Suchergebnisse

Pratiques, institutions, et régimes des biens publiques globaux Une conception de la justice dépendant des pratiques est une conception qui considère que les principes de justice dépendent, dans leur contenu, de la nature des pratiques qu'ils visent à réguler. L'institutionnalisme, une forme de dépendance à la pratique, affirme que c'est la forme institutionnelle qui détermine les principes de justice. Plus précisément, les principes de justice devraient permettre la poursuite effective du but et de l'objet de l'institution qu'ils régulent. Puisqu'il ne peut y avoir, selon cette approche, de principes de justice en l'absence d'institutions, une de ses conséquences est de nier qu'instaurer de nouvelles institutions, lorsqu'elles n'existent pas déjà, soit un devoir de justice. Dans cet article, je plaide à l'encontre de cette dénégation, et prends le cas des biens publics globaux comme un cas exemplaire où il peut y avoir des devoirs de justice d'instaurer de nouvelles institutions.

Despite societal imperatives for equity—whether espoused by nation states or transnational agencies like UNESCO—current models of higher education are unequivocally failing to provide universal access. This paper seeks to explore the (cyber)spaces (un)occupied by higher education, specifically in the area of curriculum studies, arguing that the World Wide Web can be used to effect the democratization of education. Further, it argues for the benefits of Open Access research by means of a small-scale empirical study, the results of which indicate that making research openly accessible does not diminish the impact of research, but rather may actually increase it.Keywords: Open Access, Open Education, curriculum studies, higher education, Web 2.0 ; Malgré les impératifs sociétaux d'équité, partagés par les États-nations ou par les agences transnationales telle que l'UNESCO, les modèles actuels de l'éducation supérieure échouent de manière non-équivoque à fournir un accès universel. Cet article vise à explorer les espaces (cybernétiques) occupés ou non par l'éducation supérieure, particulièrement dans le domaine des études de cursus, défendant l'idée que le Web peut être utilisé pour mettre en oeuvre la démocratisation de l'éducation. De plus, il défend les bénéfices de la recherche à libre accès par le biais d'une étude empirique à petite échelle, dont les résultats suggèrent qu'ouvrir l'accès aux recherches ne diminue pas l'impact de la recherche, mais pourrait plutôt l'augmenter.Mots clés: libre accès, apprentissage ouvert, études de cursus, éducation supérieure, Web 2.0

Grounded on empirical investigations in two ordinary cities of emerging countries – Vitória in Brazil and Coimbatore in India – we argue that solid waste management in Southern cities cannot be conceived excluding the so-called "informal" actors at the risk of fiasco. Such an assessment is nowadays broadly acknowledged, yet its reasons are not always made explicit. We start from the empirical observation of appropriation conflicts, which arise with the introduction of municipal selective collection schemes and which transcend the "Big private operator versus small wastepickers" dichotomy. These clashes lead us to formulate the following central question: to whom do solid wastes –this res derelictae- belong to, taking into account that their very definition lies in abandonment. That is what our research aims at: confronting economic theory to an urban planning approach we show that the urban solid waste deposit corresponds to an impure public good (or evil!), a blurred object characterized by rivalry and non-exclusion. This is particularly due to transhipments in the evacuation service, as well as to the commodity value of a growing number of items – on condition that they should be recovered at source. Finally, taking a zoom-out in order to apprehend this issue through a global lens, we argue that the local dry waste sales business is directly determined by raw material prices fluctuations. The global economy impact on a local urban service leads us to acknowledge urban mining strategies which renew the appropriations' legitimacy question ; Sur la base d'investigations empiriques dans deux villes ordinaires de pays émergents –Vitória au Brésil et Coimbatore en Inde- nous expliquons pourquoi la gestion des déchets municipaux au Sud ne peut pas exclure les acteurs dits « informels » sous peine d'aboutir à des fiascos. Ce constat est désormais unanimement reconnu, sans qu'en soient pour autant explicitées les raisons. Nous partons de l'observation empirique de conflits d'appropriation, qui apparaissent lors de ...

Grounded on empirical investigations in two ordinary cities of emerging countries – Vitória in Brazil and Coimbatore in India – we argue that solid waste management in Southern cities cannot be conceived excluding the so-called "informal" actors at the risk of fiasco. Such an assessment is nowadays broadly acknowledged, yet its reasons are not always made explicit. We start from the empirical observation of appropriation conflicts, which arise with the introduction of municipal selective collection schemes and which transcend the "Big private operator versus small wastepickers" dichotomy. These clashes lead us to formulate the following central question: to whom do solid wastes –this res derelictae- belong to, taking into account that their very definition lies in abandonment. That is what our research aims at: confronting economic theory to an urban planning approach we show that the urban solid waste deposit corresponds to an impure public good (or evil!), a blurred object characterized by rivalry and non-exclusion. This is particularly due to transhipments in the evacuation service, as well as to the commodity value of a growing number of items – on condition that they should be recovered at source. Finally, taking a zoom-out in order to apprehend this issue through a global lens, we argue that the local dry waste sales business is directly determined by raw material prices fluctuations. The global economy impact on a local urban service leads us to acknowledge urban mining strategies which renew the appropriations' legitimacy question ; Sur la base d'investigations empiriques dans deux villes ordinaires de pays émergents –Vitória au Brésil et Coimbatore en Inde- nous expliquons pourquoi la gestion des déchets municipaux au Sud ne peut pas exclure les acteurs dits « informels » sous peine d'aboutir à des fiascos. Ce constat est désormais unanimement reconnu, sans qu'en soient pour autant explicitées les raisons. Nous partons de l'observation empirique de conflits d'appropriation, qui apparaissent lors de l'introduction de schémas municipaux de collecte sélective et transcendent la dichotomie entre gros opérateurs privés et petits wastepickers. Ces heurts nous amènent à formuler la question centrale suivante : à qui appartiennent les déchets, res derelictae, objets précisément définis par leur abandon ? C'est ici que réside l'apport de notre recherche : en confrontant la théorie économique à une approche d'aménagement urbain, nous démontrons que le gisement de déchets urbains correspond à un bien (ou un 'mal') public impur : rival, mais non excluable. Cette caractéristique est due autant aux ruptures de charge du service d'évacuation, qu'à la valeur marchande d'un nombre croissant de matériaux -à condition qu'ils soient captés à la source. Enfin, en abordant la question à une échelle plus macro, nous affirmons que le négoce local de revente des déchets secs est directement influencé par les cours des matières premières vierges, ou secondaires (lorsque de tels marchés existent). Cette prégnance de l'économie globale sur un service urbain local permet de repérer des stratégies émergentes d'extraction minière urbaine qui aboutissent à poser avec une acuité renouvelée la question de la légitimité des appropriations

Grounded on empirical investigations in two ordinary cities of emerging countries – Vitória in Brazil and Coimbatore in India – we argue that solid waste management in Southern cities cannot be conceived excluding the so-called "informal" actors at the risk of fiasco. Such an assessment is nowadays broadly acknowledged, yet its reasons are not always made explicit. We start from the empirical observation of appropriation conflicts, which arise with the introduction of municipal selective collection schemes and which transcend the "Big private operator versus small wastepickers" dichotomy. These clashes lead us to formulate the following central question: to whom do solid wastes –this res derelictae- belong to, taking into account that their very definition lies in abandonment. That is what our research aims at: confronting economic theory to an urban planning approach we show that the urban solid waste deposit corresponds to an impure public good (or evil!), a blurred object characterized by rivalry and non-exclusion. This is particularly due to transhipments in the evacuation service, as well as to the commodity value of a growing number of items – on condition that they should be recovered at source. Finally, taking a zoom-out in order to apprehend this issue through a global lens, we argue that the local dry waste sales business is directly determined by raw material prices fluctuations. The global economy impact on a local urban service leads us to acknowledge urban mining strategies which renew the appropriations' legitimacy question ; Sur la base d'investigations empiriques dans deux villes ordinaires de pays émergents –Vitória au Brésil et Coimbatore en Inde- nous expliquons pourquoi la gestion des déchets municipaux au Sud ne peut pas exclure les acteurs dits « informels » sous peine d'aboutir à des fiascos. Ce constat est désormais unanimement reconnu, sans qu'en soient pour autant explicitées les raisons. Nous partons de l'observation empirique de conflits d'appropriation, qui apparaissent lors de l'introduction de schémas municipaux de collecte sélective et transcendent la dichotomie entre gros opérateurs privés et petits wastepickers. Ces heurts nous amènent à formuler la question centrale suivante : à qui appartiennent les déchets, res derelictae, objets précisément définis par leur abandon ? C'est ici que réside l'apport de notre recherche : en confrontant la théorie économique à une approche d'aménagement urbain, nous démontrons que le gisement de déchets urbains correspond à un bien (ou un 'mal') public impur : rival, mais non excluable. Cette caractéristique est due autant aux ruptures de charge du service d'évacuation, qu'à la valeur marchande d'un nombre croissant de matériaux -à condition qu'ils soient captés à la source. Enfin, en abordant la question à une échelle plus macro, nous affirmons que le négoce local de revente des déchets secs est directement influencé par les cours des matières premières vierges, ou secondaires (lorsque de tels marchés existent). Cette prégnance de l'économie globale sur un service urbain local permet de repérer des stratégies émergentes d'extraction minière urbaine qui aboutissent à poser avec une acuité renouvelée la question de la légitimité des appropriations

The densification of urban areas and their periurban extension tend to greatly modify landscapes and lifestyles in these areas. Urban green spaces are becoming essential elements of modern urbanism. These contribute to the sustainability of cities and are acclaimed by the citizens. Despite the existence of opinion polls on green spaces and government reports on the underlying issues, few economic studies have been devoted to them. Given this situation, a better knowledge and understanding of green space policies are needed. Their non-market characteristic leads us to the issue of the management of public goods. We identify the sources of market failures in order to highlight economic problems inherent in the allocation of green spaces. It stems a need to identify individual preferences and understand public choices through both a positive and empirical analysis. The application of the hedonic pricing method in the city of Angers can highlight that resident households give value to green spaces. Through the use of indicators derived from landscape ecology, we show that not only access to green spaces, but also their distribution affects the choice of residential location. The identification of a demand leads us to consider the local supply of green spaces. To do this, we construct three samples from a survey and geographic information systems. We test the model of the median voter for municipalities in the region of Pays de la Loire, and then we test the model of horizontal externalities in samples of municipalities in the department of Loire-Atlantique and the urban area of Angers. Our results show the existence of mimetic behaviour between municipalities. ; La densification des zones urbaines et leur extension périphérique tendent à modifier fortement les paysages et les modes de vie dans ces zones. Les espaces verts urbains deviennent des éléments incontournables de l'urbanisme moderne. Ceux-ci contribuent à l'apparence « durable » des politiques de la ville et sont plébiscités par les citoyens. Malgré la ...

The densification of urban areas and their periurban extension tend to greatly modify landscapes and lifestyles in these areas. Urban green spaces are becoming essential elements of modern urbanism. These contribute to the sustainability of cities and are acclaimed by the citizens. Despite the existence of opinion polls on green spaces and government reports on the underlying issues, few economic studies have been devoted to them. Given this situation, a better knowledge and understanding of green space policies are needed. Their non-market characteristic leads us to the issue of the management of public goods. We identify the sources of market failures in order to highlight economic problems inherent in the allocation of green spaces. It stems a need to identify individual preferences and understand public choices through both a positive and empirical analysis. The application of the hedonic pricing method in the city of Angers can highlight that resident households give value to green spaces. Through the use of indicators derived from landscape ecology, we show that not only access to green spaces, but also their distribution affects the choice of residential location. The identification of a demand leads us to consider the local supply of green spaces. To do this, we construct three samples from a survey and geographic information systems. We test the model of the median voter for municipalities in the region of Pays de la Loire, and then we test the model of horizontal externalities in samples of municipalities in the department of Loire-Atlantique and the urban area of Angers. Our results show the existence of mimetic behaviour between municipalities. ; La densification des zones urbaines et leur extension périphérique tendent à modifier fortement les paysages et les modes de vie dans ces zones. Les espaces verts urbains deviennent des éléments incontournables de l'urbanisme moderne. Ceux-ci contribuent à l'apparence « durable » des politiques de la ville et sont plébiscités par les citoyens. Malgré la ...

During the debates about the future common agricultural policy for the 2014-2020 period, we noticed an increasingly use of the concept of public good in order to justify the continuation of this policy in a context of deregulation and economic liberalization.Drawing on an original theoretical framework that built at the crossroads of the French rural economy, of the former U.S. institutional economics and of the theory of regulation, this thesis proposes to examine the role played by the notion of public good dealing with a new agreement between the different actors and interests involved in the CAP debate.The first chapter of this thesis offers a state of the art of the concept of public good in economics and highlights the notion that finally appears somewhat stabilize in this area. In line with this first result, we propose to stabilize this concept for the rest of our argument by relying on a broader political economy framework of analysis.In the second chapter, we examine the origins of this notion in the European debates about the CAP, its interpretation by the European commission and its relationship with the concept of agricultural multifunctionality previously mobilized in these debates.Finally, we highlight through the last chapter , the existence of different interpretation of the concept of public good by some Member States and regions studied, linked with the interests defended by key stakeholder groups involved in the regional and national debates about the future CAP. ; Au cours des débats relatifs à la future Politique agricole commune (PAC) pour la période 2014-2020, nous avons pu constater un recours de plus en plus fréquent à la notion de bien public, permettant de justifier le maintien de cette politique dans un contexte de dérégulation et de libéralisation économique de plus en plus marqué. En nous appuyant sur un cadre théorique original, construit à la croisée de l'économie rurale française, de l'ancienne économie institutionnaliste américaine et de la théorie de la régulation, cette thèse ...

International audience ; Abstract – This article analyzes the confrontation modes of professional logic of publicof farmers provisioning Public Goods (PG) with public policies designed to supportthe production of these goods. The introduction situates in a perspective of long-termcharacteristics of the recent emergence of the concept of public goods in the negotiationsof the Common Agricultural Policy. It also presents the methodological elements underlyingthe results are field surveys conducted in 2012 and 2013 in four agricultural areas in Europe(Pieniny in Poland, Haut Var and Marne in France, Exmoor National Park Great-Britain).The article then consists of four sections. The first section shows that the confrontation ofprofessional logic of farmers and public policies gives rise to two types of PG: the first,spontaneously produces and mainly observed in the Pieniny and Haut Var, are produced bythe systemic logic farmers' production regardless of the existence of public support. The latter,observed mainly in the Marne and the Exmoor National Park, are the product of a coerciveor very strong incentive injunction of public policy, and correspond to the expression of asocial demand that does not necessarily meet the logic of farmers. Spontaneous PG presentin "bouquet" coherent due to the farming systemic logic that generates them. The secondsection shows that no situation is frozen, some PG evolving from one category to anotheraccording to changing professional identities farmers or destruction of dynamic/protection ofthese goods carried by public action along time. The third and final section systematize theseobservations in a synthetic scheme and offers some lessons learned from these case studies onthe most public policies that can support both types of PG, respectively. ; Résumé – Cet article analyse les modes de confrontation des logiques professionnelles des agriculteurspourvoyeurs de biens publics (BP) d'origine agricole et les politiques publiques conçues pour soutenir laproduction de ces biens. ...

International audience ; Abstract – This article analyzes the confrontation modes of professional logic of publicof farmers provisioning Public Goods (PG) with public policies designed to supportthe production of these goods. The introduction situates in a perspective of long-termcharacteristics of the recent emergence of the concept of public goods in the negotiationsof the Common Agricultural Policy. It also presents the methodological elements underlyingthe results are field surveys conducted in 2012 and 2013 in four agricultural areas in Europe(Pieniny in Poland, Haut Var and Marne in France, Exmoor National Park Great-Britain).The article then consists of four sections. The first section shows that the confrontation ofprofessional logic of farmers and public policies gives rise to two types of PG: the first,spontaneously produces and mainly observed in the Pieniny and Haut Var, are produced bythe systemic logic farmers' production regardless of the existence of public support. The latter,observed mainly in the Marne and the Exmoor National Park, are the product of a coerciveor very strong incentive injunction of public policy, and correspond to the expression of asocial demand that does not necessarily meet the logic of farmers. Spontaneous PG presentin "bouquet" coherent due to the farming systemic logic that generates them. The secondsection shows that no situation is frozen, some PG evolving from one category to anotheraccording to changing professional identities farmers or destruction of dynamic/protection ofthese goods carried by public action along time. The third and final section systematize theseobservations in a synthetic scheme and offers some lessons learned from these case studies onthe most public policies that can support both types of PG, respectively. ; Résumé – Cet article analyse les modes de confrontation des logiques professionnelles des agriculteurspourvoyeurs de biens publics (BP) d'origine agricole et les politiques publiques conçues pour soutenir laproduction de ces biens. ...