Suchergebnisse

Poverty is a difficult phenomenon to solve due to its complex and multidimensional character, which is why there are many definitions and ways of measuring it. In this context, this paper has as a main goal to present a review of literature of the diverse focuses and models of reduction of poverty and to proportionate a framework of analysis and reflection for future investigations. Methodologically, the paper of literature review, which is of descriptive and theoretical nature, pays especial interest in the proposals developed by Hernando De Soto (2000) and C.K. Prahalad (2005), who illustrate hope to face an endemic problem in an international level. The richness of each focus (its complementarity and integrality) defies the Management of Business because puts in evidence its potential contribution to the fight against poverty. The main result demonstrates that endogenous models, in which poor people are protagonists in the process of reinsertion to development, require two strategies: access to the markets and valorization of its wealth. Poor people require more from market (more capitalism) than from social programs subsidized by the Government. ; La lucha contra la pobreza es un objetivo común compartido por los principales actores políticos, empresariales y académicos del mundo. La pobreza es un fenómeno difícil de solucionar debido a su carácter complejo y multidimensional, razón por la cual existen muchas definiciones y maneras de medirla. En este contexto, el artículo, de naturaleza teórica y descriptiva, presenta la evolución del concepto de pobreza y proporcionar un marco de análisis y reflexión de los diversos enfoques de reducción contra la pobreza, poniendo especial interés en las propuestas elaboradas desde el campo de la administración y negocios por De Soto (2000) y Prahalad (2005). La complementariedad y la integralidad de los enfoques de desarrollo pueden ser una alternativa viable contra la pobreza, así como la participación y la vinculación de todos los actores y de los mismos pobres, con el fin de derrotar la pobreza y alcanzar el desarrollo.

Water security is a prerequisite for the development of a nation. A sustainable and safe water source is essential for human well-being, economic development, ecosystem preservation, and the prevention of water-related hazards. However, about half of the world's population now experiences water scarcity for at least 1 month per year, and the number of affected people is expected to increase to about 4.8 billion–5.7 billion by 2050 (Burek et al. 2016). At present, 41% of the world's population lives in river basins that are under water stress. Rapid population growth, climate change, water pollution, overexploitation of water reserves, industrialization, economic development, and mismanagement of water sources have depleted water sources and changed water ecosystems, causing floras and faunas to become extinct sooner. About 73% of the world's population who now face water scarcity lives in Asia. Despite the development initiatives in the region to tackle the water problem, the rate of scarcity is expected to reduce to only 69% by 2050 (Burek et al. 2016). The water security problem is increasing the number of people below the poverty line—when freshwater sources are lacking, people are forced to opt for alternative sources that are likely to be more expensive because of privatization. Furthermore, polluted water resources and inadequate sanitation facilities can lead to the spread of various waterborne diseases and expose marginalized groups of people to health risks.

14. Supporting each other in the future -- Rethinking public services -- Transforming occupational and professional education and training -- Public service practice -- The 'gap-mending' approach -- New forms of collective services and peer support/assistance -- New organisational forms -- The economics of social policy -- Economic policy for social well-being -- Conclusion -- 15. Changing welfare -- Theoretical approaches to change -- Models of change -- Our relation with change -- Towards inclusive participation for change -- Humanising and democratising change -- Conclusion -- Afterword. The future: a different way forward? -- The need to renew social policy -- A new paradigm -- Revaluing our welfare -- Reflecting on myself -- All our children -- From baby Timothy to baby Isobel -- Appedix One. The family -- * The date when the account was provided or obtained. -- Sample letter/email -- Appendix 2. Research projects and related publications -- Vagrancy and single homelessness -- Public participation in land-use planning -- Children in care in North Battersea -- Patch-based social services -- Service user and citizen involvement -- Involving poor people in poverty analysis and research -- The citizens' commission on the future of the welfare state -- Leonard Cheshire empowerment project -- Researching with disabled people -- Service user networking and knowledge -- Advancing user involvement in and user-controlled research -- Palliative care -- Person-centred support: The standards we expect -- Involving older people -- Beyond the usual suspects -- Towards a social model of madness and distress -- Developing service user knowledge -- First-hand experience -- References -- Index.

This study aims 1) To analyze the effect of investment, government spending and labor on economic growth in Bali Province, 2) To analyze the effect of investment, government spending, labor and economic growth on poverty levels in Bali Province, 3) To analyze the indirect effect of investment, government spending and labor on poverty levels through economic growth in Bali Province. The number of observations in this study was 63 observation points in the period 2013-2019 in 9 districts/cities of Bali Province using panel data. The data analysis technique used in this research is path analysis. The results of this study indicate that 1) Investment has a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth, while government spending and labor have a positive and significant effect on economic growth; 2) Government investment and spending have a negative and insignificant effect on the poverty level, while labor and economic growth have a negative and significant effect on the poverty level; 3) Investment does not indirectly affect the poverty rate through economic growth, while government spending and labor have an indirect effect on the poverty rate through economic growth. ; This study aims 1) To analyze the effect of investment, government spending and labor on economic growth in Bali Province, 2) To analyze the effect of investment, government spending, labor and economic growth on poverty levels in Bali Province, 3) To analyze the indirect effect of investment, government spending and labor on poverty levels through economic growth in Bali Province. The number of observations in this study was 63 observation points in the period 2013-2019 in 9 districts/cities of Bali Province using panel data. The data analysis technique used in this research is path analysis. The results of this study indicate that 1) Investment has a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth, while government spending and labor have a positive and significant effect on economic growth; 2) Government investment and spending have a negative and insignificant effect on the poverty level, while labor and economic growth have a negative and significant effect on the poverty level; 3) Investment does not indirectly affect the poverty rate through economic growth, while government spending and labor have an indirect effect on the poverty rate through economic growth.

This paper proposes an alternative way of measuring multidimensional poverty. Based upon a definition of poverty, it reviews how multidimensional poverty is measured today. Next, an alternative method is proposed and discussed. This method is then applied to the Belgian PSBH-data of 1998. In a first step, principal component analysis is used to surface three dimensions of poverty. These dimensions are roughly defined as "weak economic integration", "material poverty" and "low socio-psychological well-being". For each household, component scores are calculated. In the second step, households are grouped on the basis of these scores. This is done by cluster analysis. About 8% of the 1998-sample of households can be considered poon The characteristics of these poor households are considered next, and a comparison with low-income households is made.

AbstractThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) preexisting conditions provision ensures that insurance companies can no longer deny coverage, charge higher premiums, or exclude coverage due to a preexisting health condition. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of the provision on labor mobility. We use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for years 2009 through 2019 and estimate difference‐in‐differences models to determine whether the provision improved labor mobility for individuals with chronic conditions. While females respond along the extensive margin by being less likely to work, males experience broader labor mobility improvements. Men are more likely to start a new job, become employed in a different industry, and move to a different state in the post‐policy period. Labor mobility improvements are largest among males with household incomes greater than 138% of the federal poverty level, males ages 35 to 49, and males with conditions first diagnosed more than 10 years ago. Last, we show that the policy improved access to health insurance coverage and reduced the likelihood that health impacts the amount or type of work, which ultimately increased labor market flexibility. Our results highlight the heterogenous impacts of the provision on different subgroups of the population.

AbstractThe promotion of marriage and two‐parent families became an explicit public policy goal with the passage of the 1996 welfare reform bill. Marriage has the putative effect of reducing welfare dependency among single mothers, but only if they marry men with earnings sufficient to lift them and their children out of poverty. Newly released data from the 2002 cycle of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), along with data from the 1995 cycle, allow us to compare pre‐ and post‐PRWORA differences in (1) cumulative marriage rates among unwed mothers, and (2) patterns of marital choice (that is, differences in characteristics of the men these mothers marry, such as their education and employment status). Overall, our results show that unwed childbearing is associated with lower marriage rates and marital quality. Difference‐in‐difference models show that welfare reform was not strongly associated with pre‐ and post‐welfare reform changes in marriage among nonmarital birth mothers, even among the most disadvantaged mothers. Compared with other women, nonmarital birth mothers also were less likely than other women to marry "economically attractive" men in the post‐welfare reform period. The success of marriage promotion initiatives may depend heavily on whether women themselves are "marriageable" and whether potential spouses have the ability to support a stable family life. © 2008 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.

This article provides a retrospective analysis of the main measures to combat poverty and social exclusion in the European Union. The study considers the origin of efforts targeted at containing precariousness at work in Europe, trying to highlight the crucial achievements at a time of reform and redefinition of the social protection system. The European Union must be aware of the critical advances achieved, which need to be preserved in economic and social crises. The work analyzes the essential foundations that have guided the promotion of solidarity, the fight against poverty and social exclusion in the European Union. ; Este artí­culo realiza un análisis retrospectivo de las principales medidas de lucha contra la pobreza y la exclusión social en el ámbito de la Unión Europea. El estudio tiene presente el origen y los fundamentos de las medidas de contención de la precariedad en el trabajo en Europa. Se analiza, pues, una preocupación de la Unión Europea, que ha intentado corregir con el paso del tiempo. Concretamente, se repasan en este estudio los fundamentos esenciales que orientaron el fomento de la solidaridad, la lucha contra la pobreza y la exclusión social. ; Este artigo realiza uma análise retrospectiva das principais medidas de luta contra a pobreza e a exclusão social no âmbito da União Europeia. O estudo considera a origem e os fundamentos das medidas de contenção da precariedade no trabalho na Europa, tentando destacar as importantes conquistas obtidas em um momento de reforma e redefinição do sistema de proteção social. A União Europeia deve ser consciente dos importantes avanços conseguidos, que requerem ser preservados em época de crise econí´mica e social. O trabalho analisa os fundamentos essenciais que orientaram a promoção da solidariedade e a luta contra a pobreza e a exclusão social na União Europeia.

In this paper we make welfare comparisons among districts of Zambia using multidimensional well-being indicators observed at the household level using the first order dominance approach developed by Arndt et al. in 2012. This approach allows welfare comparisons without making any assumptions about the relative importance of the indicators. Analysis of the 2010 Census of Population and Housing data has generated information on the poverty status of provinces and districts in Zambia and has ranked them from the relatively well-off to the worseoff. This information has been presented on a map showing the districts according to their poverty status. It is expected that this paper will contribute to fine-tuning geographic poverty targeting efforts in Zambia. The rationale is that with the availability of such analysis, it will be possible to make budgetary provisions that allow for the equitable distribution of public resources. The overriding objective of the government should be to channel public resources based on the spatial distribution of poverty.

The term "underclass" typically assumes deviance from social norms regarding family, work, & respect for the law, &, more recently, suggests a culture of poverty. Here, the current, broad acceptance in urban studies of the underclass idea is challenged, based on a review of recent literature. It is argued that underclass findings are sensitive to the measurement strategy employed & to whether the characterization of underclass has a theoretical & empirical foundation. The optimal strategy suggested applies a two-times-median formula to statistics on families headed by females, men not working, households receiving public assistance, & high-school dropouts in a given neighborhood. In Comment on "Concentrated Deviance and the 'Underclass' Hypothesis," Isabel V. Sawhill defends the choice of measurement strategies employing national averages, standard deviation, & fixed cutoffs. Sawhill concedes the subjective nature of any measurement decision & the sensitivity of the data, but favors the interpretive potential in absolute measure. 2 Tables. J. White

Morbidity figure shows the rate of morbidity due to the interference structure as well as the function of a person's body which indicates the degree of illness, injury or disorder in a population which is a deviation from a healthy status or welfare of a community. The Increased morbidity in Bali province is relatively high compared to other provinces and occupies the highest number two (2), of course, it will be a question from various circles even though the government of Bali has rolled "Bali Mandara Health Insurance" for the community. This study aimed to analyze (1) the influence of the environment, education and the economy against poverty districts or cities in Bali, (2) the influence of the environment, education, the economy and the poverty against morbidity rate in the districts orcities in Bali and to analyze the indirect impact of environmental, educational, and economic against morbidity rate through a poverty levels in the districts or cities in Bali. The data used is a quantitative data panel shaped from all districts or cities in Bali for a period of 2002-2013. This study uses secondary data from BPS Bali Province using equation structural analysis techniques with AMOS program. The results showed that the environment and education gives negative impact, however not significantly impact on levels of poverty, while the economic provided a significant negative impact on the level of poverty. Environmental, economic and poverty provided a positive and significant impact on morbidity, whereas the education provided a significant negative effect on morbidity. Environment, education and the economy do not have an indirect impact on morbidity through poverty. In order to decrease the morbidity rate in Bali, it requires coordination and synchronization of the command programs between districts / cities in Bali with the provincial government as well as Central Government.

The purpose of this article is to briefly describe the training proposal of students of the second year of the program of Social Work of the UCSH in the subject of poverty called Laboratories 300 and 400. Poverty, in this context, is viewed from the perspective of the Sustainable Development, which, in turn, is explained in relation to the social exclusion, conceptualized as an expression of the unsustainability of a model centered in the economic growth. Besides, it is emphasized that the students incorporate the Sustainable Development as a matrix of analysis of social reality and orientation for the professional performance, which interrelates different dimensions that concern the development of a society, for instance, the political, cultural, environmental and social dimension, being the latter the one that is approached with greater prominence. The methodological approach to the world of poverty goes from a personal and direct approach with a person affected by it up to a critic to the methodological procedures used at the moment in our country to measure it. ; El propósito de este artí­culo es describir, en breve, la propuesta de formación de alumnos de segundo año de la carrera de Trabajo Social de la UCSH en el tema de la pobreza, denominados Laboratorios 300 y 400. La Pobreza, en este contexto, es vista a partir del enfoque del Desarrollo Sustentable, el que a su vez, es abordado en relación con la exclusión social, conceptualizada como expresión de insustentabilidad de un modelo centrado en el crecimiento económico. Asimismo, se pretende que los alumnos incorporen el Desarrollo Sustentable como una matriz de análisis de la realidad social y de orientación para la acción profesional, que interrelacione distintas dimensiones que atañen el desarrollo de una sociedad, a saber: la dimensión polí­tica, cultural, ambiental y social, siendo ésta última la que se aborda con mayor énfasis. La aproximación metodológica al mundo de la pobreza, va desde un acercamiento personal y directo con una persona afectada por ella, hasta una crí­tica a los métodos actualmente empleados en nuestro paí­s para medirla.