Suchergebnisse

One of the trends in the modern labor market is the increase of its flexibility, which is manifested in the development of forms of employment that do not require a permanent presence at the employer's workplace. If properly regulated, such forms can be used to solve one of the most important problems of Russian society — reducing poverty among families with children. The question of the extent to which poverty affects birth rates is still an open one, as there is contradictory evidence. Nevertheless, it can be argued that the development of non-standard forms of employment is an important tool of socio-demographic policy, which is aimed not only at improving the living standards of families with children but also at regulating demographic processes. The article looks at the dynamics of poverty in families with children and attempts to determine to what extent the development of such forms of employment will affect the demographic situation. It is concluded that poverty reduction in families with children will be positively affected. However, the demographic results will be more controversial.

The article presents the results of a study conducted by the authors that continues to monitor the level of housing deprivation of the Russian population based on criteria standards. The scales of groups that differ in quantitative and qualitative parameters of housing conditions are identified, and estimates of the distribution of the population by the level of housing deprivation and monetary income are obtained. We have identified higher levels of housing poverty among the Russian population that exceed the level of monetary income poverty, as well as a significant number of population groups whose housing conditions do not meet the requirements of the criterion standard that determines the middle level of housing deprivation. Priorities for solving problems in the sphere of housing deprivation of the population are identified and mechanisms for their implementation are proposed.

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The Government of Rwanda has adopted a very ambitious financial sectordevelopment plan which is at the implementation stage. This has made the administration to create atleast one SACCO at every administrative level hence known as '' umurenge''. This plan is captured in the vision 2020 under the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS). It is realized that micro financial institutions MFIs is an important sector in mobilising savings and availability of credit at reasonable rates and other financial services for investment to the rural majority. However, despite all these effort by Government, the level of domestic savings remains very low and the financial exclusion highly alarming. MFIs is a strategy to eradicate poverty amongst the vulnerable youth and women. Mobile money is a tool to allow individuals to transact using cell phone technology. The study will explore how Digital Economy has gained competitive advantage over SACCOs/ MFIs. The study is motivated by the acceptance and embracing of technology (ICT) amongst low income earners giving it competitive advantage and encouraging e-commerce services in Rwanda. A qualitative analysis will be undertaken, and an in depth examination of the variables using business models to establish a relationship in the Rwandan context. ; The Government of Rwanda has adopted a very ambitious financial sectordevelopment plan which is at the implementation stage. This has made the administration to create atleast one SACCO at every administrative level hence known as '' umurenge''. This plan is captured in the vision 2020 under the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS). It is realized that micro financial institutions MFIs is an important sector in mobilising savings and availability of credit at reasonable rates and other financial services for investment to the rural majority. However, despite all these effort by Government, the level of domestic savings remains very low and the financial exclusion highly alarming. MFIs is a strategy to eradicate poverty amongst the vulnerable youth and women. Mobile money is a tool to allow individuals to transact using cell phone technology. The study will explore how Digital Economy has gained competitive advantage over SACCOs/ MFIs. The study is motivated by the acceptance and embracing of technology (ICT) amongst low income earners giving it competitive advantage and encouraging e-commerce services in Rwanda. A qualitative analysis will be undertaken, and an in depth examination of the variables using business models to establish a relationship in the Rwandan context.

The paper presents the results of the study, which was aimed at comparative statistical analysis of the main indicators of poverty of different socio-demographic groups of the population to identify patterns and characteristics of poverty in Russia.The information base of the study was the data of the Federal State Statistics Service, in particular the materials of the statistical Bulletin "Socio-economic indicators of poverty in 2013–2016".The statistical poverty assessment, presented by the author is carried out within the framework of the absolute concept of poverty, taking into account its main criterion – the size of the subsistence minimum. Data from the sample household budget survey (HBS) in 2016 allowed for a subjective approach to poverty assessment and a study of opinions of the Russian people on their own financial situation. The use of statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service revealed the reduction of poverty by 2,1 times (from 29% to 13,5%) for the period from 2000 to 2016 and the excess of the average per capita income and average monthly wage of the subsistence minimum by more than 3,0 times. However, all this does not indicate the general welfare of the country's citizens. The directive-based subsistence minimum as a standard of consumption is highly underestimated and does not meet the most important needs of the modern man.The results of the sociological survey of household budgets confirm the social stratification of society: more than 86% of Russians consider themselves poor. Based on the comparative characteristics of the poverty level in the regions of the Russian Federation, regions with the level of poverty below, at and above the average Russian level are identified. 63,5% of regions are characterized by the level of poverty that exceeds the average Russian level, which proves the severity of poverty and socio-economic inequality in the country.The results of the study allowed determining the characteristics of poverty in Russia. First, the existence and social (children, youth, pensioners) and economic poverty of the working population (employees of the public sector). Second, interregional differences and high spatial differentiation of the level of poverty in the context of the regions of the Russian Federation.In the current situation, solving the problems of poverty in Russia and overcoming social inequality should be a priority of the government's domestic socio-economic policy. ; В статье представлены результаты исследования, цель которого заключалась в сравнительном статистическом анализе основных индикаторов бедности различных социально-демографических групп населения для выявления закономерностей и особенностей бедности в России.Информационной базой исследования послужили данные Федеральной службы государственной статистики, в частности материалы статистического бюллетеня «Социально-экономические индикаторы бедности в 2013–2016 годах».Статистическая оценка бедности, представленная автором, осуществлена в рамках абсолютной концепции бедности с учетом её основного критерия – величины прожиточного минимума. Данные выборочного обследования бюджетов домашних хозяйств (ОБДХ) в 2016 г. позволили использовать субъективный подход к оценке бедности и изучить мнения россиян о собственном финансовом положении. Использование статистических данных Федеральной службы государственной статистики позволило выявить сокращение масштабов бедности в 2,1 раза (с 29% до 13,5%) за период с 2000 – 2016 гг. и превышение среднедушевых доходов и среднемесячной заработной платы величины прожиточного минимума более чем в 3,0 раза. Однако всё это не свидетельствует о всеобщем благосостоянии граждан страны. Директивно установленный прожиточный минимум как стандарт потребления сильно занижен и не удовлетворяет важнейших потребностей современного человека. Результаты социологического обследования бюджетов домашних хозяйств служат подтверждением социального расслоения общества: более 86% россиян относят себя к бедному населению. На основе сравнительной характеристики уровня бедности по субъектам Российской Федерации выявляются регионы с уровнем бедности ниже, на уровне и выше среднероссийского уровня. Для 63,5% субъектов характерен уровень бедности, превышающий среднероссийский уровень, что доказывает остроту проблемы бедности и социально-экономического неравенства в стране.Результаты исследования позволили определить характерные особенности бедности в России. Во-первых, существование и социальной (дети, молодежь, пенсионеры) и экономической бедности трудоспособного населения (работники бюджетной сферы). Во-вторых, межрегиональные различия и высокая пространственная дифференциация уровня бедности в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации.В сложившейся ситуации решение проблем бедности в России и преодоление социального неравенства должно являться приоритетным направлением внутренней социально-экономической политики правительства.

Economic science considers human capital as a fundamental factor that stimulates the accumulation of productive capital and, accordingly, has a positive effect on economic growth. Improving labor force quality can lead to an increase in the well-being of an individual due to an increase in his labor cost. An increase in public welfare will affect the economic growth of the state as a whole. The above conditions the relevance and timeliness of this work, aimed at illustration of human capital concept (subject of the study), as well as determination of human capital place in theoretical economic growth models and empirical mechanisms of its influence on growth. A review of theoretical works analyzing human capital concept and its relationship with economic growth rates aimed at achieving this goal. The study was conducted at the IPEI Center for the Study of Central Banking Problems as part of the RANEPA state task for 2022 using relevant academic literature and as the major source of information and methods such as descriptive, statistical, comparative analysis, as well as systematic approach. Analysis of human capital concept allows concluding that this indicator represents a set of innate and acquired through investment knowledge, skills and practical skills that determine labor productivity and future income of an employee. The mechanisms of human capital impact on economic growth include the relationship between growth and education level, the impact of human capital on technological progress, the relationship between health indicators and economic growth rates, the growth effect of public spending on education and health, and, finally, the effect of human capital in terms of poverty reduction. In the future, this review can serve as a starting point for an empirical study of investments in human capital in Russia within the framework of models with uncertainty and individual heterogeneous discounting.

Несмотря на сложную международную обстановку, обостренную геополитической напряженностью в мире и пандемией COVID-19, экономика Вьетнама постепенно восстанавливается, однако определенные трудности и проблемы остаются до сих пор. В последние годы благодаря активной работе Правительства Социалистической Республики Вьетнам, своевременным решениям Министерства финансов, других профильных ведомств и учреждений, а также местных органов власти были поэтапно реализованы цели Стратегии государственного долга, соответствующие реализации задач социально-экономического развития, сокращения уровня бедности и асинхронного создания необходимой инфраструктуры. К 2020 г. показатели госдолга Социалистической Республики Вьетнам в основном находятся в пределах допустимых границ, но с точки зрения обязательств по выплате долга в ближайшее время потенциальные риски все еще остаются. Статья посвящена оценке результатов реализации Стратегии государственного долга Вьетнама на 2011-2020 гг. с целью предоставления соответствующих рекомендаций по обеспечению национальной финансовой безопасности, а также мобилизации ресурсов облигаций местных органов власти для эффективного и устойчивого экономического роста и развития. ; Despite the difficult international situation, exacerbated by geopolitical tensions in the world in general and the COVID-19 pandemic, the Vietnamese economy is gradually recovering, but certain difficulties and problems still remain. In recent years, thanks to the active work of the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, timely decisions of the Ministry of Finance, other relevant departments and institutions, as well as local authorities, the goals of the Public Debt Strategy have been gradually implemented, corresponding to the implementation of the tasks of socio-economic development, poverty reduction and building the necessary infrastructure asynchronously. By 2020, the indicators of the national debt of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam are mainly within acceptable limits, but from the point of view of obligations to repay debt in the near future, potential risks still remain. This article is devoted to assessing the results of the implementation of Vietnam Public Debt Strategy for 2011-2020 for providing appropriate recommendations for ensuring national financial security, as well as mobilizing resources of local government bonds for effective and sustainable economic growth and development.

In accordance with the Concept of state family policy in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025, the development of the system of state support for families with children is one of the main tasks of the state family policy. Despite the fact that in the years 2000-2013. there was a significant reduction of poverty, the poverty rate among families with children continues to be quite high: in 2014, 18.5% against 11% among the general population. In this regard, particularly relevant is the assessment of the impact of implemented measures of social support for families with children on their well-being. The object of study in this paper is the social support of families with children in Russia (on the example of the pilot regions - the Altai Territory and Samara Region). Spend analysis of the legislation governing the provision of social support to families with children of measures, quantitative survey of families with children and interviews with the staff of the bodies and institutions of social protection.

This article deals with the issue of the impact of universal basic income (UBI) on the standards and quality of life of population, highlights some theoretical and methodological aspects of its introduction, characterizes the current state of research on this issue and the experience of other countries. It presents the basic conceptual provisions of the scientific study conducted by the authors, which are aimed at the theoretical and methodological substantiation of the idea of introducing universal basic income in Russia, its forms, tools and possible application mechanisms for transformation of the processes and structures of the functioning of the labor and employment sphere, development of human potential, reduction of absolute monetary poverty and excessive socio-economic inequality, that meet modern technological challenges and lead to improving the standards and quality of life of people and the sustainability of the state and society.
The presented study is of high significance due to influence of the category "universal basic income", practical forms, tools and mechanisms of its application on the essential aspects of the life of people, on the expected improvement in their standards and quality of life and the sustainability of the state and society. It will contribute to formation of the scientific, organizational, instrumental and documentary basis for implementation of pilot projects at the regional level, where transitional forms of universal basic income relevant to Russia can be tested. Testing UBI in Russia is of a particular relevance because of the widespread precarious employment, high poverty rates and excessive socio-economic inequality in our country.

In the paper, there are examined the demographic premises of the territorial organization reform of the local public power in the Republic of Moldova. There are examined the following demographic problems faced by the Republic of Moldova: the natural population movement, the decrease of the population of the local territorial municipalities, the migration, the aging and poverty of the population. These negative effects of the demographic developments can be solved by strengthening of the local municipalities, which will have the effect of lowering the costs of maintaining the local authorities' apparatus, and these sums will be allocated to resolving other vital issues. In order to overcome the territorial fragmentation of the Republic of Moldova, there are proposed the following solutions: maintaining the organization of local public power on two levels; significant reduction of the number of II level local municipalities; the tempered strengthening of I level local municipalities, first of all, by voluntary merger; creating the conditions for amplifying and expanding the inter-municipal cooperation; creating the conditions for deepening of cross-border cooperation; redefining the regional construction by creating three strong development regions (North, Centre, South), comparable by the number of population, available resources and in line with NUTS rigors.

The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has had a negative impact on economies around the world. The article analyses the macroeconomic indicators characterising the Russian economy after the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this action on Russia's global indicators have been compared with those of some countries in the world. The objectives and activities of the "National Action Plan for Employment and Income Recovery, Economic Growth and Long-Term Structural Changes in the Economy" (hereinafter the "National Action Plan") have been considered. This document sets out the country's development over the next two years and measures to recover the economy from the COVID-19 pandemic. The Government of the Russian Federation is allocating 5 trillion roubles for the implementation of the "National Action Plan". Meanwhile, the main objective is to ensure a sustainable economic development and income growth path within two years. The indicators of the main goal to be achieved by the end of 2021 are: sustainable growth of the personal income; reduction of unemployment to 5%; growth of the gross domestic product by 2.5% per annum. In conclusion, the challenges and risks in implementing the "National Action Plan" have been formulated. ; Пандемия COVID-19 в 2020 г. оказала негативное воздействие на экономику во всех странах мира. В статье проанализированы макроэкономические показатели, характеризующие экономику России после пандемии COVID-19. Сопоставлены результаты этого действия по глобальным показателям России с показателями некоторых стран мира. Рассмотрены задачи и мероприятия «Общенационального плана действий, обеспечивающих восстановление занятости и доходов населения, рост экономики и долгосрочные структурные изменения в экономике» (далее – Общенациональный план действий). Этот документ определяет развитие страны на ближайшие два года и меры по восстановлению экономики после пандемии COVID-19. На реализацию Общенационального плана действий Правительство Российской Федерации выделяет 5 трлн руб. При этом поставлена главная ...

Основные предпосылки научной работы. При переходе от централизованного государственного планирования к рыночной экономике Россия испытала беспрецедентный скачок смертности, главным образом среди работоспособного мужского населения. Беларуси в этот период удалось избежать подъема уровня смертности. Что могло послужить причиной подобного различия? Имеющиеся научные работы указывают на связь между приватизационны-ми реформами ранних 1990-х гг. и смертностью, главным образом из-за безработицы. Однако имеющаяся научная литература основывается на традиционных данных по смертности из регистров народонаселения, что не позволяет делать выводы о влиянии приватизации на смертность изолированно от других факторов. Методы. Основой анализа выступает уникальная база данных, собранная научно-исследовательским проектом PrivMort. Она содержит информацию о населенных пунктах, предприятиях и индивидуальных респондентах, а также об их живых и умерших родственниках. Исследование основывается на непараметрическом методе отбора подобного по коэффициенту склонности вероятности для сравнения смертности и ее детерминант среди моно- и мультииндустриальных городов с разной скоростью и типом приватизации в России, где массовая приватизация была предпринята в начале 1990-х гг., и в Беларуси, где экономика была либерализована без массовой приватизации при сохранении сильного государственного контроля. Использована регрессия Пуассона с возрастной стандартизацией и смещением переменной (времени) по количеству лет, которые субъект прожил в 1992–1998 гг. Результаты. Показано, что скорость приватизации оказала наиболее сильный эффект на смертность среди мужчин в возрасте 20–65 лет в моноиндустриальных городах России, которые, в отличие от Беларуси, прошли массовую приватизацию. Выявлен сильный предохраняющий от смертности эффект проживания в Беларуси вблизи с польской границей, а также эффект наличия высшего образования. Кроме того, продемонстрировано, что безработица в 1990-е гг., а также отсутствие семьи повысили вероятность мужской смертности. Интерпретация результатов. Политика массовой приватизации имела крайне негативное влияние на мужскую смертность, особенно среди мужчин работоспособного возраста. Россия, которая применила политику массовой приватизации, включая быструю продажу государственных акций и быструю либерализацию цен, значительно хуже справилась с социально-экономическими последствиями транзиций, чем Беларусь, где применялась политика постепенной либерализации. Присутствие в экономике сильного государственного контроля может существенно амортизировать эффект тотальных экономических изменений на структурном уровне, так как оно значительно снижает уровень смертности за счет меньшего урезания социального бюджета, сокращения индустриального производства, более низкого уровня безработицы и бедности, экономического неравенства. = Background. While right after the onset of economic and political reforms transforming central planning to free market economy Russia experienced an unprecedented rise in mortality primarily among the working-age male population, Belarus did not experience such a shock. What can the difference between the mortality rates in two post-Soviet Slavic states be attributed to? Previous studies have indicated a link between privatisation reforms and mortality mostly via unemployment. However, existing studies rely on conventional registry-based mortality data or cross-national data, which makes them unable to single out the effect of privatization on mortality. Methods. The study uses a novel dataset acquired by the PrivMort project, containing data on settlement- and enterprise levels as well as individual-level data on the respondents and their alive and dead relatives. The study using propensity score matching compares mortality and its determinants across mono- and multi-industrial settlements with different pace and style of privatization in Russia, where rapid mass-privatization policies were introduced in the early 1990s, and Belarus, which liberalised its economy maintaining a strong state. We used Poisson regressions with offset variable (time of exposure) as a number of years a person lived in the exposure period (1992–1998). Findings. Using an age-adjusted Poisson regression, we demonstrate that among men aged 20–65, the speed of privatization has the strongest effect on mortality in mono-industrial towns that have undergone rapid mass privatization. Since Belarus has not undergone mass privatisation, the effect is only observable in Russia. We also identify a strong protective effect of living close to the border with Poland among Belarusian men and a strong protective effect of academic higher education. Furthermore, we demonstrate that unemployment in the 1990s and marital status have a strong effect on mortality. Single men when compared to men in stable partnerships are significantly more likely to die. Interpretation. The policies of rapid mass privatization had a negative effect on mortality among working-age men. Russia, which implemented mass-privatisation policies including quick sale of state assets, rapid price liberalisation and stabilisation, fared significantly worse in terms of mortality levels than Belarus, which employed a slow liberalization strategy. The presence of strong state can significantly cushion the effect of large-scale economic crises as it a) directly affects mortality rates by less reduction in public spending; and b) indirectly affect mortality due to a smaller fall in output, smaller unemployment and poverty rates as well as by less income inequality.

It has long been known that social alcoholism is an indicator of public moral and wellbeing of the state. Alcoholism is no longer the problem of one particular family but a global issue. How can it be otherwise if a drunkard lying on the ground in broad daylight has become a familiar sight, as well as a violent drinker? Not a single day passes without a number of alcohol related crimes. There is no consensus on when and where alcohol first appeared, but alcoholic drinks are known to have already been quite common during pagan festive and funeral feasts or public merrymakings. As a rule, the main raw material for alcoholic beverages (brags, mead, or beer) in those days was honey, so their influence was more invigorating than intoxicating. In ancient times, this phenomenon was, similarly, a source of much trouble, resulting in Pythagoras (about 540–500 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC) being the first methodologists of sober upbringing, and both were described by their contemporaries as displaying teetotalling views, which they passed on to their disciples and followers. Taking into consideration all mentioned above, the history of making and drinking alcohol goes back to ancient times. Living conditions has always had an impact on these processes. The article does not aim at a deep and thorough description of the phenomenon of drinking, production and consumption of liquor; it covers some aspects that remain matters of concern even in such a seemingly prosperous country as modern-day Switzerland. Considering various living conditions of those ancient days, modern historians do not see alcoholics of the past as depraved, weak-willed individuals any more. They believe that it is life conditions (no means of subsistence, poverty, ailing economy, crisis in the country) leading people into hopeless predicament that make people want to look for a way to forget about their troubles for a while. In such a situation one needs support in defining the causes that lead some social strata to unfavorable and malignant conditions. Some social groups are more likely to become vulnerable and even tend to turn anti-social if deprived of support. The long history of fight against alcoholism has often proved that alcoholism cannot be destroyed by frontal, permanent and absolute bans of alcoholic beverages. Therefore, it requires an unconditional fulfillment of alcohol products, existing norms and rules, including those that are prohibitive, by all entities of legal relations in the sphere of production and turnover, as well as a change in the structure of alcohol consumption and the cultivation of a drinking culture and other urgent measures in this. Modern society is getting more and more focused on the four principles that make up the basis of alcohol policy in Switzerland: prevention, treatment, harm reduction and repression. The fact that prevention and repression take the first and the last place correspondingly conforms to the alcohol policy in Switzerland: first they try to avoid the problem, then they treat those for whom preventive measures did not work, then they minimize the harm that habitual drinkers can cause, and repressive measures are considered the last resort, prevention being the main principle. Also, one of the ways of preventive struggle against alcoholism, along with public awareness activities and providing decent living conditions, is to raise alcohol taxes. History shows that liberal policy is based on self-responsibility of people and can be effective only where there is a perspective of a decent life, which presupposes a more or less stable economic situation that allows one to believe in social security. ; Издревле замечено, что пьянство населения является индикатором нравственности и благополучия государства. Это явление давно перестало быть проблемой отдельно взятой семьи на нашей планете и стало проблемой общества (человечества). Не может быть иначе, если среди бела дня на улице можно часто натолкнуться на мирно или не совсем мирно почивающее на земле тело, перебравшее хмельного напитка. Не проходит ни одного дня, чтобы не стало известно о преступлениях, совершенных кем-то в пьяном угаре. Когда появилось и как появилось это «зелье» – в истории указывается поразному, но уже в языческую эпоху на праздниках (пирах, тризнах, игрищах и т. п.) хмельные напитки имели широкое хождение в народе. Как правило, основным сырьем был мёд, поэтому хмельные напитки были скорее бодрящими, чем пьянящими: брага, медовуха, пиво. В античные времена это явление также, видимо, приносило немало неприятностей, поэтому не зря к первым методологам трезвенного воспитания можно отнести Пифагора (около 540–500 гг. до Р.Х.) и Аристотеля (384–322 гг. до Р. Х.), отмеченных мыслителями Древней Греции и Древнего Рима как личности, имеющие трезвеннические позиции, которые они передавали своим ученикам и последователям. Судя по этому, история изготовления и употребления алкоголя уходит в далекие времена, и жизненные условия накладывали на эти процессы различные отпечатки. В данной статье мы не предполагаем глубоко и всесторонне рассматривать данное явление как исторический процесс (производство и потребление крепких спиртных напитков), а коснёмся лишь некоторых аспектов, которые регулярно оказываются предметом озабоченности даже в такой, казалось бы, благополучной стране, каковой является в настоящее время Швейцария. Учитывая уже в давние времена весьма разнообразные жизненные условия, современные наблюдатели того времени перестали смотреть на алкоголиков как на индивидов порочных, со слабой силой воли. Они пришли к выводу, что прежде всего жизненные условия (отсутствие средств к существованию, нищета, слабая экономика страны, кризисная ситуация), приводящие людей в безвыходное состояние, ставят их в условия, когда человек хотя бы на время ищет способ забыться. В данной ситуации человек нуждается в поддержке, в нахождении важных причин, приводящих отдельные социальные слои населения к неблагоприятным и даже пагубным условиям. Какая-то часть населения становится наиболее уязвимой, склонной в случае отсутствия поддержки стать даже на асоциальный путь. В истории борьбы с алкоголизмом практикой многократно было подтверждено, что алкоголизм не изжить фронтальными и перманентными, абсолютными запретами алкогольных напитков. Поэтому необходимы: безусловное выполнение всеми субъектами правоотношений в сфере производства и оборота алкогольной продукции существующих норм и правил, в том числе носящих запретительный характер, а также изменение структуры потребления алкоголя и воспитание культуры потребления алкогольных напитков, реализация иных неотложных мер в этой области. Современное общество все более активно ориентируется на четыре принципа, которые являются основой алкогольной политики в Швейцарии: профилактика, лечение, уменьшение вреда, репрессия. Профилактика в этом перечислении занимает первое место, репрессия – последнее. Это не случайно, а соответствует приоритетам алкополитики. Для Швейцарии типично следующее: сначала пытаются предотвратить проблему, потом лечить тех, для кого профилактика не была действенна, потом уменьшить вред, который могут причинить уже серьёзно больные алкоголизмом, и только в последнюю очередь следует репрессия. Лидирующим принципом является профилактика. При этом одним из способов профилактической борьбы с алкоголизмом, наряду с просветительской деятельностью и созданием достойных условий жизни, может быть повышение налогов на алкоголь. Как показывает история, либеральная политика основана на самоответственности людей, и действенна она может быть только там, где у людей есть перспектива на достойную жизнь. А это значит, что более или менее константная экономическая ситуация и стабильность дают веру в социальную безопасность.