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Development of modern democracy and civic consciousness in the society of spectacle and mass manipulation are the main object of the article. Democratic self government depends both on individual, responsible solutions of citizens and on social, cultural or political propaganda. Propaganda is interpreted as a special, focused persuasion for motivation, consolidation, education purposes. Differences and similarities between social engineering, social propaganda, social marketing and social advertisement are discussed in the paper. Social marketing is interpreted as the response to social needs and the main demands of local people. On the contrary, social propaganda is more didactic, perspective and tries to motivate people for productive activities. Social marketing is more effective in a short period and social propaganda is more useful in a long perspective. Differences between reportage, daily media and propaganda are discussed in the article. Social propaganda needs participatory media. Various forms of participatory media (embedded, engaged and embodied) are analyzed. The topic of social engineering is analyzed on the basis of K. Popper's considerations. Popper differentiates between utopian or totalitarian engineering and "piecemeal social engineering". Popper's conception of utopian engineering is partly criticized. Every big social project is not only a form of elimination of mistakes; it also has utopian features and dream perspectives. The truth of democratic development couldn't be evaluated only by Popper's principle of fallibilism. More important are the alternative, competitive forms of social propaganda and open public discussions. [.]

Development of modern democracy and civic consciousness in the society of spectacle and mass manipulation are the main object of the article. Democratic self government depends both on individual, responsible solutions of citizens and on social, cultural or political propaganda. Propaganda is interpreted as a special, focused persuasion for motivation, consolidation, education purposes. Differences and similarities between social engineering, social propaganda, social marketing and social advertisement are discussed in the paper. Social marketing is interpreted as the response to social needs and the main demands of local people. On the contrary, social propaganda is more didactic, perspective and tries to motivate people for productive activities. Social marketing is more effective in a short period and social propaganda is more useful in a long perspective. Differences between reportage, daily media and propaganda are discussed in the article. Social propaganda needs participatory media. Various forms of participatory media (embedded, engaged and embodied) are analyzed. The topic of social engineering is analyzed on the basis of K. Popper's considerations. Popper differentiates between utopian or totalitarian engineering and "piecemeal social engineering". Popper's conception of utopian engineering is partly criticized. Every big social project is not only a form of elimination of mistakes; it also has utopian features and dream perspectives. The truth of democratic development couldn't be evaluated only by Popper's principle of fallibilism. More important are the alternative, competitive forms of social propaganda and open public discussions. [.]

The article analyses the aesthetic dimension of Chinese propaganda in Russia. The analysis seeks to identify the aesthetic component of Chinese propaganda in Russia as the fundamental, synthesising catalyst of Russian Sinophilia which unites several factors. The aesthetic aspect of Chinese propaganda in Russia is revealed through an analysis of official PRC websites in Russian, which clarifies a close connection between form and content in propaganda. The form quite often acquires a function which not only imparts the content, but also corrects it and uses it to manipulate and dominate. The analysis names as Russia's Achilles' heel its unbridled and unshakeable belief in its unique and inevitable Messianic mission in World History. This is its weak spot exploited by Chinese propaganda. The Russian reaction to Chinese propaganda is analysed, invoking the categories of both Sinophilia and Sinophobia. It is asserted that Chinese propaganda in Russia relies on the principles of involvement and participation, which are based on cultural exoticism and Confucian philosophy. To sum up, Chinese propaganda in Russia is identified as part of a plan/strategy for the establishment and maintenance of a grand, universal, practical, cosmopolitan Chinese philosophy or world order at the level of a global international system and world politics. Adapted from the source document.

The hybrid warfare waged in Ukraine by Russia has again made propaganda relevant in the field of political science. Both the Republic of Lithuania and the European Union are facing propaganda from the East; therefore, many aspects of this phenomenon are being studied and receive much attention. However, there is a lack of some deeper, more structuralised and methodically reasonable models, which would allow us to analyse this kind of information, its goals and influence to society and its country. The aim of this article is to suggest a model on propaganda research that would allow us to fully analyse the aspects of this phenomenon. Such a methodology would help us understand the tactics used by propagandists and prevent these hostile actions in the future. In this article, we discussed a definition of propaganda and overviewed the evolution of this phenomenon in the 20th–21st centuries. There is no single approach towards what is propaganda. Therefore, the Authors of this article use the definition of propaganda introduced by Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell: "Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist". Within this article we look at how propaganda works, what are its main characteristics and goals. We conclude that the model introduced by Jowett and O'Donnell may be applied in the research of interstate informational campaigns.

The hybrid warfare waged in Ukraine by Russia has again made propaganda relevant in the field of political science. Both the Republic of Lithuania and the European Union are facing propaganda from the East; therefore, many aspects of this phenomenon are being studied and receive much attention. However, there is a lack of some deeper, more structuralised and methodically reasonable models, which would allow us to analyse this kind of information, its goals and influence to society and its country. The aim of this article is to suggest a model on propaganda research that would allow us to fully analyse the aspects of this phenomenon. Such a methodology would help us understand the tactics used by propagandists and prevent these hostile actions in the future. In this article, we discussed a definition of propaganda and overviewed the evolution of this phenomenon in the 20th–21st centuries. There is no single approach towards what is propaganda. Therefore, the Authors of this article use the definition of propaganda introduced by Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell: "Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist". Within this article we look at how propaganda works, what are its main characteristics and goals. We conclude that the model introduced by Jowett and O'Donnell may be applied in the research of interstate informational campaigns.

The hybrid warfare waged in Ukraine by Russia has again made propaganda relevant in the field of political science. Both the Republic of Lithuania and the European Union are facing propaganda from the East; therefore, many aspects of this phenomenon are being studied and receive much attention. However, there is a lack of some deeper, more structuralised and methodically reasonable models, which would allow us to analyse this kind of information, its goals and influence to society and its country. The aim of this article is to suggest a model on propaganda research that would allow us to fully analyse the aspects of this phenomenon. Such a methodology would help us understand the tactics used by propagandists and prevent these hostile actions in the future. In this article, we discussed a definition of propaganda and overviewed the evolution of this phenomenon in the 20th–21st centuries. There is no single approach towards what is propaganda. Therefore, the Authors of this article use the definition of propaganda introduced by Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell: "Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist". Within this article we look at how propaganda works, what are its main characteristics and goals. We conclude that the model introduced by Jowett and O'Donnell may be applied in the research of interstate informational campaigns.

The hybrid warfare waged in Ukraine by Russia has again made propaganda relevant in the field of political science. Both the Republic of Lithuania and the European Union are facing propaganda from the East; therefore, many aspects of this phenomenon are being studied and receive much attention. However, there is a lack of some deeper, more structuralised and methodically reasonable models, which would allow us to analyse this kind of information, its goals and influence to society and its country. The aim of this article is to suggest a model on propaganda research that would allow us to fully analyse the aspects of this phenomenon. Such a methodology would help us understand the tactics used by propagandists and prevent these hostile actions in the future. In this article, we discussed a definition of propaganda and overviewed the evolution of this phenomenon in the 20th–21st centuries. There is no single approach towards what is propaganda. Therefore, the Authors of this article use the definition of propaganda introduced by Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell: "Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist". Within this article we look at how propaganda works, what are its main characteristics and goals. We conclude that the model introduced by Jowett and O'Donnell may be applied in the research of interstate informational campaigns.

Problem of this master thesis is how propaganda of Japan regards North Korea initiated Japanese abductions is distributed and what are the consequences of this propaganda is in general. Subject in the final thesis is propaganda of Japan in 2002 – 2011: North Korea initiated Japanese abduction case. Objective of this research is to analyze North Korea initiated Japanese abductions and following it clarify structure of Japanese government propaganda, its distribution techniques and results. To reach this objective these following tasks are made: 1. define propaganda concept and ways of propaganda distribution based on theoretic scientific literature analysis and prepare model of Japanese propaganda analysis. 2. Highlight assumptions of Japanese governmental propaganda development in 1971 – 2005. 3. Accomplish research analysis based on model of propaganda of Japan. 4. Analyze Japanese government propaganda on North Korea initiated Japanese abduction case influence to Japanese society. In this research three methods are used: description, comparative and analytical methods. Accomplished Japanese propaganda analysis of this research led to these conclusions: 1. based on comparative analysis of Lithuanian and foreign authors on concept, sorts and ways of distributing propaganda, and G.S. Jowett ir V. O'Donnell 10 steps of propaganda analysis method, 7 steps model of propaganda of Japan is shaped. 2. From propaganda development context based on Japan's and North Korea's relation background in 1971 -2005, source of Japanese propaganda revealed: neo-conservative attitude prime ministers and LDP right wing fraction. 3. North Korea's initiated abduction case was adopted as background massage in propaganda of Japan 4. Using model of propaganda these conclusions were revealed: a Propaganda structure in Japan involved not only governmental institution, but also non governmental ones. b. Japanese society identified as main propaganda target group. c. Identified means of distributing propaganda: Japanese media, internet, official governmental statements. d. Megumi Yokota abduction case become symbol of propaganda on abduction cases. e. Evaluated ties between government and society showed that propaganda is efficient.

Problem of this master thesis is how propaganda of Japan regards North Korea initiated Japanese abductions is distributed and what are the consequences of this propaganda is in general. Subject in the final thesis is propaganda of Japan in 2002 – 2011: North Korea initiated Japanese abduction case. Objective of this research is to analyze North Korea initiated Japanese abductions and following it clarify structure of Japanese government propaganda, its distribution techniques and results. To reach this objective these following tasks are made: 1. define propaganda concept and ways of propaganda distribution based on theoretic scientific literature analysis and prepare model of Japanese propaganda analysis. 2. Highlight assumptions of Japanese governmental propaganda development in 1971 – 2005. 3. Accomplish research analysis based on model of propaganda of Japan. 4. Analyze Japanese government propaganda on North Korea initiated Japanese abduction case influence to Japanese society. In this research three methods are used: description, comparative and analytical methods. Accomplished Japanese propaganda analysis of this research led to these conclusions: 1. based on comparative analysis of Lithuanian and foreign authors on concept, sorts and ways of distributing propaganda, and G.S. Jowett ir V. O'Donnell 10 steps of propaganda analysis method, 7 steps model of propaganda of Japan is shaped. 2. From propaganda development context based on Japan's and North Korea's relation background in 1971 -2005, source of Japanese propaganda revealed: neo-conservative attitude prime ministers and LDP right wing fraction. 3. North Korea's initiated abduction case was adopted as background massage in propaganda of Japan 4. Using model of propaganda these conclusions were revealed: a Propaganda structure in Japan involved not only governmental institution, but also non governmental ones. b. Japanese society identified as main propaganda target group. c. Identified means of distributing propaganda: Japanese media, internet, official governmental statements. d. Megumi Yokota abduction case become symbol of propaganda on abduction cases. e. Evaluated ties between government and society showed that propaganda is efficient.

Problem of this master thesis is how propaganda of Japan regards North Korea initiated Japanese abductions is distributed and what are the consequences of this propaganda is in general. Subject in the final thesis is propaganda of Japan in 2002 – 2011: North Korea initiated Japanese abduction case. Objective of this research is to analyze North Korea initiated Japanese abductions and following it clarify structure of Japanese government propaganda, its distribution techniques and results. To reach this objective these following tasks are made: 1. define propaganda concept and ways of propaganda distribution based on theoretic scientific literature analysis and prepare model of Japanese propaganda analysis. 2. Highlight assumptions of Japanese governmental propaganda development in 1971 – 2005. 3. Accomplish research analysis based on model of propaganda of Japan. 4. Analyze Japanese government propaganda on North Korea initiated Japanese abduction case influence to Japanese society. In this research three methods are used: description, comparative and analytical methods. Accomplished Japanese propaganda analysis of this research led to these conclusions: 1. based on comparative analysis of Lithuanian and foreign authors on concept, sorts and ways of distributing propaganda, and G.S. Jowett ir V. O'Donnell 10 steps of propaganda analysis method, 7 steps model of propaganda of Japan is shaped. 2. From propaganda development context based on Japan's and North Korea's relation background in 1971 -2005, source of Japanese propaganda revealed: neo-conservative attitude prime ministers and LDP right wing fraction. 3. North Korea's initiated abduction case was adopted as background massage in propaganda of Japan 4. Using model of propaganda these conclusions were revealed: a Propaganda structure in Japan involved not only governmental institution, but also non governmental ones. b. Japanese society identified as main propaganda target group. c. Identified means of distributing propaganda: Japanese media, internet, official governmental statements. d. Megumi Yokota abduction case become symbol of propaganda on abduction cases. e. Evaluated ties between government and society showed that propaganda is efficient.

In the first decade of independence of interwar Lithuania, propaganda as purposeful and ideologically coherent spread of own ideas was used mostly by political movements of that time. Political propaganda became a prerogative of political regime just after the state's takeover on December 17, 1926, when the power was usurped by the authoritarian regime of Antanas Smetona. This regime implemented two successful propaganda campaigns: The Move of Vilnius Repossession and The Campaign of Vytautas Magnus Anniversary. The political regime was not the ideological author of those campaigns, but successfully adopted the ideas grown in the Lithuanian nationalism discourse, which echoed the objectives of nationalistic political regime. By the Move of Vilnius Repossession it was tried to instil to the Lithuanian society that Vilnius is the Lithuanian town and the true capital of Lithuania in defiance of political realities (the town was under the Poland power in 1920-1939) and The Campaign of Vytautas Magnus Anniversary (1930) helped to create the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas (1350-1430) cult that was used to legitimize the authoritarian regime of that time. The last-mentioned campaign also served for predication of Lithuania's rights to Vilnius.

In the first decade of independence of interwar Lithuania, propaganda as purposeful and ideologically coherent spread of own ideas was used mostly by political movements of that time. Political propaganda became a prerogative of political regime just after the state's takeover on December 17, 1926, when the power was usurped by the authoritarian regime of Antanas Smetona. This regime implemented two successful propaganda campaigns: The Move of Vilnius Repossession and The Campaign of Vytautas Magnus Anniversary. The political regime was not the ideological author of those campaigns, but successfully adopted the ideas grown in the Lithuanian nationalism discourse, which echoed the objectives of nationalistic political regime. By the Move of Vilnius Repossession it was tried to instil to the Lithuanian society that Vilnius is the Lithuanian town and the true capital of Lithuania in defiance of political realities (the town was under the Poland power in 1920-1939) and The Campaign of Vytautas Magnus Anniversary (1930) helped to create the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas (1350-1430) cult that was used to legitimize the authoritarian regime of that time. The last-mentioned campaign also served for predication of Lithuania's rights to Vilnius.

In the first decade of independence of interwar Lithuania, propaganda as purposeful and ideologically coherent spread of own ideas was used mostly by political movements of that time. Political propaganda became a prerogative of political regime just after the state's takeover on December 17, 1926, when the power was usurped by the authoritarian regime of Antanas Smetona. This regime implemented two successful propaganda campaigns: The Move of Vilnius Repossession and The Campaign of Vytautas Magnus Anniversary. The political regime was not the ideological author of those campaigns, but successfully adopted the ideas grown in the Lithuanian nationalism discourse, which echoed the objectives of nationalistic political regime. By the Move of Vilnius Repossession it was tried to instil to the Lithuanian society that Vilnius is the Lithuanian town and the true capital of Lithuania in defiance of political realities (the town was under the Poland power in 1920-1939) and The Campaign of Vytautas Magnus Anniversary (1930) helped to create the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas (1350-1430) cult that was used to legitimize the authoritarian regime of that time. The last-mentioned campaign also served for predication of Lithuania's rights to Vilnius.

In the first decade of independence of interwar Lithuania, propaganda as purposeful and ideologically coherent spread of own ideas was used mostly by political movements of that time. Political propaganda became a prerogative of political regime just after the state's takeover on December 17, 1926, when the power was usurped by the authoritarian regime of Antanas Smetona. This regime implemented two successful propaganda campaigns: The Move of Vilnius Repossession and The Campaign of Vytautas Magnus Anniversary. The political regime was not the ideological author of those campaigns, but successfully adopted the ideas grown in the Lithuanian nationalism discourse, which echoed the objectives of nationalistic political regime. By the Move of Vilnius Repossession it was tried to instil to the Lithuanian society that Vilnius is the Lithuanian town and the true capital of Lithuania in defiance of political realities (the town was under the Poland power in 1920-1939) and The Campaign of Vytautas Magnus Anniversary (1930) helped to create the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas (1350-1430) cult that was used to legitimize the authoritarian regime of that time. The last-mentioned campaign also served for predication of Lithuania's rights to Vilnius.

The aesthetic aspect of the propaganda phenomenon is analyzed in the article. The goal is to analyze the spread conditions of the aesthetic propaganda dimension, the mechanisms of making propaganda contents more aesthetic, as well as the state after the qualitative leap as the result of the accomplished transformation. The state of postmodern society as the environment for the spread and multiplication of propaganda aesthetic attributes is analyzed in the first part of the article "Postmodern society as the environment for the spread and multiplication of propaganda aesthetic attributes". The space, within which the aesthetic propaganda dimension spreads, is analyzed through the cultivation of hedonistic values in modern societies, the phenomenon of visuality as a particular lingua franca of postmodernism, a permanent self-creation of the society, links of consumerism and dynamism in the fast-moving globalization. The aesthetization process procedure is discussed and analyzed in the second part named "Aesthetization process procedure". The magical and mystical components of propaganda contents aesthetization process and their syncretism are discussed. The coherence of aesthetization process and the truth, speech and intimacy is disputed. The third part "The result of the transformation motion, or the result of the aesthetization process" analizes the effectiveness of the propaganda as the transplant/implant due to making aesthetics erotic, which creates a powerful attraction field in the level of subconsciousness and enables to avoid the declination reaction. The question is posed if the interaction and dynamics of propaganda/antipropaganda motions is the way to the dead-end, which should be treated in the nihilistic way, or, conversely, the new changed reality should be equated to the primary pre-propaganda "material". [.].