Suchergebnisse

Measuring poverty requires adjusting nominal consumption (or income) into a real value of consumption, across geographic areas and over time. To this end, data on consumer prices are used to construct a price index. There are a range of approaches to do this, from using the consumer price index, to survey-based unit values, which differ in the underlying sources of price data and methodologies for indexing. These different approaches can have large impacts on poverty measures and trends. Surprisingly little attention has been focused on this topic. This study reviews a range of issues and the evidence on how prices matter for measuring poverty, particularly in Africa. It draws on a wide literature, much from developed countries, and offers suggestions for future work in this area.

The treatment of housing in the definition of income used to measure poverty makes a big difference to who is counted as poor. Both the Before Housing Costs (BHC) and After Housing Costs (AHC) measures in current use in the UK pose problems. BHC income does not capture the advantages of living in owner-occupied housing and AHC income might not account for the benefits of living in higher-quality accommodation. We explore the potential of including in income the difference between the estimated value of housing consumed and housing costs, which we refer to as net imputed rent. We investigate whether findings about child and pensioner poverty, and judgements about the effectiveness of poverty-reducing policies, are affected by accounting for housing in this way.

This research is entitled Analysis of Poverty, Inequality, Unemployment and Indonesiandevelopment. The purpose of this study is to find out about poverty, unemployment, inequalityand development in Indonesia and their causes and what has been done by the government toovercome them. The research method used is the library research method, which is the study ofliterature obtained from the reference of books, scientific papers, government reports in theCentral Statistics Agency, the DPR, and websites that are related to the title of this research.Poverty is the inability of people to meet their basic needs such as food, clothing and housingand other equality, unemployment resulting from lack of available employment and businessopportunities that do not support it to be implemented, as well as inequality between the richand the poor, between villages with the city. The result is that the current poverty rate is equalto 9,41% unemployment equals 5,01% inequality 0,382% Development has been carried outwith economic growth amounting to and GDB amounting to Rp3 963,5 triliun.

This research is entitled Analysis of Poverty, Inequality, Unemployment and Indonesian development. The purpose of this study is to find out about poverty, unemployment, inequality and development in Indonesia and their causes and what has been done by the government to overcome them. The research method used is the library research method, which is the study of literature obtained from the reference of books, scientific papers, government reports in the Central Statistics Agency, the DPR, and websites that are related to the title of this research. Poverty is the inability of people to meet their basic needs such as food, clothing and housing and other equality, unemployment resulting from lack of available employment and business opportunities that do not support it to be implemented, as well as inequality between the rich and the poor, between villages with the city. The result is that the current poverty rate is equal to 9,41% unemployment equals 5,01% inequality 0,382% Development has been carried out with economic growth amounting to and GDB amounting to Rp3 963,5 triliun.

Rural poverty presents an escalating problem for post-communist countries struggling with perpetual transition towards market economy. As a country deriving from such economic background, Republic of Macedonia is classified as one of the poorest countries in Europe. The rural population in the country is faced with different obstacles such as: limited access to institutions, infrastructure, finances, and other aspects which not only impede these population's living conditions but also obstruct the development and growth of the rural areas. In order to provide detailed description of the rural poverty situation as well as to identify the vulnerable and depraved group in the rural areas in the Republic of Macedonia, this paper represents an initial record of the poverty conditions in the rural areas. The poverty features are presented through the multidimensional poverty analytical tool and the indicators and dimensions of poverty on micro and macro (country) level in order to describe the socio-economic, environmental, political and institutional context. The comprehensive multi-dimensional analysis of the poverty dimensions in the Republic of Macedonia gives overview of the rural poverty situation and highlights several groups, suffering from multiple deprivations such as rural woman and agriculture households, which are part of an extremely vulnerable group, with the highest risk of going under the poverty base lines.

Abstract
The study profiled and compared household multidimensional poverty status and its determinants among urban and rural households in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, using information from a sample population of 3033 households interviewed from the Province during the General Household Survey conducted by the Statistics South Africa in 2014. Analytical techniques utilized include the recent multidimensional poverty index (MPI), descriptive statistics and Tobit regression. Findings reveal that multiple deprivations are found mostly in the rural area of the province; the multidimensional headcount is highest in the rural area, though the intensity of multidimensional poverty is almost similar in both geographical locations. The standard of living dimension is also the largest contribution to MPI in both locations. MPI has significant links with education attainment of household head, access to electricity and asset stock in both geographical locations, but is influenced by the gender of head, agriculture engagement and household monthly income in rural areas only. In order to improve households' multidimensional poverty status in both urban and rural locations, there is the need to take into account some significant variables such as education of head, increase electricity subsidy coverage during winter period, asset accumulation and increase in households' participation in agricultural activities, especially those residing in rural areas.

In this paper the authors discuss recent trends in poverty concepts and suggest a locally adapted multidimensional model for measuring and monitoring poverty. The model comprises nested layers with subjective wellbeing in the centre surrounded by a core of health, wealth and knowledge, and a context that includes natural, economic, social and political spheres, as well as service and structural aspects. These nine facets of poverty cover basic needs, individual assets and capabilities, and the enabling environment that helps people escape poverty by ensuring sustainability, providing opportunities and minimising vulnerability. The model was tested in several monitoring trials and in the official poverty and wellbeing monitoring of Kutai Barat District, Indonesia, in early 2006. Twenty-one subdistricts covering 223 villages with more than 150 000 people were assessed. Examples drawn from this experience illustrate possible applications of the model.