Suchergebnisse

Since 1985, the Chinese government has given high priority to building roads, particularly high-quality roads that connect industrial centers. This report evaluates the contribution roads have made to poverty reduction and economic growth in China over the last two decades. It disaggregates road infrastructure into different classes to account for differences in their quality, and then estimates the impact of road investments on overall economic growth, agricultural growth, urban growth, urban poverty reduction, and rural poverty reduction. The report makes the case for a greater focus on low-quality and rural roads in future infrastructure investment strategies in China. It does so by showing how investing in low-quality and rural roads will generate larger marginal returns, raise more people out of poverty per yuan invested, and reduce regional development disparity more sharply than investing in high-quality roads. The study's findings will have considerable implications for China's infrastructure policy. -- Authors' Abstract" ; PR ; IFPRI1; GRP3; GRP32; Theme 9; Public Policy and Investment ; DSGD

IFPRI3; GRP3; Theme 9; Public Policy and Investment ; EPTD; DSGD ; PR

In the past two decades, China has achieved world renown for reducing rural poverty. However, it is becoming harder to reduce poverty and inequality further in China, even though its economy continues to grow. This report compares the impact specific rural public investments can have on promoting growth and reducing poverty and inequality. Returns to these investments are calculated for the nation as a whole and for three economic zones in the west, central, and coastal regions of the country. Government expenditures that have the highest impact on poverty and growth include education, agricultural research and development, and rural infrastructure (roads, electricity, and telecommunications). Notably, spending on irrigation and anti-poverty loans had minimal impact. The report discusses the implications of these findings for setting future priorities for government investment. It also suggests avenues for future research and calls for a better understanding of how to improve the effectiveness of public resources. This report will be of interest to professionals involved in rural poverty reduction, rural development, agricultural growth, food security, and public investment policy. ; PR ; IFPRI1; GRP3; Theme 9; Public Policy and Investment

Wu, Ka Ming. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-163). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.i-iii ; Table of Content --- p.iv-v ; Abbreviations --- p.vi ; Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction: Women and Poverty in Hong Kong --- p.1 ; Poor Women: Where and Who are They? ; Research Purpose and Questions ; Research Methodology ; Some Research Reflections ; Chapter Chapter Two --- "Engendering the Question of Poverty: Power in Economy, State and Discourse" --- p.14 ; Women and Development under Economic Globalization ; Working Daughters Getting Old: The Hong Kong Case ; Hong Kong in the International Political Economy ; Poor Women: The Opposition of Workers and Citizens ; Welfare Perspectives: Three Different Theoretical Streams ; The Political Economy of Welfare State ; Feminist Critique of Welfare State ; Poor Women and Welfare Services in Hong Kong ; The Genealogy of Modern Power: Foucault on Power and Discourse ; Discourse Analysis ; Ideology versus Truth ; The Power of Gaze ; The Welfare Cut: The Poor as Objects of State Intervention ; Power/ Knowledge ; Chapter Chapter Three --- poor Women as Product of Economic Development: Changing Role of Hong Kong in the Global Economy --- p.45 ; Changing Role of Hong Kong in the Global Economy ; Poor Women after Economic Restructuring ; Reproductive Work Positions: Sliding Ranks and Salaries ; No Jobs for Poor Mothers ; Working Poor Mothers: Reconciling Paid Work and Family Responsibility ; Familialism and the Incorporation of Women as Labor ; Capitalist Production of Familialism ; The Matron Workers in the 1970s vs the Disabled Women in the 1990s ; Entering the Information Age in the late 1990s: Poor Women and Development ; Conclusion ; Chapter Chapter Four --- "Women, Poverty and the Welfare System in Hong Kong " --- p.72 ; Concern of Hong Kong Social Policy ; The Myth of Lassie-faire in Social Welfare ; Productivity: Philosophy of Hong Kong Social Welfare ; Single Mothers as Study ...

作為一種新型扶貧手段,小額信貸產業在過去三十年中於發展中國家迅速興起。從業者常常聲稱小額信貸機構能夠為貧窮農民提供金融機會,而這些弱勢群體過去往往被排除在傳統金融機構之外;與此同時,不同於以往的扶貧手段,小額信貸機構被認為能夠在財務上達到平衡乃至盈利。這種雙重目標的前景吸引了許多發展中國家的興趣,因此,小額信貸產業作為解決貧困問題的一種嘗試而在國際舞台上獲得了迅猛的發展。 ; 由於中國獨特的社會和政治環境,小額信貸機構的發展有其特殊的軌跡。本研究以深入訪談和參與式觀察為主要研究方法,通過為期三個月的田野調查,對中國西部與北部的兩個非政府小額信貸組織進行了深入考察。研究發現,小額信貸組織正面臨無法同時達成雙重目標的困境;基於觀察與資料分析,本文提出,中國農村社區信任結構的轉型是小額信貸組織面臨多重問題的主要原因。隨著市場經濟的發展與城市化的加速,在日漸瓦解的熟人社會中,小額信貸機構的社會目標被其財務目標所壓制,導致原有的扶貧、婦女賦權等目標難以達成,更形成了目標替代的組織現象。 ; 為深入探討小額信貸產業中目標替代的現象,本文從組織目標的合法性與可測量性兩個角度提出假設,指出當邊緣目標具有強烈的合法性和直觀的可測量性,便可能取代相對難以觀測的核心目標。最後,本文指出,為保證小額信貸組織不偏離原有的社會目標,需要設計一種新型的、獨立的測量工具,用以跟踪記錄小額信貸組織的社會影響,並將其作為判斷組織表現的核心因素。 ; Known as an innovative tool for poverty alleviation, microfinance has been widely spread in developing countries in the past few decades. It is commonly claimed that microfinance institutions (MFIs) can provide financial opportunities to those who are unable to obtain loans from the formal system, while at the same time maintain their institutional sustainability. This promise has attracted the interest of developing countries with large population in poverty, leading to a remarkable emergence of microfinance industry on the global stage. ; Because of the special social and political environment, the development of MFIs in China has its unique trajectory. Based on interviews and participant observation, this three-month research focuses on two non-governmental MFIs in Western China and Northern China, revealing a plight of infeasible dual objectives and proposing an explanation from the angle of transformed trust structure. In a collapsing acquaintance community, the social objectives are suppressed by the demands of self-sustainability, thus violating the original intention of poverty alleviation and women empowerment, and leading to a phenomenon of goal displacement. ; To further discuss the logic behind the goal displacement phenomenon in microfinance industry, two propositions are suggested from the angles of legitimacy and measurability of organizational goals. The findings indicate that to ensure the ...

黎玲寶. ; "2005年2月". ; 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2005. ; 參考文獻(leaves 136-140). ; "2005 nian 2 yue". ; Abstracts in Chinese and English. ; Li Lingbao. ; Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2005. ; Can kao wen xian (leaves 136-140). ; 圖片及相片 --- p.iii ; 表格及圖表 --- p.iv ; 致謝 --- p.v ; 摘要(中文) --- p.vi ; 摘要(英文) --- p.vii ; Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1-22 ; 研究背景 --- p.1 ; 硏究主題 --- p.2 ; 硏究目的 --- p.6 ; 相關文獻 --- p.6 ; 硏究方法 --- p.16 ; 硏究中遇到的困難 --- p.21 ; 硏究意義 --- p.22 ; Chapter 第二章 --- 基層家庭互助會 --- p.23-42 ; 荃灣合一社會服務中心 --- p.24 ; 基層會的管理架構和會員情況 --- p.27 ; 會員服務 --- p.30 ; 權益工作 --- p.34 ; 總結 --- p.41 ; Chapter 第三章 --- 綜援家庭之生計及經濟難題 --- p.43-70 ; 因綜援金產生之問題 --- p.47 ; 生活開支(一):食物開支 --- p.51 ; 生活開支(二):子女教育及醫藥開支 --- p.57 ; 生活開支(三):住屋租金 --- p.62 ; 失去經濟收入的主導權 --- p.63 ; 總結 --- p.68 ; Chapter 第四章 --- 綜援家庭所面對之壓力及社交關係 --- p.71-97 ; (一)傳媒報 導 --- p.71 ; (二)與社工相處的壓 力 --- p.74 ; (三)來自義工朋友的壓 力 --- p.78 ; (四)社會人士歧視的壓 力 --- p.80 ; 受訪家庭所面對的歧視情況 --- p.83 ; 社交關係 --- p.91 ; 總結 --- p.97 ; Chapter 第五章 --- 家庭及價値觀 --- p.98-118 ; 父母寄望子女成材 --- p.100 ; 家庭的維繫 --- p.103 ; 抗拒領取綜援 --- p.106 ; 有經濟價値才是「正確」 --- p.107 ; 樂觀積極,以「平常心」面對困難 --- p.111 ; 相信命運? --- p.114 ; 總結 --- p.117 ; Chapter 第六章 --- 總結 --- p.119-126 ; 受訪家庭之需要 --- p.120 ; 貧窮問題 --- p.122 ; 貧窮文化之體現? --- p.123 ; 結語 --- p.124 ; 附錄一深入硏究的家庭之基本資料 --- p.127-129 ; 附錄二基層會通訊內容:香港貧窮線硏究的專題介紹 --- p.130 ; 附錄三基層會通訊內容:提供最新的綜援金額資料 --- p.131 ; 附錄四綜援金額計算表 --- p.132-135 ; 參考書目 --- p.136-140