patterns and characteristics of poverty in Russia.The information base of the study was the data of the Federal State Statistics Service, in particular the materials of the statistical Bulletin "Socio-economic indicators of poverty in 2013–2016".The statistical poverty assessment, presented by the author is carried out within the framework of the absolute concept of poverty, taking into account its main criterion – the size of the subsistence minimum. Data from the sample household budget survey (HBS) in 2016 allowed for a subjective approach to poverty assessment and a study of opinions of the Russian people on their own financial situation. The use of statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service revealed the reduction of poverty by 2,1 times (from 29% to 13,5%) for the period from 2000 to 2016 and the excess of the average per capita income and average monthly wage of the subsistence minimum by more than 3,0 times. However, all this does not indicate the general welfare of the country's citizens. The directive-based subsistence minimum as a standard of consumption is highly underestimated and does not meet the most important needs of the modern man.The results of the sociological survey of household budgets confirm the social stratification of society: more than 86% of Russians consider themselves poor. Based on the comparative characteristics of the poverty level in the regions of the Russian Federation, regions with the level of poverty below, at and above the average Russian level are identified. 63,5% of regions are characterized by the level of poverty that exceeds the average Russian level, which proves the severity of poverty and socio-economic inequality in the country.The results of the study allowed determining the characteristics of poverty in Russia. First, the existence and social (children, youth, pensioners) and economic poverty of the working population (employees of the public sector). Second, interregional differences and high spatial differentiation of the level of poverty in the context of the regions of the Russian Federation.In the current situation, solving the problems of poverty in Russia and overcoming social inequality should be a priority of the government's domestic socio-economic policy. ; В статье представлены результаты исследования, цель которого заключалась в сравнительном статистическом анализе основных индикаторов бедности различных социально-демографических групп населения для выявления закономерностей и особенностей бедности в России.Информационной базой исследования послужили данные Федеральной службы государственной статистики, в частности материалы статистического бюллетеня «Социально-экономические индикаторы бедности в 2013–2016 годах».Статистическая оценка бедности, представленная автором, осуществлена в рамках абсолютной концепции бедности с учетом её основного критерия – величины прожиточного минимума. Данные выборочного обследования бюджетов домашних хозяйств (ОБДХ) в 2016 г. позволили использовать субъективный подход к оценке бедности и изучить мнения россиян о собственном финансовом положении. Использование статистических данных Федеральной службы государственной статистики позволило выявить сокращение масштабов бедности в 2,1 раза (с 29% до 13,5%) за период с 2000 – 2016 гг. и превышение среднедушевых доходов и среднемесячной заработной платы величины прожиточного минимума более чем в 3,0 раза. Однако всё это не свидетельствует о всеобщем благосостоянии граждан страны. Директивно установленный прожиточный минимум как стандарт потребления сильно занижен и не удовлетворяет важнейших потребностей современного человека. Результаты социологического обследования бюджетов домашних хозяйств служат подтверждением социального расслоения общества: более 86% россиян относят себя к бедному населению. На основе сравнительной характеристики уровня бедности по субъектам Российской Федерации выявляются регионы с уровнем бедности ниже, на уровне и выше среднероссийского уровня. Для 63,5% субъектов характерен уровень бедности, превышающий среднероссийский уровень, что доказывает остроту проблемы бедности и социально-экономического неравенства в стране.Результаты исследования позволили определить характерные особенности бедности в России. Во-первых, существование и социальной (дети, молодежь, пенсионеры) и экономической бедности трудоспособного населения (работники бюджетной сферы). Во-вторых, межрегиональные различия и высокая пространственная дифференциация уровня бедности в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации.В сложившейся ситуации решение проблем бедности в России и преодоление социального неравенства должно являться приоритетным направлением внутренней социально-экономической политики правительства.

The article states the necessity to improve the methodology of assessing the level of poverty, including the regional one. The analysis of poverty level in the Samara region is based on the absolute conception of establishment of a poverty line, structure of the regional consumer basket and energy value of food products constituting it. The structure of households consumer expenses is investigated. The authors offer to use an integrated indicator for poverty measuring covering monetary and not monetary one-aspect indicators. Along with indicators of income and expenses of the population the presented system of private indicators includes the characteristic of the labor market condition, access to education services, health care and housing. The methodology the poverty level assessment is tested on information arrays of Privolzhsky Federal District (PFD). The article provides typologization of subjects of PFD dependent on the level of poverty problem sharpness.

В мировой экономической науке и политике борьба с бедностью и неравенством продолжает быть актуальной, несмотря на десятилетия усилий по их преодолению. В отношении людей трудоспособного возраста и ниже трудоспособного усилия традиционно сосредоточены на обеспечении доступа к образованию и рабочим местам. Использование аналогичных инструментов в борьбе с бедностью среди пожилых людей может быть менее эффективным в силу меньшей предельной полезности образования и снижающихся возможностей доступа к высокооплачиваемым рабочим местам. Предполагается, что благосостояние старшего поколения гарантировано либо государством, либо самими пожилыми людьми, получающими отдачу от сделанных в течение жизненного пути инвестиций. Цель исследования - поиск институциональных и личностных факторов, действующих и формирующихся в течение всего жизненного курса и определяющих благосостояние пожилых людей. Тестировались такие факторы, как образование, стаж работы, количество членов домохозяйства, семейное положение, пол, территория проживания (город/деревня) и регион проживания. Методы: методы описательных статистик и корреляционный анализ на выборках Комплексного наблюдения условий жизни населения (КОУЖ-2018) для людей пенсионного возраста в России. Дополнительно для проверки результатов использованы данные Выборочного наблюдения доходов населения и участия в социальных программах (ВНДН-2017) и Европейского социального исследования (ESS-2018). Результаты: проведенные оценки корреляций между индикаторами социально-экономического статуса показали, что только количество членов домохозяйства в выборках ВНДН и ESS значимо и сильно положительно коррелирует с доходами в пожилом возрасте. Отсутствие работы негативно коррелирует с доходами горожан и доходами женщин. Оценки абсолютной и относительной бедности для федеральных округов различаются от 1 до 240 %. Субъективная бедность домохозяйств в России превышает 50 %. ; In world economic science and politics, the fight against poverty and inequality continues to be relevant, despite decades of efforts to overcome them. For people of working age and below working age, efforts have traditionally been focused on ensuring access to education and jobs. Alleviating old-age poverty is less straightforward because of the lower marginal utility of education and declining opportunities for access to high-paying jobs. It is assumed that the well-being of the older generation is guaranteed either by the state or by the elderly themselves, who receive returns on investments made during their life course. The purpose of this study was to search for institutional and personal factors that act and form throughout the life course and determine the well-being of older adults. We tested such factors as education, work experience, number of household members, marital status, gender, area of residence (city vs rural) and region of residence. Methods: the method of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis on the samples of the Comprehensive Monitoring of Living Conditions (CMLC-2018) for people of retirement age in Russia. Additionally, to verify the results, we used the data from the Sample Survey of Population Income and Participation in Social Programs (VNDN-2017) and the European Social Survey (ESS-2018). Results. Correlations between indicators of socioeconomic status showed that only the number of household members in VNDN and ESS samples significantly and strongly positively correlates with income in old age. Unemployment has a negative correlation with income for city residents and women. Differences in absolute and relative poverty assessments for Federal districts vary from 1 to 240 %. Subjective poverty among households in Russia exceeds 50 %.

Жилище является одним из важнейших элементов культуры, связанных с материальными потребностями и аксиологическими ценностями этноса. В предлагаемом исследовании, ориентированном на выявление идейного своеобразия паремий и ценностного восприятия жилого строения носителями русской и китайской культур, используется метод лингвокультурологического анализа. В центре внимания - компоненты пословицы-наименования жилых строений богача и бедняка и те представления, что проявляются в паремиях двух языков. Результаты проведенного анализа показывают, что наименования жилища, используемые в двух языках, широко представлены в паремиях, что говорит о его важности в жизни человека; они служат для указания на материальное состояние его владельца, для выражения отношения к жилищу и расстановки ценностных приоритетов носителей языка и культуры. С одной стороны, в русских и китайских паремиях выражается ряд общих лингвокультурологических установок: негативное отношение к богатому жилью, тесно связанное с идеей социального неравенства; предпочтительность собственного жилья качественному, но чужому и др. С другой стороны, в китайских паремиях более ценным представляется моральное состояние собственника, его образованность и перспективы, а в русских паремиях акцентируется важность здоровья, любви и согласия и т. д.
Dwelling is one of the most important elements of culture associated with the material needs and axiological values of the ethnos. In the proposed study, focused on identifying the ideological specifics of the paremias and the value perception of the dwelling by representatives of Russian and Chinese cultures, the method of linguocultural analysis is used. The focus is on the components of the proverb-names of the rich and poor residential buildings and those ideas that are expressed by the proverbs of the two languages. The results of the analysis show that the names of the dwelling, used in two languages, are widely represented in paremias, which proves its importance in human life; they serve to indicate the material condition of its owner, to express the attitude towards the dwelling and to set the value priorities of native speakers of the proper language and culture. On the one hand, a number of common linguocultural attitudes are expressed in Russian and Chinese paremias: a negative attitude towards rich housing, closely related to the idea of social inequality; a positive assessment of one's own poor housing, compared with high-quality, but somebody else's, etc. On the other hand, in Chinese paremias, the moral state of the owner, his education and prospects are more valuable, while in Russian paremias the importance of health, love and harmony, etc. is emphasized.

Abstract: During the years of 2007–2011 Venezuela's government continued the battle with poverty and unemployment, growing nutritional and housing deficit. Also some measures have been adopted to make education and health service more accessible for the population of the country. Thus the government activity in the sphere of social politics has had fragmented character and has been recepient-oriented to achieve shortterm effects to win presidential elections in October 2012. ; Аннотация: Правительство У. Чавеса в период с 2007 по 2011 г. продолжило борьбу с бедностью и безработицей, растущим продуктовым и жилищным дефицитом, а также приняло комплекс мер, направленных на дальнейшее повышение доступности образования и медицинского обслуживания. Однако действия правительства в сфере социальной политики носили в основном адресный, фрагментарный характер и были направлены на достижение краткосрочных эффектов перед грядущими президентскими выборами, которые состоятся в октябре 2012 г.

In accordance with the Concept of state family policy in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025, the development of the system of state support for families with children is one of the main tasks of the state family policy. Despite the fact that in the years 2000-2013. there was a significant reduction of poverty, the poverty rate among families with children continues to be quite high: in 2014, 18.5% against 11% among the general population. In this regard, particularly relevant is the assessment of the impact of implemented measures of social support for families with children on their well-being. The object of study in this paper is the social support of families with children in Russia (on the example of the pilot regions - the Altai Territory and Samara Region). Spend analysis of the legislation governing the provision of social support to families with children of measures, quantitative survey of families with children and interviews with the staff of the bodies and institutions of social protection.

The article provides the results of a correlation analysis of the functional relationships between indicators of quality of life and human potential in Russia. The study was conducted on the basis of regional statistics for the period from 2010 to 2018 with the account of time series. While the notion of quality of life describes rather conditions of life, human potential reflects qualitative characteristics of population. Human potential is considered in a broad sense as a set of population characteristics that act as opportunities for realization and comprehensive development of a person in accordance with his aspirations and needs. In the author's view, human potential is of a paramount importance in the development of society and man, and quality of life acts as a factor designed to maintain and develop it. This determines the relevance of the topic of this study, aimed at finding functional relationships between the indicators of quality of life and human potential. The author selected 6 indicators of human potential: natural population growth, educational attainment, visits to museums and theaters, life expectancy, incidence of alcoholism and drug addiction, and crime rates. There were also selected 13 indicators of quality of life: population with income below the subsistence minimum, life expectancy, infant mortality rate, morbidity, number of doctors of all specialties, population with higher and secondary professional education, provision of places for preschool children in educational institutions, number of students, average per capita income, R/ P10% ratio, Gini coefficient, number of recorded crimes, unemployment rate. Some indicators are both indicators of the quality of life and indicators of the quality of population that made it possible to identify functional relationships between various aspects of human potential. The correlation analysis carried out in general for all years and regions discovered a number of regularities and allowed us to construct hypotheses, which were further tested in the regional context with the account of time series. The results of the analysis allow us to draw conclusions about strong impact of monetary income, poverty and unemployment on most indicators of human potential. There were also found relationships between the components of human potential themselves, such as life expectancy, crime rates, incidence of alcoholism and drug addiction. In addition, there was identified a number of regularities in the relationships between individual indicators of human potential and socio-economic indicators of quality of life. The relationships found also include: impact of crime on inequality, of infant mortality on natural population growth, etc.

The article discusses issues of the development of Siberian region; comparative analysis of changes in socio-economic situation of Siberian Federal District and a number of leading Siberian territories in the last 20 years is carried out. Two groups of indicators are analyzed. They reflect significant characteristics of the level of economic and social development of Siberian regions: economic (gross regional product, export products volume, volumes of fixed asset formation; volumes of internal costs of research and development), social indicators (population size, per capita income level, poverty level and several others); data of government statistics was used as data base; conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made. ; В статье обсуждаются проблемы развития сибирского региона; проведен сравнительный анализ изменений социально-экономической ситуации СФО и ряда ведущих сибирских территорий в последние 20 лет; анализируются две группы показателей, отражающие существенные характеристики уровня экономического и социального развития сибирских регионов: экономические (валовой региональный продукт; объемы экспортной продукции; объемы инвестиций в основной капитал; объемы внутренних затрат на исследования и разработки), социальные показатели (численность населения; уровень доходов на душу населения; уровень бедности и ряд других); в качестве информационной базы использованы данные государственной статистики; сделаны выводы и предложения.

This article deals with the issue of the impact of universal basic income (UBI) on the standards and quality of life of population, highlights some theoretical and methodological aspects of its introduction, characterizes the current state of research on this issue and the experience of other countries. It presents the basic conceptual provisions of the scientific study conducted by the authors, which are aimed at the theoretical and methodological substantiation of the idea of introducing universal basic income in Russia, its forms, tools and possible application mechanisms for transformation of the processes and structures of the functioning of the labor and employment sphere, development of human potential, reduction of absolute monetary poverty and excessive socio-economic inequality, that meet modern technological challenges and lead to improving the standards and quality of life of people and the sustainability of the state and society.
The presented study is of high significance due to influence of the category "universal basic income", practical forms, tools and mechanisms of its application on the essential aspects of the life of people, on the expected improvement in their standards and quality of life and the sustainability of the state and society. It will contribute to formation of the scientific, organizational, instrumental and documentary basis for implementation of pilot projects at the regional level, where transitional forms of universal basic income relevant to Russia can be tested. Testing UBI in Russia is of a particular relevance because of the widespread precarious employment, high poverty rates and excessive socio-economic inequality in our country.

The article provides an overview and generalization of Russian studies of the transformation of the agricultural labor market in the post-Soviet period. Researchers of the Russian countryside reflect the obtained results in publications mainly describing the problems associated with the Russian countryside and the agricultural labor market. This is, first of all, the destruction of the rural infrastructure, poverty, unemployment, the interaction of old and new production entities (agricultural enterprises, peasant farms, private household plots and agricultural holdings), the loss of communication between villagers and agricultural enterprises, the villagers models of social adaptation and labor behavior. These processes served as a methodological support for the analysis and empirical evidence of how consciously villagers have been changing social and labor practices under the pressure of institutional transformations and agricultural modernization. Based on the choice of rational behavioral models in the labor market, they transformed the social structure of the village under the pressure of the market economy values, new rules, norms and institutional requirements. Modern processes in the agro-industrial field in the context of the property transformation contributed to the formation of a new agrarian structure, constructed by new subjects. The new and old production subjects interact in a multi-structured economy. They are important "players" in the institutional field of the agricultural sector, thus influencing the social and structural processes in the labor market. This determined a new configuration of the social rural groups employed in the formal and informal sectors.

According to the previously developed typology of Russian regions by the criteria of population quality, the regions were divided into ten groups. A detailed analysis of each group allows determining possible ways to improve the quality of the population in the Russian regions. This article begins to present the cycle of such studies with the analysis of three smallest groups: the first group includes Moscow and St. Petersburg, the second — the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Chechen Republic, the third — Nenets, Khanty-Mansi, Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The first group of regions is the most prosperous in terms of quality characteristics of the population, here the main problem is the low natural growth of the population. The specificity of the North Caucasus republics in this aspect lies in high indicators of population quality with low material living standards that contradicts the previously statistically confirmed hypothesis of strong impact of quality of life on population quality. The conclusion has been made about high importance of national culture and traditions in these regions. At the same time, comparison of these republics among themselves has shown that traditions in some of them are weakening, and more attention should be paid to economic factors — monetary income, poverty and unemployment rates. These problems in the North Caucasus regions are in line with the theory of multilevel economy, and their solution requires restructuring of the economy on the basis of its technological and technical re-equipment. In the third group, on the contrary, high monetary income is accompanied by poor qualitative characteristics of the population, especially by rates of alcoholism and drug addiction. These phenomena are correlated with the level of unemployment, the growth of which is caused not only by the global crisis processes in the development of the oil and gas sector, but also by the depletion of highly profitable deposits in the Northern regions of the country, the need to develop hard-to-reach and hardly removable sources of oil and gas. The solution may be to change the structure of the economy of these regions in the direction of development of the natural raw materials processing sector.

The author examines long-term changes in economic inequality in the global economy. The aim of the article is to update, analyze and systematize the long-term causes of changes in economic inequality in the global economy and identify its country specifics. The author used the methods of analysis and synthesis, systematization, classification and categorization of information from various scientific and statistical sources and databases. To illustrate the trends in economic inequality, the author applied the indicator of the share of national income among different groups of the population. The study revealed the cyclical nature of economic inequality in accordance with Kondratieff innovation waves lasting 50-60 years. Based on the data analysis of economic inequality for the period 1900-2018, the author concluded that technological progress is the priority factor in changing economic inequality. Together with the country specifics of the financial mechanism for redistributing income and wealth and various regimes of international cooperation and trade, it affects the changes in cross-country and domestic economic inequality. Understanding the nature of changes in inequality will allow for effective long-term strategies for economic development and the corresponding state regulation policy in the context of faster digitalization and robotization of the global economy. ; Автор исследует долгосрочные изменения экономического неравенства в мировой экономике. Цель работы — актуализация, анализ и систематизация долгосрочных причин изменения экономического неравенства в мировой экономике и выявление страновых особенностей его развития. Использованы методы: анализа и синтеза, систематизации, классификации и категоризации информации из различных научных и статистических источников и баз данных. Для иллюстрации трендов изменения экономического неравенства автор использует показатель доли национального дохода у различных групп населения. В результате исследования выявлена циклическая природа развития экономического неравенства в соответствии с инновационными волнами Кондратьева продолжительностью 50-60 лет. На основании анализа данных об экономическом неравенстве за период 1900-2018 г. сделан вывод, что приоритетным фактором изменения экономического неравенства является технологический прогресс, который в комплексе со страновыми особенностями финансового механизма перераспределения доходов и богатства и различными режимами международной кооперации и торговли оказывает влияние на изменение межстранового и внутристранового экономического неравенства. Понимание природы изменения неравенства позволит разрабатывать эффективные долгосрочные стратегии экономического развития и проводить соответствующую им государственную политику регулирования в условиях ускорения цифровизации и роботизации мировой экономики.

The aim of this work is to analyze the financial situation and the level of social support received by families with children in Ulyanovsk oblast on the basis of the data from household survey conducted in Ulyanovsk oblast. The study showed that the poverty rate among the surveyed households with children under 18 is significantly higher than the total poverty rate among the households. Many families with children cannot afford buying goods and services they need. In order to maintain their consumption level, a significant proportion of families with children have to take out loans. Analysis of the survey data shows that the coverage of families with children by social benefits is quite high. At the same time, even among the poor households with children, one quarter of households does not receive any social benefits. The surveyed families with children noted difficulties faced by them in obtaining information about social benefits and in collecting necessary documents, long waiting in queues when applying for benefits. The calculations show that provision of regional benefits, including targeted regional benefits, reduces the poverty rate among households with children only slightly. In general, regional benefits are more likely to reduce the extreme poverty of household with children. The analysis presented in the article allows determining possible directions for improving the social support system in Ulyanovsk oblast.

In the article the current state of the social sphere in Venezuela is analyzed. Key social indicators are considered: poverty, hunger, unemployment, migration, etc. The analysis is based on a comparison of various statistical sources, which allows to present the objective state of the social sphere of Venezuela. Also the main directions of the N. Maduro government's social policy are shown in the article. ; В статье проанализировано современное состояние социальной сферы Венесуэлы. Рас-смотрены ключевые социальные показатели: бедность, уровень голода, безработица, ми-грация и др. Анализ проведен на основе сравнения различных статистических источников, что позволяет представить объективное положение социальной сферы Венесуэлы. Также показаны основные направления социальной политики правительства Н. Мадуро.