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La résolution de certaines énigmes financières par la théorie des perspectives et la comptabilité mentale : une revue de littérature De nombreuses énigmes financières ont été, au moins partiellement, résolues par l'introduction d'hypothèses alternatives quant au comportement des investisseurs. Dans ce papier, deux d'entre elles sont retenues; la théorie des perspectives et la comptabilité mentale. Dans un premier temps, certaines anomalies (au regard de la théorie de l'espérance d'utilité) relatives aux comportements individuelssont abordées; l'effet de disposition et la diversification insuffisante. Dans un second temps et du point de vue agrégé, nous montrons comment les approches alternatives offrent une explication satisfaisante à l'énigme de la prime de risque des actions et au caractère prévisible des rentabilités.

Studies in the Intercultural History of Christianity, published by Peter Lang since 1975, is nowadays the largest series in the wide field of missiology, intercultural theology, and comparative religion/theology. The present editors decided to celebrate the publication of no less than one hundred and fifty volumes by evaluating and rethinking "intercultural theology". This book is meant to encourage Christian theology to be done more thoroughly, adequately, and effectively in the contemporary global and local setting. On the one hand, the volume offers new insights into the nature of doing biblical studies, church history, and systematic and practical theology as well as comparative theology, in an intercultural way. On the other hand, it argues for accomplishing interdisciplinary studies in the fields of theology and religion.

This projection of the French economy over a six-year horizon — 2010 is the end — has been produced by the French Observatory for Economics (OFCE) using its model for simulating the French economy, e-mod.fr. It is essentially macroeconomic in nature. However, experts focused on drawing as much guidance as possible on the evolution of the labour force, the labour market and public finances. While the results for the first two years (2005 and 2006) can be considered as a forecast, the following four years do not describe the most likely scenario, but rather an extrapolation of trends up to 2004. The aim is to illustrate, with a five-year projection, the issues and choices ahead of those responsible for economic policy. In order to provide the Senate with such an 'illustration', macroeconomic developments are deliberately trend in nature. ; Cette projection de l'économie française à l'horizon de six ans - 2010 en est le terme - a été réalisée par l'Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (OFCE) à l'aide de son modèle de simulation de l'économie française, e-mod.fr. Elle est de nature essentiellement macro-économique. Les experts se sont toutefois attachés à en tirer le maximum d'indications sur l'évolution de la population active, du marché du travail et des finances publiques. Si les résultats affichés pour les deux premières années (2005 et 2006) peuvent être considérés comme une prévision, les quatre années suivantes ne décrivent pas le scénario le plus probable, mais plutôt une extrapolation des tendances à l'oeuvre jusqu'en 2004. Il s'agit d'illustrer, par une projection à cinq ans, les questions et les choix devant lesquels se trouvent aujourd'hui les responsables de la politique économique. Dans le but de mettre à disposition du Sénat une telle " illustration ", les évolutions macroéconomiques ont délibérément un caractère tendanciel.

The strength of rational choice theory and the decision models derived from its axiomatic base (e.g., expected utility, game theory, deterrence, etc.) has always depended on the degree to which the theory's underlying assumptions offer at least a close approximation of reality. Proponents of political psychology have compiled what appears to be an impressive body of evidence against the utility of theories derived from these assumptions. Decision-makers, particularly in a time of crisis, are either unwilling or unable to live up to the demands of rationality. Conflicting empirical evidence from rational choice theorists continues to fuel the debate.
In the absence of any attempt to identify areas of consensus, theoretical progress on the question of how to effectively manage international crisis mil remain elusive. In the conviction that this ongoing debate has become counterproductive to the development of crisis management theory, the following paper attempts, in part, to identify areas of consensus and to develop an alternative research agenda around Prospect Theory.

We have first led a study of A Theory of Justice and other works by John Rawls (Political Liberalism, Justice et démocratie, Collected Papers, etc.)which offers us a picture of a representative contemporary ideal democracy built on an original version of social contract, a contract aiming at the Just (the Good being left to each individual's discretion). This study gives us the opportunity to release the defining caracteristics of the liberal individual ("liberal" taken in the american use of the word)such as he has to be represented in order to be a plausible contractor in search what is justice going to be once he will have determined the fundamental principles of society. The partner's liberal identity, as he is contracting and deliberating on the principles,establishes the foudation of the contemporary individual's personal identity , at least in the way he represents his identity. We confronted, within the framework of our prospect,the led personal identity by the choice of a contractual theses aimed at a critic of a democratic historical society as it stands, with theses by M. Sandel and C. Taylor, especially. They do not only criticise Rawls' contractual theses, but above all, for us, the image it allows us to built of personal identity as liberal. The liberal individual, because he represents himself first and fundamentally free, links himself to rights (and their conditions of exercise)which he gives himself, and is only secondarily interested by the Good.It is precisely this auto-representation of the self which is rejected, because, e.g., it is not anymore the agent's good aimed at that is worthy of respect but the agent himself becaus he chose it. So, society should not consider the effects of his choice. In our An Outline of a Theory of Liberal Identity, we ask ourselves if it can resist these critics and, in fine, of what liberty, as the liberal self thinks it establishes his life, consists. ; Nous avons d'abord mené une étude de Théorie de la justice et des autres œuvres de John Rawls (Libéralisme ...

We have first led a study of A Theory of Justice and other works by John Rawls (Political Liberalism, Justice et démocratie, Collected Papers, etc.)which offers us a picture of a representative contemporary ideal democracy built on an original version of social contract, a contract aiming at the Just (the Good being left to each individual's discretion). This study gives us the opportunity to release the defining caracteristics of the liberal individual ("liberal" taken in the american use of the word)such as he has to be represented in order to be a plausible contractor in search what is justice going to be once he will have determined the fundamental principles of society. The partner's liberal identity, as he is contracting and deliberating on the principles,establishes the foudation of the contemporary individual's personal identity , at least in the way he represents his identity. We confronted, within the framework of our prospect,the led personal identity by the choice of a contractual theses aimed at a critic of a democratic historical society as it stands, with theses by M. Sandel and C. Taylor, especially. They do not only criticise Rawls' contractual theses, but above all, for us, the image it allows us to built of personal identity as liberal. The liberal individual, because he represents himself first and fundamentally free, links himself to rights (and their conditions of exercise)which he gives himself, and is only secondarily interested by the Good.It is precisely this auto-representation of the self which is rejected, because, e.g., it is not anymore the agent's good aimed at that is worthy of respect but the agent himself becaus he chose it. So, society should not consider the effects of his choice. In our An Outline of a Theory of Liberal Identity, we ask ourselves if it can resist these critics and, in fine, of what liberty, as the liberal self thinks it establishes his life, consists. ; Nous avons d'abord mené une étude de Théorie de la justice et des autres œuvres de John Rawls (Libéralisme ...

We have first led a study of A Theory of Justice and other works by John Rawls (Political Liberalism, Justice et démocratie, Collected Papers, etc.)which offers us a picture of a representative contemporary ideal democracy built on an original version of social contract, a contract aiming at the Just (the Good being left to each individual's discretion). This study gives us the opportunity to release the defining caracteristics of the liberal individual ("liberal" taken in the american use of the word)such as he has to be represented in order to be a plausible contractor in search what is justice going to be once he will have determined the fundamental principles of society. The partner's liberal identity, as he is contracting and deliberating on the principles,establishes the foudation of the contemporary individual's personal identity , at least in the way he represents his identity. We confronted, within the framework of our prospect,the led personal identity by the choice of a contractual theses aimed at a critic of a democratic historical society as it stands, with theses by M. Sandel and C. Taylor, especially. They do not only criticise Rawls' contractual theses, but above all, for us, the image it allows us to built of personal identity as liberal. The liberal individual, because he represents himself first and fundamentally free, links himself to rights (and their conditions of exercise)which he gives himself, and is only secondarily interested by the Good.It is precisely this auto-representation of the self which is rejected, because, e.g., it is not anymore the agent's good aimed at that is worthy of respect but the agent himself becaus he chose it. So, society should not consider the effects of his choice. In our An Outline of a Theory of Liberal Identity, we ask ourselves if it can resist these critics and, in fine, of what liberty, as the liberal self thinks it establishes his life, consists. ; Nous avons d'abord mené une étude de Théorie de la justice et des autres œuvres de John Rawls (Libéralisme ...

In this article, the aim is, on the basis of a review of the work on parliamentary roles, to identify new avenues for the study of parliamentary representation and behaviour. The relevance of the concept of role is based on its ability to take into account both the institutional constraint and the actor in all its subjectivity. The relative discredit of this type of approach lies, inter alia, in the impasse resulting from the transposition — without prior consideration of the difficulties of cultural transfers — of methods borrowed from North American political science. Survey protocols should then be developed that take into account both the variability of institutional frameworks and the constraints of transnational comparison. Comparisons within the same cultural area or between levels of government within the same political system are some of the avenues to be explored to renew the analysis of parliamentary practices. ; Dans cet article, il s'agit, à partir d'un bilan des travaux sur les rôles parlementaires, de dégager de nouvelles pistes pour l'étude de la représentation et des comportements parlementaires. L'intérêt du concept de rôle repose sur sa capacité à prendre en compte à la fois la contrainte institutionnelle et l'acteur dans toute sa subjectivité. Le discrédit relatif qui pèse sur ce type d'approche tient, entre autres, aux impasses auxquelles a conduit la transposition – sans réflexion préalable sur les difficultés des transferts culturels – de méthodes empruntées à la science politique nord-américaine. Il convient alors de développer des protocoles d'enquête qui prennent en considération à la fois la variabilité des cadres institutionnels et les contraintes de la comparaison transnationale. Les comparaisons à l'intérieur d'une même aire culturelle ou entre niveaux de gouvernement dans un même système politique sont quelques-unes des voies à explorer pour renouveler l'analyse des pratiques parlementaires.

During the summer, bad news on the economic front followed: financial crisis triggered by the bursting of the housing bubble in the United States, disappointing second quarter growth figures for large euro area countries, rising prices of around USD 80 per barrel, a further decline in the dollar against the euro. We believe, however, that these events are not sufficient to break the momentum of growth started in 2006 in the euro area and therefore jeopardise the prospects for recovery in France by 2008 (.). ; Au cours de l'été, les mauvaises nouvelles sur le front économique se sont succédées : crise financière initiée par l'éclatement de la bulle immobilière aux États-Unis, chiffres de croissance du deuxième trimestre décevants pour les grands pays de la zone euro, hausse du prix du brent avoisinant 80 dollars le baril, nouveau recul du dollar par rapport à l'euro. Nous pensons, cependant, que ces évènements ne sont pas suffisants pour casser l'élan de croissance amorcé en 2006 en zone euro et par conséquent hypothéquer les perspectives de reprise en France à l'horizon 2008 (.).

International audience ; In an increasingly uncertain world, rulers and their public opinion need reassurance and are seeking, more or less founded and rational, invariants. Because they anticipate the course of an evolution, the theories of cycles take the place of reducers of uncertainty. With regard to fertility, how useful are these theories of cycles? Are they predictive? Gérard-François Dumont shows that this is not the case and examines the non-cyclical fertility theories. ; Dans un monde de plus en plus incertain, les gouvernants et leurs opinions publiques ont besoin de se rassurer et sont en recherche, plus ou moins fondée et rationnelle, d'invariants ; parce qu'elles anticipent le cours d'une évolution, les théories des cycles tiennent lieu de réducteurs d'incertitude. Relativement à la natalité et à la fécondité, de quelle utilité ces théories des cycles sont-elles ? Sont-elles prédictives ? Gérard-François Dumont montre qu'il n'en est rien et examine en conséquence les théories de la fécondité de nature non cycliques.

International audience ; In an increasingly uncertain world, rulers and their public opinion need reassurance and are seeking, more or less founded and rational, invariants. Because they anticipate the course of an evolution, the theories of cycles take the place of reducers of uncertainty. With regard to fertility, how useful are these theories of cycles? Are they predictive? Gérard-François Dumont shows that this is not the case and examines the non-cyclical fertility theories. ; Dans un monde de plus en plus incertain, les gouvernants et leurs opinions publiques ont besoin de se rassurer et sont en recherche, plus ou moins fondée et rationnelle, d'invariants ; parce qu'elles anticipent le cours d'une évolution, les théories des cycles tiennent lieu de réducteurs d'incertitude. Relativement à la natalité et à la fécondité, de quelle utilité ces théories des cycles sont-elles ? Sont-elles prédictives ? Gérard-François Dumont montre qu'il n'en est rien et examine en conséquence les théories de la fécondité de nature non cycliques.

Dialectics, especially Engels's dialectics of nature, is nowadays mostly held in low esteem, even by Marxist scholars because of its Stalinist dogmatisation over the past century. The aim of this comparative review is to show some stakes and prospects, in Marxism and for Marxism, of the debate: the two reviewed books show how the dialectics of nature could, and why it should be considered in a renewed materialist approach to the natural sciences, and provides the reader with complementary outline from the cognitive sciences to physics, via mathematics.

International legal personality is defined as the capacity to be a holder of rights and to have obligations imposed on it. Classical theory recognizes only to States as international law subjects and by derivation to intergovernmental organizations. Other private actors, such as non governmental organizations, companies, individuals and non state armed groups, are now increasingly present on the international scene. Many conventional instruments have been developed to consider their specificities. It is mainly with the development of international criminal law, institutionalized with the creation of international criminal courts, that the capacity of some of these actors to be rights holders and duty bearers has increased. While the international status of individuals, NGOs or companies raises fewer difficulties, the scope of the international status of armed organizations (broadly speaking) remains unclear. Their military activities potentially generate international crimes; « belligerent » crimes on the one hand (war crimes, aggression crimes), other crimes on the other hand (genocides, crimes against humanity). While the law of armed conflict recognizes the existence of rights and obligations of private actors, the link between international criminal law and the recognition of the international legal personality to armed organizations must be examined. As the International Criminal Court is at the crossroads of the various fields of international law, its potential contribution to the international subjectification of armed organizations raises questions, both in terms of their role in the commission of crimes and their ability to respond tothem.