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We critically depend on the Internet for our professional, personal and political lives. Researchers have been developing monitoring and measurement techniques to gather an accurate and exhaustive knowledge about how this complex, critical and largely opaque ecosystem of independent networks actually operates. Among the aspects of interest, tracing Internet paths (i.e. routers and links traversed by the network traffic sent towards a given destination) has attracted large interest from the research community with several applications including the reverse engineering of the network infrastructure, the monitoring and prediction of Internet paths and their performance, the management and troubleshooting of the network, the organization of efficient overlay networks and the investigation of the network routing and its pathologies. However, the techniques developed for tracing Internet paths are affected by several severe limitations causing the information obtained about the paths under investigation to be potentially incomplete or inaccurate with a significant impact on the applications relying on them. For instance, state of the art path tracing techniques may provide inaccurate topological information causing a distortion of the inferred network topology. Furthermore, by reviewing the literature, we notice how researchers, network administrators and systems relying on path tracing techniques are often interested in exploring specific Internet paths about which they know only some characteristics such as the traversed Autonomous Systems (AS). However, the ability to explore particular Internet routes strongly depends on (i) the availability of multiple vantage points well-distributed in the Internet (i.e. the machines issuing path tracing measurement) and (ii) the ability of identifying which specific vantage point to use and destination to target in order to explore the path of interest. Regarding the first challenge, researchers might use the vantage points made available by several public experimental testbeds. However, the great heterogeneity of interfaces and internal mechanisms of these testbeds represented a strong disincentive: as a consequence, researchers tend to use always the same testbed and its relatively small amount of vantage points. Regarding the second point, to the best of our knowledge, there are no available methodologies to identify which particular path tracing measurements to perform in order to explore a particular path of interest. In this thesis, we developed methodologies, techniques and a system for advancing the state of the art in the field of Internet path tracing. After having detailed the Internet path tracing techniques currently available, we critically analize their limitations as well as the partial solutions documented in literature: while some limitations attracted great interest from the community (e.g. load balancing), several other limitations have been largely ignored or not exhaustively investigated or resolved. As a first contribution, we present a set of innovative active probing techniques augmenting state of the art path tracing techniques with the specific goal to address unresolved limitations in Internet path tracing. More precisely, we present measurement techniques to (i) detect and locate hidden routers (i.e. network device invisible to path tracing techniques); (ii) detect third-party addresses (i.e. an anomaly causing the inference of AS not actually traversed on the path towards the destination); (iii) dissect in chunks the overall delay experienced along the path; (iv) trace the path towards the destination with a totally alternative path tracing approach complementary to the one universally adopted. As a second contribution, we identify two additional limitations in Internet path tracing: state of the art path tracing techniques may induce one to overestimate the number of equal-cost paths towards the destination and to infer non-existing changes in the network routing. For this analysis, we rely on alias resolution techniques (including a technique we present in this thesis) whose goal is to identify the addresses belonging to the same network device. As a third contribution, we designed, implemented and evaluated PANDA, a first implementation of a general architecture providing a path tracing on-demand service that aggregates under a unique simple interface the vantage points made available by different experimental testbeds very rarely jointly used due to the great heterogeneity of the exposed interfaces. PANDA is designed to satisfy complex user queries requesting path tracing measurements for Internet path with a priori known characteristics. This goal is reached by relying on a BGP-based prediction engine.

In ragione dell'emergenza legata al Covid-19, nei diversi ordinamenti nazionali, sono state progressivamente imposte numerose limitazioni alle libertà fondamentali degli individui: la libertà personale, quella di circolazione, quella di riunione, quella di culto, quella di iniziativa economica sono soltanto alcune delle principali prerogative individuali fortemente ridimensionate - se non annullate - nella prospettiva del contrasto al diffondersi del contagio e, dunque, nella logica della preminenza del diritto alla salute (individuale e collettiva). Questi interventi limitativi sono stati percepiti come assolutamente necessari e, pertanto, accolti dai destinatari con sostanziale accondiscendenza, senza che sia emerso alcun dibattito - neppure dottrinale - intorno alla possibilità di ricorso a differenti modelli che, alla imposizione iussu principis, preferissero dinamiche volontaristiche di adesione (pure astrattamente ipotizzabili). Ora, in una fase di progressiva (ri)espansione delle prerogative individuali sopracitate, si DPER online n. 2/2020-Issn 2421-0528 Diritto Pubblico Europeo Rassegna online Fascicolo 2/2020 27 apre il dibattito su possibili interventi (parzialmente) limitativi della riservatezza, soprattutto in relazione all'utilizzo di tecnologie di contact tracing. Ebbene, rispetto a questa possibilità (che, nell'ordinamento italiano, ruota intorno all'utilizzo della cd. app Immuni), le opzioni adottate dai diversi ordinamenti si atteggiano in maniera differente, con opzioni anche antitetiche tra modelli volontaristici/obbligatori di introduzione dei sistemi di tracciamento o, ancora, in ordine alla scelta tra tutela assoluta dell'anonimato dei soggetti tracciati (propria del modelloeuropeo) ed implementazione di social credit systems e meccanismi di geolocalizzazione individuale (tipici di alcune realtà asiatiche). Eppure, limitazioni della privacy, tutto sommato risibili se paragonate a quelle subite nei mesi scorsi da libertà fondamentali cardinali, sono segnate - soprattutto nella tradizione giuridica occidentale - da un forte disvalore politico-sociale, sì da essere accompagnate un profondo dibattito a più livelli, inedito anche per questa stagione emergenziale. ; Due to the emergency linked to Covid-19, in the various national legal systems, numerous limitations have been progressively imposed on the fundamental freedoms of individuals: personal freedom, freedom of movement, freedom of assembly, that of worship, that of economic initiative are only some of the main individual prerogatives strongly reduced - if not canceled - in the perspective of contrasting the spread of the infection and, therefore, in the logic of the pre-eminence of the right to health (individual and collective)These limiting interventions have been perceived as absolutely necessary and accepted with substantial condescension, without any doctrinal debate concerning the possibility of using different models based upon voluntary dynamics. Now, in a phase of progressive (re)expansion of the individual rights and liberties, the focus is upon contact tracing technologies and their impact on the right to privacy. Antithetical options have inspired Westerns and Eastern legal systems: the former (especially european systems) based on voluntary models of tracking which guarantee the anonymity of the individuals; the latter on the implementation of social credit systems, that make extensive use of compulsory geolocation and other forms of control (such as China, South Korea). Indeed, these privacy restrictions, laughable when compared with to those suffered in recent months by fundamental freedoms, are surrounded - especially in the Western legal tradition - by political and social disvalues and are accompanied by a deep debate at several levels, surprising even during this emergency season.

In the framework of remote sensing, infrared (IR) cameras allow the user to sense IR radiation, similar to common cameras that sense visible light. The radiation acquired from IR cameras is related to the temperature of the observed scene through the Planck's law, in fact IR cameras are also known as "thermal cameras" for their capability of detecting information concerning the heat of the observed scene. Thermal cameras were originally developed for military purposes to detect and track targets on complex scenarios as an alternative to radar systems, in that optical systems - due to their passive nature - are more robust to countermeasures for interception. Nevertheless, over the years IR cameras have been employed also in several civilian fields. In a military context, the images acquired from IR devices are processed to reveal the presence of targets that typically cannot be easily distinguished from both clutter, spatial and temporal noise sources. The aim of automatic target detection (ATD) techniques is to furnish detections to consider reliable in a statistical approach, i.e. in terms of probability of false-alarm and probability of detection. In order to improve ATD performance, appropriate de-noising techniques and clutter removal algorithms have to be developed as a pre-processing step, since the mitigation of both noise sources (spatial and temporal) and the accurate estimation of background clutter improve the performance of ATD. In this framework, this PhD thesis is focused on pre-processing techniques developed to improve the performance of ATD techniques. The first part of the thesis is focused on a de-noising problem known in the literature as non-uniformity correction (NUC) for last generation focal-plane arrays (FPAs) IR devices. Particular emphasis has been posed on scene-based techniques since NUC is operated with the only employment of the sensed radiation. A detailed overview of scene-based NUC techniques presented in the literature is carried out highlighting advantages and drawbacks. Focusing on the performance of the NUC scene-based techniques, the Scribner's algorithm has been deeply analyzed revealing high NUC performance combined with small computational load. In relation to this NUC technique, it has been introduced the problem of ghosting artifacts which is considered as a collateral effect emerging from scene-based NUC techniques based on a statistical approach. Novel methods to mitigate ghosting artifacts are presented in this PhD thesis: (i) Bilateral filter (BF)- based de-ghosting. The bilateral filter has been employed to operate accurate spatial estimates of the FPN; (ii) Temporal statistics (TS)-based de-ghosting. Temporal statistics are computed to predict the trend of an accurate estimate of the NUC parameters. The proposed techniques have been tested and evaluated in terms of de-ghosting capability and global NUC effectiveness by means of IR experimental data sets with simulated FPN. The second part of the PhD thesis concerns a complementary topic of data processing for ATD applications: background estimation and removal in IR images. It has been adopted a well-established scheme for target detection in IR surveillance systems, that is the cascade of background clutter removal plus a strategy of target detection. In such an ATD scheme, the overall detection performance is strongly influenced by the effectiveness of the employed BEA. Particularly, the BEA and its design parameters should be chosen so as to get an accurate estimate of the background signal and to avoid biases caused by the possible presence of targets (target leakage). In this framework, it is proposed a novel method for the choice and setting of the best performing BEA in its best performing configuration for the detection of dim point targets in IR images. The proposed procedure relies on a simulation-based off-line approach. The effectiveness of the proposed BEA selection procedure is evaluated in two case studies typical of IR video-surveillance: maritime and airborne surveillance scenarios. Experimental image sequences have been acquired by MWIR cameras in order to test the proposed BEA selection criterion (BEA-SC).

In learning processes, the affective-relational aspect plays a strategic role of no less importance than the cognitive sphere. The traditional education offerings at schools and, even more, universities, very often neglect the necessary integration between these aspects. Art, in its various forms and its many languages, can promote motivation, interest, participation and passion in the learner and can be an effective element of connection between "the reasoning of the heart and the reasoning of the mind". The art languages are characterized by an uninterrupted flow of images, awesomeness, references, open-mindedness which predisposes to meta-learning, a crucial resource for the global education. A network connecting von Foerster, Van Gogh, Bateson and Frida Kahlo stems from narration about art, ethics, therapy, science and political activism. ; Nei processi di apprendimento, l'aspetto affettivo-relazionale ha un ruolo strategico di non minore importanza rispetto alla sfera cognitiva. Le offerte di formazione tradizionali delle scuole e, ancor più, delle università, molto spesso trascurano la necessaria integrazione tra questi aspetti. L'arte, nelle sue varie forme e nelle sue molte lingue, può promuovere la motivazione, l'interesse, la partecipazione e la passione nello studente e può essere un elemento efficace di collegamento tra "il ragionamento del cuore e il ragionamento della mente". I linguaggi dell'arte sono caratterizzati da un flusso ininterrotto di immagini, suggestioni, riferimenti, apertura mentale che predispone a un meta-apprendimento, una risorsa cruciale per l'educazione globale. Una rete che collega von Foerster, Van Gogh, Bateson e Frida Kahlo nasce dalla narrazione intorno all'arte, all'etica, alla terapia, alla scienza e all'attivismo politico.

The current Internet scenario is very different from that envisioned in the original plan. The original protocols of the Internet were designed to allow simple communications between a few hundreds of academic and government users, which were assumed to be fixed and trusted. Today, a wide range of new access technologies have been introduced, which make user mobility and ubiquitous access easier and widely adopted. On the other hand, new applications and services are spreading, some of which are becoming almost necessary for our life. This new scenario poses several challenges to the Internet infrastructure, and different approaches have been proposed in literature towards the Future Internet. Adopting an evolutionary approach, in this thesis we provide contributions in the area of space and time diversity at IP layer, aiming to overcome limitations of current Internet infrastructure. In particular, we propose new techniques implementing what we call informed diversity: space and time diversity using information about the status of the network to make informed decisions about the operating parameters. We adopt a methodology composed of theoretical, simulations, and experimental analysis, and we provide contributions in terms of methodologies and techniques for network monitoring, and in terms of innovative techniques and tools for space and time diversity at IP layer. Obtained results show that informed space and time diversity achieve better performance than traditional techniques.

Lo studio analizza l'implementazione delle esperienze di agricoltura sociale quale potenziale area di innovazione nelle politiche di welfare regionale, nel caso studio delle Marche. Adottando l'approccio teorico analitico del process tracing, focalizza la sua attenzione sulla dimensione della governance che ha caratterizzato questi processi di innovazione, considerando le sue relative potenzialità e criticità nella prospettiva del social investment. Evidenzia il carattere circoscritto delle sperimentazioni di innovazione, discute la tipologia di attori coinvolti e il suo potenziale di upscaling, interrogandosi sul suo impatto nel contesto delle altre esperienze locali e del più ampio clima neoliberista.

Flight testing continues to remain an essential step in the development or modification of an aircraft. Modern fixed wing aircrafts, especially mitary jet aircrafts, are highly complex systems that push the edges of aerodynamic, propulsion, and control system technologies. The ever-increasing complexity of the aircrafts presents new challenges to those who are involved in the flight testing of those vehicles. Over the last 40 years, simulation has played a vital role in increasing the safety and the efficiency of flight testing. Modeling and Simulation (M&S) is a tool to support testing and its use has improved flight test planning, execution and safety. The incredible growth in computational capabilities has created also new possibilities on how M&S can be used to support flight testing. Even with improved computers, high-fidelity simulations still depend on the ability of the engineering team to create models that accurately represent the aircraft or the environment that they are testing. Simulation is a tool that greatly improves the efficiency and the effectiveness of a flight test program, but it must be used in conjunction and in coordination with the actual testing. As the aircrafts continue to evolve in complexity, the role of simulation continues to grow. Every major aircraft developer, whether they are commercial or military, depends on the use of simulation to some degree. The application of these simulations to flight testing is an important aspect of the aircraft's development. Many of the technical disciplines involved with the aircraft development make use of simulation. In flight testing, simulation is especially used to support structures and flutter tests, stores separation tests, as well as total weapon system's effectiveness tests. Simulation in support of flight testing is here to stay, and there is a growing to demand to further increase its use. The purpose of this thesis is to illustrate how simulation can be effectively used to support flight testing of fixed-wing military aircrafts and what should be considered when developing a simulation that is used to support flight test. In particular, the contribution of M/S in support to store integration and separation activities will be carried out.

Adapted from the source document.

The essay investigates some stylistic and pragmatic variations across two genres and text-types pertaining to political oratory in Early Modern England. The speaker in question is the Renaissance monarch who, as many studies have shown from a cultural perspective, appropriates the forms of stage performance and, by manipulating them, acts his power and performs a relationship with his subjects. In this respect my study proposes to analyse and compare some aspects of non-literary and literary texts, Queen Elizabeth I's parliamentary speeches and Shakespeare's Henry V's monologues, as text-types which share a strong persuasive and argumentative aim and are both speech-purposed. The working hypothesis of my case study is that, by drawing attention to two specific speech-acts, directives and commissives, the evaluation of the illocutionary force of their speeches will shed light also on some typical features of the political discourse of Early Modern England.

A partire dagli anni Settanta si è assistito alla diffusione a livello globale di politiche di riforma amministrativa basate sul New Public Management, un insieme di misure che avrebbe dovuto garantire il suo sicuro successo in ogni paese e in ogni stagione. L'idea di applicare in modo aprioristico le medesime soluzioni in contesti istituzionali molto diversi tra loro, spesso poco adatti a recepirle, si è però mostrata scarsamente efficace. In risposta alla crisi del New Public Management, è emersa l'ipotesi di analizzare singoli processi di innovazione mettendo in luce le scelte degli attori che, operando in uno specifico contesto in continuo movimento, hanno modellato il design del cambiamento. Per questa via, diventa possibile estrapolare da questi studi delle lezioni di policy che possono essere apprese da altri innovatori per progettare interventi di riforma in diversi contesti. Il volume si colloca in questo filone emergente di ricerche.

Technological food processing, such as grilling and smoking, can produce high levels of PAH in treated products, and risk for human health is related to the type of ingested food and the frequency of consumption. However, the recent legislation (Regulation EC 835/2011) on maximum levels of PAHs in foods did not set limits for milk and dairy products, including smoked cheeses, even if some smoking techniques can cause formation and accumulation of PAHs on food. Among smoked cheese, smoked buffalo mozzarella or "provola" is a typical product with DOP mark, it may be PAH contaminated. During traditional smoking process Mozzarella was exposed to smoke obtained from the incomplete straw or wood shavings combustion in smoking room. Alternatively, the smoked product is obtained by immersing the cheese in the so-called "liquid smoke", a solution obtained through condensation and filtration of smoke. Sometimes, illegal procedures, as corrugated paper or varnished wood combustion, are employed for smoking food production. The authorized materials are wheat straw, wood shavings of fir, beech or alder bark, which are placed in special containers. This thesis project aimed to assess levels and distribution of B(a)P and other three marker PAHs (PAH4), as suggested by EFSA in the smoked buffalo mozzarella cheese obtained by different smoking techniques usually employed in dairies of Campania. Besides the influence of different techniques, permitted or non by law, on the content of PAHs in mozzarella was evaluated. This research, aimed to study the migration of PAHs from the external surface (rind) of the mozzarella, more exposed to the smoke, into core and so consumer exposure to these contaminants through ingestion of whole mozzarella. For this purpose were analyzed separately out of mozzarella (rind), core and whole product. 50 batches of samples of buffalo mozzarella, each of 16 samples (250 gr), produced according to the specifications established by the Decree (D.Mi.PAF. 2003), in a dairy farm located in the Salerno province (Campania) and with CE mark. Once produced, mozzarella samples were transported to another dairy, where, a mozzarella was not smoked and conceded as blank matrix while groups of three mozzarella were smoked with different techniques such as combustion of cardboard, bark of alder, chips of fir or beech, wheat straw and liquid smoke. The obtained results showed a not PAH contamination in non-smoked mozzarella cheese samples and in the core of smoked ones. About the rind, highest levels were found in sample obtained from cardboard combustion and in particular BaP levels ranged from 110 to 417.8 µg/kg. However, the levels found in traditional techniques were highest in samples obtained by bark of alder combustion (5.1 µg/kg – 54.0 µg/kg), followed by chips of fir or beech combustion (1.5 µg/kg – 44.3 µg/kg) and straw (0.2 µg/kg – 28.2 µg/kg). Considering the whole products, similar trend was observed. In particular, the use of illegal techniques such as cardboard combustion showed highest BaP (median 8.3 µg/kg), while in traditional techniques bark of alder showed a median of 2.8 µg/kg, followed by chips of fir or beech with a median 1.2 µg/kg and finally, by straw with a median of 0.4 µg/kg. All sample obtained by immersion in liquid smoke showed not detectable PAH levels both in rind and in whole product. A statistical analysis was carried out in order to evaluate if the time can effect on the PAH formation, and any statistical differences were found. However the use of different materials and techniques can produce a different amount of PAH in smoked food. A statistical analysis showed that the rind can represent a barrier to migration of generated PAH into the core of the products and it so can support the accumulation of these compounds. For this reason it is recommended to remove the rind until the ingestion of this smoked cheese, considering also that our data are always higher than daily intake and intake for person evaluated by EFSA, except for liquid smoke. This suggests that mozzarella subjected to treatment with liquid smoke is preferable to the those smoked with traditional procedures.