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How do we explain the Falklands War? In this article we revisit this episode through a counterfactual analysis using recently declassified documents. These sources cast additional doubt over the diversionary war and miscalculation theses. The evidence suggest that long-term power dynamics and psychological biases affecting the members of the Argentine military Junta better explain the decisions that led to the war. ; ¿Cómo se explica la Guerra de Malvinas? En este artículo revisitamos este episodio a través de un análisis contrafáctico utilizando nueva evidencia documental. Estas fuentes ponen en duda la tesis de la guerra de distracción y la tesis del error de cálculo. La evidencia sugiere que dinámicas de poder de largo plazo y sesgos psicológicos afectando a los miembros de la Junta militar argentina explican de mejor manera las decisiones que llevaron a la guerra.

External factors are identified with the expansion of the Caribbean Basin initiative (CBI) and the implementation of the Free Trade Agreement with Mexico, which will be opened in the future.A slowdown in the economy of the United States, the era of the economy, the concept of sales of goods, such as family remittances.A government perspective of 4.5 percent, growth of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was real before the earthquakes occurred in the first two months of this year. For the Central Reserve Bank (BCR) and other spokespersons of the official economic policy, this growth is feasible even in the current circumstances; possibly the thesis is based on the conviction of a public investment of the estimation of investment and private consumption, in harmony with the precepts of the Keynesian theory of using public investment as an engine to encourage demand.Undoubtedly, Keynesian theory has been harshly questioned by the defenses of the market system, but it seems that in the current sector it has become a business sector that hardly responds to the reconstruction effort. ; Los factores externos mencionados se identifican con la ampliación de la iniciativa de la Cuenca del Caribe (ICC) y la implementación del Tratado del Libre Comercio con México, que se asume, abrirán espacios para más exportaciones y una mayor demanda interna.Una desaceleración de la economía estadounidense ya era contemplada en tal escenario, como un elemento de contrapeso en los potenciales ingresos de divisas, tanto en concepto de ventas de bienes, como de remesas familiares.Una perspectiva gubernamental de un 4.5 por ciento, de crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) real era la de antes de los terremotos ocurridos en los primeros dos meses del presente año. Para el Banco Central de Reserva (BCR) y otros voceros de la política económica oficial al parecer, ese crecimiento es Factible aún en las circunstancias presentes; posiblemente la tesis se fundamente en la convicción de que una inversión pública masiva de reconstrucción estimule la inversión y el consumo privado, en armonía con los preceptos de la teoría keynesiana de utilizar a la inversión pública como motor para alentar a demanda efectiva.Sin duda alguna, la teoría keynesiana ha sido duramente cuestionada por los defensores del sistema de mercado, pero parece que en las actuales circunstancias económicas del país adquiere validez frente a un sector empresarial que difícilmente respondería al esfuerzo de la reconstrucción.

The essential connotations of innovation in construction differentiate it from other industries. Innovation is a social process requisite to a country.s development in which its institutions, engineers, manufacturers and so forth play an essential role.A diachronic study of the notion of innovation is taken as a starting point in this paper to describe the different theories on its inclusion in knowledge, viewed as a production factor. Spanish legislation governing the industry is discussed and a comparative analysis is conducted of international investment in and support of innovation.From his experience acquired in evaluating construction product innovation in connection with technical approvals, the author considers the main advantages and drawbacks of innovation for the various industry stakeholders, with a view to proposing mechanisms that facilitate the acceptance of new construction materials and techniques, issues that have a direct impact on civil welfare and safety. ; La innovación en construcción tiene connotaciones esenciales que la diferencia de otros sectores. Innovar es un proceso social necesario para el desarrollo de los países y en el que resulta fundamental el papel desempeñado por sus Instituciones, técnicos, fabricantes, etc. El autor parte del estudio diacrónico del concepto innovación, para pasar a describir las diferentes teorías sobre su incorporación al conocimiento como un factor más de producción. Se describe la reglamentación española que afecta a este sector al mismo tiempo que se hace un análisis comparativo sobre la situación internacional relativa a la inversión y apoyo a la innovación. Desde la perspectiva que da la experiencia de evaluar la innovación de los productos de construcción en la realización de los Documentos de Idoneidad Técnica, el artículo considera las ventajas e inconvenientes principales que para los diferentes agentes del sector supone innovar, con la intención de proponer mecanismos que faciliten la aceptación de los nuevos materiales y las técnicas de ...

22 páginas, 8 gráficos. ; [ES] La innovación en construcción tiene connotaciones esenciales que la diferencia de otros sectores. Innovar es un proceso social necesario para el desarrollo de los países y en el que resulta fundamental el papel desempeñado por sus Instituciones, técnicos, fabricantes, etc. El autor parte del estudio diacrónico del concepto innovación, para pasar a describir las diferentes teorías sobre su incorporación al conocimiento como un factor más de producción. Se describe la reglamentación española que afecta a este sector al mismo tiempo que se hace un análisis comparativo sobre la situación internacional relativa a la inversión y apoyo a la innovación. Desde la perspectiva que da la experiencia de evaluar la innovación de los productos de construcción en la realización de los Documentos de Idoneidad Técnica, el artículo considera las ventajas e inconvenientes principales que para los diferentes agentes del sector supone innovar, con la intención de proponer mecanismos que faciliten la aceptación de los nuevos materiales y las técnicas de construcción, aspectos con repercusión directa sobre el bienestar y la seguridad de los ciudadanos. ; [EN] The essential connotations of innovation in construction differentiate it from other industries. Innovation is a social process requisite to a country s development in which its institutions, engineers, manufacturers and so forth play an essential role. A diachronic study of the notion of innovation is taken as a starting point in this paper to describe the different theories on its inclusion in knowledge, viewed as a production factor. Spanish legislation governing the industry is discussed and a comparative analysis is conducted of international investment in and support of innovation. From his experience acquired in evaluating construction product innovation in connection with technical approvals, the author considers the main advantages and drawbacks of innovation for the various industry stakeholders, with a view to proposing mechanisms that facilitate the acceptance of new construction materials and techniques, issues that have a direct impact on civil welfare and safety. ; Peer reviewed

Los estudios acerca de la pobreza y sus efectos sociales, políticos, culturales y económicos han ocu-pado un lugar central en las ciencias sociales. La combinación de los campos de conocimiento de la Psicología y la Economía han hecho grandes contribuciones a dilucidar sus relaciones. El propósito de esta revisión sucinta es sintetizar las tendencias conceptuales de la psicología cognitiva sobre la pobreza como fenómeno social en dos versiones: (a) la pobreza determinada por aspectos psicológicos del decisor como enfoque primigenio al problema y (b) la afectación de las condiciones de pobreza al funcionamiento psicológico como visión contemporánea que inspira la acción disciplinar y política multilateral. Se discuten los hallazgos sobre afectación psicológica que dieron lugar al cambio en la política económica mundial de lucha contra la pobreza y las implicaciones metodológicas y teóricas para la psicología de asumir la pobreza como condición de decisión y no como característica de la muestra. ; Studies of poverty and its social, political, cultural and economic effects have occupied a central place in the social sciences. The combination of the fields of knowledge of Psychology and Economics have made great contributions to elucidate their relationships. The purpose of this brief review is to summarize the conceptual trends in cognitive psychology on poverty as a social phenomenon in two trends: (a) poverty determined by psychological aspects of the consumer as first approach to the problem, and (b) the impact of the conditions from poverty to psychological functioning as a contem-porary vision that inspires disciplinary action and multilateral politics. Findings on psychological effects that led to the change in global economic policy to fight against poverty and methodological and theoretical psychology to take poverty as a condition decision and not as characteristic of the sample implications are discussed.

Financial constraints or economic needs, career development, psychological satisfaction as well as demographic and situational factors cause workers to seek more than one job while enjoying leisure time. In this paper we examine how a worker with prospect theory type of preferences allocates her time between leisure, a safe job and a risky job. Optimal time allocation for a sufficient loss averse worker depends on the reference level which in turn determines whether the worker is willing to experience relative losses or not. When the reference level is relatively low then the sufficiently loss averse worker will allocate some of her time to leisure and will hold both jobs in order to diversify risk and reduce income loss arising from the risky job. However, if the probability of a good state of nature is very high and the reference level is very low, the worker spends time only on leisure and the risky job while avoids the safe job. Loss aversion does not affect the optimal time allocation to the three activities as the time allocation results in avoiding relative losses for any state of nature. When the reference level is relative high, but not too high, the worker will allocate her time between both safe and risky jobs as well as to the leisure. Worker with very high reference level will avoid the safe job and will divide her time between the risky job and the leisure. In both cases the worker is willing to accept relative losses in the bad state of nature provided it is compensated with relative gains in the good state of nature. Here the allocation of time to the three activities depends on the degree of loss aversion. When the reference level is relatively low, but not too low, an increase in the reference level will reduce leisure time, reduce time in the risky job and increase time in the safe job. At very low reference levels, an increase in the reference level will result in the worker re-allocating her time from leisure to the risky job assuming the probability of a good state of nature is higher than a threshold. When the reference level is high the opposite effects are observed. We also examine other comparative statics including the effect of changes in the wage rate.

The crisis and the subsequent collapse of the so called 'actually existing' socialism produced a return to Marx. This return meant the revival of a set of threads running through the fields of epistemology of the social sciences, philosophy and political science. Within this framework, our job is to analyze and compare two different interpretations on understanding the course of history in Marx from the perspectives of Ernesto Laclau and Jürgen Habermas. First, we analyze Laclau's objections to the explanation that Marx develops social change as an engine of history. According to Laclau, Marx holds two mutually exclusive concepts: the pair 'productive forces / relations of production' and 'class struggle'. Second, as a critique of this position, we will address the relationship between the two concepts identified from an epistemological theory radically different perspective: made by Jürgen Habermas in his book Knowledge and Human Interests. Finally, we conclude with a summary of both positions. ; La crisis y el posterior colapso del llamado socialismo 'realmente existente' produjeron un retorno a Marx. Este retorno implicó la reactivación de un conjunto de discusiones que atraviesan los campos de la epistemología de las ciencias sociales, la filosofía y la ciencia política. Dentro de este marco, nuestro trabajo se propone analizar y comparar dos interpretaciones divergentes sobre la comprensión del devenir de la historia en Marx desde las perspectivas de Ernesto Laclau y Jürgen Habermas. En primer lugar, nos proponemos analizar las objeciones de Laclau a la explicación que Marx desarrolla sobre el cambio social como motor de la historia. Según Laclau, Marx sostiene dos concepciones mutuamente excluyentes: el par 'fuerzas productivas/relaciones de producción' y la 'lucha de clases'. En segundo lugar, como crítica a esta posición, abordaremos la relación entre las dos concepciones señaladas desde una perspectiva teórico-epistemológica radicalmente opuesta: la formulada por Jürgen Habermas en su libro Conocimiento e Interés. Finalmente, concluimos con una recapitulación de ambas posiciones.

This article will analyse the process that led to the formation of some emerging social organisations from the 90s in Argentina. Following the implementation of a series of political and social measures by the government of Carlos Saúl Menem during the period 1989-1999. It will be seen how the first forms of protest and resistance to the government and the transformation that have been taking place in the period with regard to its claims and forms of collective action were developed. An explanation will be given of the role played by these organisations in the situation that led to the fall of the Alliance's government (1999-2001). Later on, the situation of these social movements will be seen in the transition to the government of Néstor Kirchner from 2003 onwards and the current position they occupy with regard to the government of Cristina Fernández. The work comes to an end with a reflection on the current scope and implication of the operation of these social organisations in Argentina. Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences ; This article describes the process that led to the formation of some social organizations emerging from the 90s in Argentina is analyzed. After implementing a series of political and social measures from the government of Carlos Saul Menem over the period 1989-1999. It will be seen how the earliest forms of protest and resistance to the government and the transformation that were operating in the period regarding their demands and forms of collective action were developed. It will be an explanation of the role played by these organizations in the situation that led to the fall of the government of the Alliance (1999-2001). Later the situation of these social movements in the transition to the government of Néstor Kirchner since 2003 and the current place of respect to the government of Cristina Fernandez will. The study ends with a reflection on the scope and implications of current actions of these social organizations in Argentina. ; This article will analyse the process that ...

Resumen El interés por aplicar teorías psicológicas y neurocientíficas a la ciencia económica ha aumentado notablemente en las últimas décadas. Evidencia convergente desde distintas áreas sugiere la existencia de múltiples sistemas decisionales, comprendiendo al menos uno racional y deliberativo, y otro automático e irreflexivo. Recientemente, diversos gobiernos han intentado usar esta evidencia para modificar las decisiones tomadas por los ciudadanos de forma de aumentar el bienestar de la población a la vez que reducir el gasto público. Aunque las ideas provenientes de la Economía Conductual asemejan a las teorías psicológicas de modificación de decisiones mediante recompensas y castigos proveniente del conductismo Skinneriano, los sistemas decisionales afectados por tales Políticas Públicas no interfieren sobre la libertad de los individuos y son, en este sentido, neutrales políticamente. Palabras clave: Economía conductual, sesgos, políticas públicas, psicología experimental, toma de decisiones, teoría de la prospección, irracionalidad Abstract The contribution of Psychology and Neuroscience to Public Policy There has been an increasing Interest in recent years to apply ideas from psychology and neuroscience into economics. Converging evidence from different areas of research suggests the existence of multiple decisional systems controlling behaviour - one rational and deliberative, and another automatic and involuntary. A number of governments have started using this evidence to modify people's decisions with the goal of increasing social well-being and reduce public spending. Although these ideas can be traced back to the behaviourist tradition of reward and punishment, the decisional systems that these policies aim to affect do not interfere with freedom of choice and are, in that sense, politically neutral. Keywords: Behavioural Economics, Cognitive Biases, Public Policy, Experimental Psychology, Decision-making, Prospect Theory, Irrationality

La guerra civil siria ha sido un terreno propicio para la intervención de terceros actores, siendo escenario de la competencia tanto entre Estados regionales como extra-regionales, entre ellos Irán, Israel y Rusia. En febrero de 2018, Israel comenzó a atacar las posiciones iraníes en Siria y, en julio, Rusia intentó intervenir para reducir tensiones. A partir del estudio de los hechos acaecidos desde febrero de 2018 a enero 2019, este trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar si la rivalidad irano-israelí en el escenario sirio constituye, o puede constituir en el inmediato plazo, un factor de desestabilización para Siria mediante un efecto de spill over. Partiendo del concepto de rivalidad de Goertz y Diehl (2003), el presente artículo se vale de la teoría prospectiva aplicada a las Relaciones Internacionales expuesta por Levy (2003) para entender el accionar de los actores y de la perspectiva de la preponderancia de poder para responder al interrogante central y esbozar los efectos de la rivalidad sobre la estabilidad. ; The Syrian civil war has been a fertile land for third parties' interventions; it has been the theatre of competition between both regional and extra-regional States, among them, Iran, Israel and Russia. In February 2018, Israel started attacking Iranian positions in Syria, and in July, Russia tried to intervene to reduce tensions. From the study of the events that took place from February 2018 to January 2019, this article analyses whether the Irano-Israeli rivalry in the Syrian theatre constitutes, or might constitute in the immediate future, a factor of instability for Syria through a spill over effect. Taking advantage of Goertz and Diehl (2003)'s concept of rivalry, this article adopts the prospect theory applied to International Relations, as developed by Levy (2003), to understand the behaviour of the actors involved, and the preponderance of power perspective to answer the main question and determine the effects of the rivalry on the stability. ; Fil: Universidad Nacional de Rosario

En este texto quisiera cuestionar brevemente los fundamentos jurídicos del estudio de esta disciplina y las orientaciones metodológicas y conceptuales de su "enseñanza". Las preguntas que guían este análisis son: ¿Cuáles pueden ser las perspectivas de discusión para transformar su aprendizaje? y ¿qué elementos serían determinantes para modificar las formas de razonar y argumentar en esta materia durante el proceso de enseñanza/aprendizaje? Las esferas de formación responden a códigos simbólicos y rituales que moldean las formas de enseñar/aprender a pensar, razonar y argumentar. A partir de esa consideración, este artículo plantea que mediante la reinvención de aquellas dimensiones podremos modificar su epistemología y las razones normativas y democráticas queen ellas se construyen. Finalmente, sin ánimo de interferir en el círculo virtuoso de la libertad académica y la misión universitaria, sugiero algunos elementos programáticos y pragmáticos para crear un derecho constitucional —otro en los niveles de grado y posgrado—, donde no ignoremos que sus íntimas verdades nacen de la entraña misma por el control del poder y el poder del control. La visión propositiva de este artículo está pensada según las proyecciones y perspectivas del Estado Constitucional que exige otro tipo de formación jurídica y la construcción de otro paradigma normativo y estatal. ; In this paper we would like to briefly question the legal basis for the study of this discipline and the methodological and conceptual orientations of its "teaching". The questions that guide this analysis are: what can be the prospects of discussion for transforming learning? and what elements would be crucial to change the ways of reasoning and argumentation on this matter during the teaching / learning? The training areas respond to symbolic and ritual codes [2] that shape the ways of teaching / learning to think, reason and argue. From this consideration, this article argues that by reinventing those dimensions may change its epistemology and policy and democratic grounds in which they are built. Finally, without wishing to interfere with the virtuous cycle of academic freedom and university mission, I suggest some programmatic and pragmatic elements to create a constitutional law in levels of undergraduate and graduate, where we can't ignore that their intimate truths born for the control of power and the power of control. Purposive vision of this work is designed according to the projections and prospects of the Constitutional State requiring other legal training and the construction of other regulatory and state paradigm. ; Neste trabalho gostaria de questionar brevemente os fundamentos jurídicos do estudo desta disciplina e as orientações metodológicas e conceituais do seu "ensino". As perguntas que direcionam este análise são: Quais podem ser as perspectivas de discussão para transformar sua aprendizagem? E que elementos seriam determinantes para mudar as formas de raciocinar e argumentar nesta matéria durante o processo de ensino-aprendizado? As esferas de formação respondem a códigos simbólicos e rituais que moldam as formas de ensino-aprendizado a pensar, raciocinar e argumentar. A partir dessa consideração, este artigo apresenta que por meio a reinvenção daquelas dimensões poderemos mudar a epistemologia e as razões normativas e democráticas que nelas se constroem. Finalmente, sem intenção de inferir no círculo virtuoso da liberdade acadêmica e a missão universitária, sugiro alguns elementos programáticos e pragmáticos para criar um direito constitucional-outro nos níveis de graduação e pós-graduação, onde não ignoremos que suas íntimas verdades nascem do mesmo interior pelo controle do poder e o poder de controle. A visão propositiva deste trabalho está pensada segundo as projeções e perspectivas do Estado Constitucional que exige outro tipo de formação jurídica e a construção de outro paradigma normativo estadual.

Recently, there has been a new interest in matter and materiality in feminist scholarship. The article situates contemporary material feminisms in relation to older traditions of feminist engagements with materialism. It discusses four distinctive features that I take to be important theoretical improvements and promising political prospects of material feminisms: (1) a stronger engagement with science; (2) the appreciation of material agency; (3) the emergence of a posthumanist perspective; and (4) a reevaluation and revision of ethics. The article provides a provisional mapping or preliminary cartography of this theoretical and empirical re-orientation, while pointing to some theoretical problems and possible drawbacks in current feminist debates and scholarship. ; Recientemente, ha habido un nuevo interés en la materia y la materialidad en la investigación feminista. El artículo sitúa a los feminismos materiales contemporáneos en relación con tradiciones más antiguas en las cuales se han establecido aproximaciones entre el feminismo y el materialismo. Aborda cuatro rasgos distintivos que considero como importantes mejoras teóricas y perspectivas políticas prometedoras de los feminismos materiales: (1) un mayor compromiso con la ciencia; (2) la apreciación de la agencia material; (3) el surgimiento de una perspectiva posthumanista; Y (4) una reevaluación y revisión de la ética. El artículo proporciona una cartografía provisional o cartografía preliminar de esta reorientación teórica y empírica, a la vez que apunta a algunos problemas teóricos y posibles inconvenientes en los actuales debates feministas y académicos.

This article contends that the collocation of words in a given textual situation is closely linked to the establishment of mental spaces and to the construction of mental models which are generated online as information is received and discourse is interpreted and processed (Fauconnier 1994, Fauconnier and Turner 2002). This connects with aspects of Hoey's theory of priming (2005), where collocation is seen as a textual cohesive phenomenon governed by the text producers' choice s of word combinations and by the text receivers' prospects of re-usage. The analysis of data from a small corpus of poli tic al discourse in the media supports the conceptual approach to collocation, and suggests considering this lexico-semantic cohesive function of words a cognitive property of linguistic expressions.

This work analyses the Chilean decentralization process by performing a thorough revision of press sources regarding the political debate revolving on decentralizing bills passed between 1991 & 2005. The study describes both the actors & the context in which reforms were approved in Chilean congress. In discussing the literature on the politics of decentralization, this paper confirms the relevance of two existing hypotheses: the effects of democratization, & the prospects of electoral performance. At the same time, it reassesses a third theory concerning decentralization as a top-down process by stressing the mayors' increasing power in Chilean politics. In addition, this paper provides a novel systematization of municipal & regional electoral results, by party & by coalition, for the period under study. Tables, Appendixes, References. Adapted from the source document.

The article starts from the premise that contemporary anti-Semitism can only be understood from an analysis of National Socialism. National Socialism originated in the collapse of German liberalism, now threatening to draw the surrounding countries into the catastrophe. One of the most important elements in the pre-Nazi situation was the mass of unemployed, whose organization within the European state system seemed an insoluble task after the War. The fascist forces which did solve the problem were not the owners of industry but a new bureaucracy made up of dictators of industry and military and political officials.In Europe the liberal constitution of the nineteenth century appears a sort of interlude. The possessors of authoritarian power return to the methods of rule recommended by Machiavelli and his followers. There is no prospect of an early end to this situation solely by inner forces, for the economic criteria of liberalism, which made themselves apparent as crises, have been largely eliminated under National Socialism by the suppression of economic freedom.Since all the functions of the market are replaced by functions of the government in the new totalitarian order, the economic position of the Jews is shattered because in Germany as in many other countries it rested essentially upon their role in banking and commerce. That is why the present day possessors of power can, for propaganda purposes, hold the Jewish minority responsible for all misfortune and destroy it. The purpose of anti-Semitism is to win the masses of other countries over to National Socialism. The elimination of anti-Semitism is identical with the struggle against the authoritarian state. ; El artículo parte de la premisa de que el antisemitismo contemporáneo sólo pue de comprenderse desde el análisis del nacionalsocialismo. El nacionalsocialismo surgió con el colapso del liberalismo alemán, y ahora amenaza con arrastrar a los países circundantes hacia la catástrofe. Uno de los elementos más importantes de la situación pre-Nazi era la ...