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Certification according to private sustainability standards (ecolabelling) has become an important addition to public fisheries management in recent years. The major global ecolabel in terms of comprehensiveness and coverage is the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Fisheries Standard. Under the MSC Standard, the status of the fishery's target stocks, its impact on the wider ecosystem and the effectiveness of its management system are assessed. Becoming and remaining certified requires continuous behavioural adaptation from fisheries through a fine-meshed system of conditions attached to certification. In this article, MSC certification of two clusters of fisheries in Arctic waters is discussed, one large- and one small-scale. In the Barents Sea cod and haddock fisheries, the main obstacle to certification has been the fisheries' impact on endangered, threatened and protected (ETP) species and bottom habitats, and in order to remain certified beyond the first five-year certification period, the fishing companies have had to introduce a number of voluntary measures beyond what is required by law. In the local lumpfish fisheries in Greenland, Iceland and Norway, conditions attached to certification have been related to the effects of these fisheries on seabirds and marine mammals. Here essential parts of a management regime, such as biological reference points and harvest control rules, have come about as a direct result of MSC certification. MSC certification is no panacea, but it seems to have found a niche as a supplement to national legislation and international agreements.

The role of think tanks in American politics has been increasingly subjected to systematic analysis over the last 10-15 years. In this article I review some of this literature, focusing mainly on the questions of what think tanks are, why this phenomenon is so strongly associated with the US, & what influence think tanks have on US policy-making. Think tanks comprise a wide range of organizations, from pure research institutions to the ideologically-based "advocacy think tanks" characterized by their combination of a strong political agenda & aggressive marketing techniques. The American political system has several features that allow think tanks access to the decision-making process, such as a fragmented structure with a weak party system, a central role for the mass media, & an issue-dominated political agenda. There is no good measure of the general influence of think tanks in US politics, but case studies indicate that the central role of the ideologically-based advocacy think tanks may serve to undermine the role of experts in American politics in the long term. References. Adapted from the source document.

"Who is the biblical Jesus? The answer depends on which translation you read. Most people read their Bible translation as "the Bible". Publishers of the Bible have great power to define the Bible and decide how the biblical Jesus is presented.

Jesus i oversettelse is a detailed analysis of the translation processes behind the making of eighteen Christological verses in the translations of the Norwegian Bible Society 1959–2011. Readers are invited to a process that few have access to: How the translations are made, and what considerations and which interests are reflected in the translation choices. To what extent do the translators ensure a distinct understanding of Jesus in the translated text? Do the translations change the meaning and message of the source text, or do the translations preserve the interpretative possibilities? What view of Jesus is reflected in translations of the Norwegian Bible Society?
" - "Hvem er Bibelens Jesus? Svaret avhenger av hvilken oversettelse du leser. Folk flest leser sin bibeloversettelse som «Bibelen». Utgivere av Bibelen har stor definisjonsmakt over Bibelen, og bestemmer hvordan Bibelens Jesus blir presentert.

Jesus i oversettelse er en detaljert analyse av atten kristologiske vers i Bibelselskapets oversettelser 1959–2011. Leserne blir invitert inn i en prosess som få har innsyn i: Hvordan Bibelselskapets oversettelser lages, og hvilke hensyn og interesser som gjenspeiles i oversettelsesvalgene. I hvilken grad sikrer oversetterne en bestemt forståelse av Jesus i den oversatte bibelteksten? Endrer oversettelsene kildetekstens betydning og budskap, eller ivaretar oversettelsenetolkningsmulighetene som ligger i kildeteksten? Hvilket syn på Jesus reflekteres i Bibelselskapets oversettelser?Tema i denne antologien er universitets- og høgskolesektorens utvikling og forhold til nasjon og region. I Norge har utfordringen med å sveise sammen et land med sterke og sprikende regionale og lokale identiteter vært styrende for nasjonsbyggingsprosjektet. Den politikken som er blitt ført for å bygge ut høyere utdanning og forskning, bærer umiskjennelig preg av å være en del av et slikt prosjekt. Utdannings- og forskningspolitikken har gjennomløpt ulike faser og vært underlagt skiftende paradigmer. Fra 1960-tallet og de første tiår fremover ble det bygd ut UH-institusjoner utover landet, spesielt for å dekke behov for høyt utdannet arbeidskraft i regionene. Resultatet av denne prosessen ble at Norge ved inngangen til 1990-tallet antakelig hadde et av verdens mest desentraliserte UH-systemer målt i forhold til folketallet.

Deretter startet en epoke med en serie reformer for konsentrasjon og samling, for å styrke kvalitet, forskning og nasjonal konkurranseevne i en tid der kunnskap er vår viktigste ressurs. Det har vært skiftende syn på styring av og innenfor sektoren, påvirket av internasjonale trender. Det betyr ikke at de regionale ambisjonene ble mindre, men de antok andre former. Behovet for høyt utdannet arbeidskraft var like sterkt til stede, og parallelt kom økte krav til kunnskapsutvikling og samarbeid med regionalt næringsliv og offentlige institusjoner.

I denne antologien forsøker vi å gi et riss av den historiske utviklingen som har preget UH-sektoren. Hvordan forstår og forklarer vi den utviklingen vi har hatt? Hvilke interesser, drivkrefter og aktører kan vi identifisere? Hvilke konsekvenser kan vi spore? I noen grad forsøker vi også å se fremover med utgangspunkt i hvor vi nå befinner oss.

Bidragene til antologien kommer fra sentrale forskere innenfor feltet. De teoretiske og empiriske inngangene til temaet er ulike. I sitt mangfold gir de et dekkende bilde av den spennende utviklingen bak den universitets- og høgskolesektoren vi har i dag, og de forutsetninger dette gir for å utvikle sektoren videre."

Regulatory coherence is crucial to effectively respond to the growing pressures that our oceans are facing. Applying the interpretative lens of ocean connectivity to ocean governance can help address the challenges from a material, epistemic, and geopolitical viewpoint. This special issue intends to uncover various understandings of ocean connectivity taking into account the complex biocultural interactions happening in the marine environment. The research aim is divided into two objectives: (1) to explore the various conceptualizations of ocean connectivity; and (2) to provide a critical analysis on how the law (of the sea) considers or disregards ocean connectivity. Our research methodology combines a literature review and a mapping technique that examines the models of connectivity. The mapping technique has been developed by adopting the 'one-pager approach', where the authors have been asked to answer two research questions, aligned with our research objectives. We structured the work into an introductory section and three main articles. The understanding of ocean connectivity is key to developing international marine policy and suggesting legal tools for the protection of the marine environment. Moving from this angle towards an understanding of connectivity which includes bio-centric elements, Indigenous cosmo-visions, and anthropocentric connectivity, we identified three models of connectivity and explored their suitability to address the systemic challenges.

Why do we focus on the internal arrangements of the contractual process from a leadership perspective? Through empirical research where we have asked questions about the internal organizational arrangements, what kind of knowledge the organization need, and how institutional arrangements affect the contract process, we have tried to answer the main research question. We have also carried with us a question of if the organization's attachment to the public or private sector affects the arrangements. I have conducted a comparative case study where data has been generated from two public sector organizations, The National Road Administration, Helsebygg Midt-Norge, one private sector organization, Siemens, and one hybrid organization, NTE. Data was primarily generated from the governance system of the different organizations, and informant interviews. The analysis was carried out by two steps; first an empirical analysis, then a theoretical analysis, based on contractual theory, of the empirical findings. The empirical analysis shows that the organizations share the same thoughts on how to organize the contractual work; the division between the line and the project organization, the distribution of decision-making authority, and the institutionalization of a specific governance system. The organizational processes are formalized, and the governance system gives the clear recommendation on desired actions. The empirical data gives a clear understanding that the contract process is dominated by one profession — the engineers. Regarding the question on knowledge, I found the organizations to be interested foremost on problem solving competencies (engineering competencies). Other competencies, for example economic or legal competencies, where viewed as support competencies. We also found that personal skills in handling the complex and difficult processes and attitude toward ethics seemed to be of importance. On the question on how institutional elements in the organizational environment affected the contract process, we found that the overall interest of the organizations was stability and predictability. We also found that the market mechanisms cause the organizations some worry. In the end, the empirical findings did not give us any strong reasons to differentiate between public sector organizations and private sector organizations in how to deal with contractual work processes. The theoretical analysis has been carried out within classical and relational contract theory. The analysis shows that the empirical findings, to a great extend, can be explained through classical contract theory. It also gives us some ideas on what areas of the theory, especially relational contract theory that should be improved. Regarding the main research question, the conclusions indicate a need to establish a comprehensive approach to the contract process, to ensure a good balance between different partial processes. There also seem to be necessary to work on improvements on contract theory to increase the applicability of the theory, especially the relational contract theory.

The Minamata Convention, which entered into force on 16 August 2017, is a global, legally binding instrument on mercury. The initiative on the Minamata Convention was mainly driven by research showing negative effects on human health and the environment in the Arctic. The Arctic Council, an intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation on Arctic issues, and its Working Group, AMAP, played an important role in the process leading up to international negotiations on the Minamata Convention. This paper elucidates the evolutionary process in which scientific knowledge, herded by an intergovernmental, regional forum, is involved and forms the basis for a legally binding agreement. The paper provides new insight on multilevel governance of the mercury issue and unravels the role that AMAP has played in this dynamic process.

Fragile or failed states are often caused by long lasting and violent conflicts - Liberia is one of them. Since the war ceased in 2003, the United Nations and its coalition of states have tried to rebuild the nation and maintain its peace. Nation building can be seen from two different angles: as a Weberian legal and rational order or as a process that highlights social and contextual factors. Within social sciences this process can be studied either by looking into what factors contribute to a successful nation building or how this process works in practice. The article focuses on the former, by listing and analyzing the involved UN institutions with an emphasis on the Peacebuilding Commission and Peacebuilding Fund. L. Pitkaniemi

In this article, the way the Turkish state treats Kurds is put under the spotlight. The Kurds in Turkey have been subjected to extensive oppression since the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. The author places oppression of the Kurds in the context of official dogmatic Turkish nationalistic ideology, Kemalism, which is based on the political philosophy of the founder of the Turkish republic, Mustafa Kemal "Ataturk." The military have assumed the position of his foremost spokesmen after Ataturk's death. It was hoped that the process of adaptation to the ED would result in ending the 80-year-long oppression of the Kurds & the other minorities, after Turkey acquired candidate status to the EU in 1999, but the country's powerful military are trying to thwart this process. The article is discussing how the military are using their role in the Kurdish question to hamper the democratization process. In Turkey there is widespread agreement that the unsolved Kurdish question is the main reason for the problems which have arisen in connection with the process of adaptation to the EU. References. Adapted from the source document.

Decision-making processes during Norway's membership of the UNSC 2001-2002 are the empirical focus of this article. Based on anthropological fieldwork in the period, I discuss why it was necessary for practice and informal processes to be included when international organizations were being studied, but also how Norwegian UN policy was determined during the period. Furthermore, I show how formal structures are a marginalization of practical realities and how informal processes overlap formal structures on the way to consensus being achieved between member states in the UNSC. I investigate how this overlap has implications for policy-making in small states such as Norway when represented in international organizations like the UNSC. It is important to examine how formal instructions are being interpreted, adapted and reformulated through practice and informal action, and, when studying these effects, to illuminate the power relations in international politics. Adapted from the source document.

Mineral extraction is pursued in Greenland to strengthen the national economy. In order that new industries promote sustainable development, environmental impact assessments and social impact assessments are legally required and undertaken by companies prior to license approval to inform decision-making. Knowledge systems in Arctic indigenous communities have evolved through adaptive processes over generations, and indigenous knowledge (IK) is considered a great source of information on local environments and related ecosystem services. In Greenland the Inuit are in the majority, and Greenlanders are still considered indigenous. The Inuit Circumpolar Council stresses that utilizing IK is highly relevant in the Greenland context. Impact assessment processes involve stakeholder engagement and public participation, and hence offer arenas for potential knowledge sharing and thereby the utilization of IK. Based on the assumption that IK is a valuable knowledge resource, which can supplement and improve impact assessments in Greenland thus supporting sustainable development, this paper presents an investigation of how IK is utilized in the last stages of an impact assessment process when the final report is subject to a hearing in three recent mining projects in Greenland.