Suchergebnisse

Lithuania still be an important link connecting the eastern Baltic states in the Middle East to Europe, so it occupies a strategically important place in various countries and political institutions and policy projection. On the 21st of December, 2007 after Lithuania became a member of Schengen area, migration mobility of inhabitants increased. In order to solve relevant problems there was analysed European Union requirements and Lithuanian Republic legal regulations that belong to the sphere when the country is a member of Schengen area. Firstly, there have been analysed the main legal standards and documents that consolidate the activities of institutions in this sphere as well as cooperation possibil ities of institutions controlling foreigners. The research project presents valuable cooperation experience of institutions dealing with foreigners‗ control. When analysing target preventive means in police foreigners control sphere, the attention is paid to Kaliningrad transit programme, that is being quite successfully developed. The main aim of this programme is to ensure streamlined people transit from Russian Federation territory to Russian Federation Kaliningrad region and back via Lithuanian Republic territory, that must comply with Schengen agreement of the 14th of June, 1985 and 1990 Convention concerning the 14th of June, 1985 Schengen implementation regulations, European Union acquis, proper European Union external border control and security, cooperation between legal institutions in Kaliningrad transit territory and the requirements for electronic data base. ; Lietuva tebevertinama kaip svarbi grandis, jungianti Rytų Pabaltijį su Vidurio Rytų Europa, todėl ji užima strategiškai svarbią vietą įvairių valstybių ir politinių institucijų politikos projekcijoje. Lietuvos Respublikai 2007 m. gruodžio 21 d. tapus visateise Šengeno erdvės nare, išaugo gyventojų migracinis mobilumas. Šiame darbe analizuoti Lietuvos Respublikos norminiai teisės aktai, sprendžiantys užsieniečių tranzito per valstybės teritoriją tvarką. Atkreiptinas dėmesys, kad pakankamai gerai vykdoma viena pagrindinių šioje srityje programa – Kaliningrado tranzito programa. Svarbiausias šios programos tikslas – užtikrinti supaprastintą asmenų tranzitą iš Rusijos Federacijos teritorijos į Rusijos Federacijos Kaliningrado sritį ir atgal per Lietuvos Respublikos teritoriją. Veikla turi vykti taip, kad atitiktų 1985 m. birželio 14 d. Šengeno susitarimo, Europos Sąjungos acquis, tinkamos Europos Sąjungos išorės sienų kontrolės ir saugumo, bendradarbiavimo tarp teisėsaugos institucijų Kaliningrado tranzito teritorijoje ir elektroninių duomenų apsaugos reikalavimus. Atliktas tyrimas leidžia teigti, kad Lietuvoje yra pakankamai gerai organizuojama ir vykdoma užsieniečių kontrolė.

Increasing number of cross-border crime, there is a need to create a common organization whose goal – to unite the states to fight crime. Each country is different legal systems, different law enforcement agencies, it is extremely difficult to work without coordinating organizations, to remove these inconsistencies. For this purpose established by the European Union law enforcement organization – Europol. Its aim is to increase the competent authorities of Member States' operational effectiveness and promote their cooperation in the fight against serious transnational organized crime and terrorism and its prevention. A study has found that only united the whole of the European Union's Europol National Units, may be more successful in the fight against serious international crime. Lithuania still is an important link connecting the eastern Baltic states in the Middle East to Europe, so it occupies a strategically important place in various countries and political institutions and policy projection. On the 21st of December, 2007 after Lithuania became a member of Schengen area, migration mobility of inhabitants increased. In order to solve relevant problems there was analysed European Union requirements and Lithuanian Republic legal regulations that belong to the sphere when the country is a member of Schengen area. Firstly, there have been analysed the main legal standards and documents that consolidate the activities of institutions in this sphere as well as cooperation possibilities of institutions controlling foreigners. The research project presents valuable cooperation experience of institutions dealing with foreigners' control. ; Šiuo metu mūsų šalį vargina ekonominis nestabilumas, lydimas įvairaus pobūdžio nusikalstamumo didėjimo. Su šiuo reiškiniu susiduria dauguma Europos Sąjungos šalių, todėl iškilo būtinybė kurti bendras organizacijas, kurių tikslas – vienyti valstybes kovai su nusikalstamumu. Kiekvienoje valstybėje veikia skirtingos teisinės sistemos, skirtingos teisėsaugos institucijos, todėl itin sunku bendradarbiauti be koordinuojančių organizacijų, kurios pašalintų tuos neatitikimus. Tam tikslui įkurta Europos Sąjungos teisėsaugos organizacija – Europolas. Jos tikslas didinti kompetentingų valstybių narių institucijų veiklos efektyvumą ir skatinti jų bendradarbiavimą kovojant su sunkiu tarptautiniu organizuotu nusikalstamumu ir terorizmu bei jų prevencijos srityje. Lietuvos Respublikai tapus visateise Šengeno erdvės nare, išaugo gyventojų migracinis mobilumas. Tik Europos Sąjungos institucijų dėka buvo teisiškai išspręsta ir šiuo metu pakankamai gerai vykdoma viena pagrindinių šioje srityje programa – Kaliningrado tranzito programa, užtikrinanti supaprastintą asmenų tranzitą iš Rusijos Federacijos teritorijos į Rusijos Federacijos Kaliningrado sritį ir atgal per Lietuvos Respublikos teritoriją. Atliktu tyrimu nustatyta, kad tik vieningas visos Europos Sąjungos Europolo nacionalinių padalinių bendradarbiavimas, gali būti sėkmingas kelias kovoje su sunkiais tarptautinio pobūdžio nusikaltimais, tai pat leidžia teigti, kad Lietuvoje yra pakankamai gerai organizuojama ir vykdoma užsieniečių kontrolė.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the legal aspects of public environmental education and awareness rising on waste management issues, to evaluate the completeness and quality of the websites of regional waste management centers and municipalities and to develop a web site for waste management issues. Methods of the work: descriptive analysis of the legislation, comparative analysis of educational material on the websites of regional waste management centers in Lithuania. Master's thesis describes the website (www.atliekos.visiems.lt) for waste management developed by the author. Alytus, Šiauliai, Tauragė, Telšiai, Kaunas regional waste management centers according to legislation must develop and implement public awareness programs on waste issues. According to the information provided, Lithuanian regional waste management centers, were grouped into four categories. Websites of Siauliai and Telsiai regional waste management centers are the most developed and complete among of all regional centers. The websites of the waste management centers of Marijampolė, Panevėžys, Tauragė, Utena were among those that mostly lacked comprehensiveness. The research revealed that in the websites of municipalities' there is no a separate column on municipal waste management system or information in such column is not complete. It was formulated 9 recommendations for the improvement of public environmental education and awareness rising on waste management issues.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the legal aspects of public environmental education and awareness rising on waste management issues, to evaluate the completeness and quality of the websites of regional waste management centers and municipalities and to develop a web site for waste management issues. Methods of the work: descriptive analysis of the legislation, comparative analysis of educational material on the websites of regional waste management centers in Lithuania. Master's thesis describes the website (www.atliekos.visiems.lt) for waste management developed by the author. Alytus, Šiauliai, Tauragė, Telšiai, Kaunas regional waste management centers according to legislation must develop and implement public awareness programs on waste issues. According to the information provided, Lithuanian regional waste management centers, were grouped into four categories. Websites of Siauliai and Telsiai regional waste management centers are the most developed and complete among of all regional centers. The websites of the waste management centers of Marijampolė, Panevėžys, Tauragė, Utena were among those that mostly lacked comprehensiveness. The research revealed that in the websites of municipalities' there is no a separate column on municipal waste management system or information in such column is not complete. It was formulated 9 recommendations for the improvement of public environmental education and awareness rising on waste management issues.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the legal aspects of public environmental education and awareness rising on waste management issues, to evaluate the completeness and quality of the websites of regional waste management centers and municipalities and to develop a web site for waste management issues. Methods of the work: descriptive analysis of the legislation, comparative analysis of educational material on the websites of regional waste management centers in Lithuania. Master's thesis describes the website (www.atliekos.visiems.lt) for waste management developed by the author. Alytus, Šiauliai, Tauragė, Telšiai, Kaunas regional waste management centers according to legislation must develop and implement public awareness programs on waste issues. According to the information provided, Lithuanian regional waste management centers, were grouped into four categories. Websites of Siauliai and Telsiai regional waste management centers are the most developed and complete among of all regional centers. The websites of the waste management centers of Marijampolė, Panevėžys, Tauragė, Utena were among those that mostly lacked comprehensiveness. The research revealed that in the websites of municipalities' there is no a separate column on municipal waste management system or information in such column is not complete. It was formulated 9 recommendations for the improvement of public environmental education and awareness rising on waste management issues.

An objective of the present final master thesis is to examine the application issues of liability for traffic safety violations made by drunk persons. The analysis of administrative and criminal liability, legislation and case law carried out in the thesis showed that legislator failed to consider the essential gaps of legislation criminalizing the act of persons driving the vehicles being drunk according to the criteria defined by law. This has caused different interpretation of legal norm and avoidance of the strictest liability, i.e. criminal liability.

An objective of the present final master thesis is to examine the application issues of liability for traffic safety violations made by drunk persons. The analysis of administrative and criminal liability, legislation and case law carried out in the thesis showed that legislator failed to consider the essential gaps of legislation criminalizing the act of persons driving the vehicles being drunk according to the criteria defined by law. This has caused different interpretation of legal norm and avoidance of the strictest liability, i.e. criminal liability.

ISSUES CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRIVATE PROPERTY AND PUBLIC INTEREST This master thesis aims to reveal the relationship between private property and public interest, which mostly appears with various restrictions upon private property rights because of the public interest. Concepts of private property and public interest are analysed together with the importance of private property and exertion of public interest. Also the relationship between private property and public interest is systematically analysed according to Lithuanian legislation and jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court and evaluations on the justification of private property restrictions are presented. Three kinds of property may be distinguished: private, collective and common. All these kinds co-exists in any society, although trends of private property increase may be noticed. A right to private property is a natural human right, which is essential to his existence. Private property rights must be safeguarded and protected as private property is the foundation of the welfare of the society. The concept of public interest is rather vague, thus it should be clarified in case law. It is assumed that public interest is a social need of the society to reach for the general welfare. General welfare should be understood not as a goal, but as means providing the individuals better possibilities to reach for their own goals. An inappropriate interpretation of public interest concept may lead to unjust restrictions of private interests and human rights. The security of a Human right to private property is also public interest. Therefore this natural right may be restricted only on exceptional circumstances when it is an objectively necessary. In Lithuania this right is basically secured, although many restrictions exist, which most of them may be conditioned by public interest. According to the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, three cases of such private property restrictions may be distinguished: because of nature of an object; because of the actions of an owner; because of a need of the society. All these restrictions are possible to some extent. It is important that they were conditioned by objective circumstances, and not a subjective needs of particular groups to build a better society.

ISSUES CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRIVATE PROPERTY AND PUBLIC INTEREST This master thesis aims to reveal the relationship between private property and public interest, which mostly appears with various restrictions upon private property rights because of the public interest. Concepts of private property and public interest are analysed together with the importance of private property and exertion of public interest. Also the relationship between private property and public interest is systematically analysed according to Lithuanian legislation and jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court and evaluations on the justification of private property restrictions are presented. Three kinds of property may be distinguished: private, collective and common. All these kinds co-exists in any society, although trends of private property increase may be noticed. A right to private property is a natural human right, which is essential to his existence. Private property rights must be safeguarded and protected as private property is the foundation of the welfare of the society. The concept of public interest is rather vague, thus it should be clarified in case law. It is assumed that public interest is a social need of the society to reach for the general welfare. General welfare should be understood not as a goal, but as means providing the individuals better possibilities to reach for their own goals. An inappropriate interpretation of public interest concept may lead to unjust restrictions of private interests and human rights. The security of a Human right to private property is also public interest. Therefore this natural right may be restricted only on exceptional circumstances when it is an objectively necessary. In Lithuania this right is basically secured, although many restrictions exist, which most of them may be conditioned by public interest. According to the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, three cases of such private property restrictions may be distinguished: because of nature of an object; because of the actions of an owner; because of a need of the society. All these restrictions are possible to some extent. It is important that they were conditioned by objective circumstances, and not a subjective needs of particular groups to build a better society.

ISSUES CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRIVATE PROPERTY AND PUBLIC INTEREST This master thesis aims to reveal the relationship between private property and public interest, which mostly appears with various restrictions upon private property rights because of the public interest. Concepts of private property and public interest are analysed together with the importance of private property and exertion of public interest. Also the relationship between private property and public interest is systematically analysed according to Lithuanian legislation and jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court and evaluations on the justification of private property restrictions are presented. Three kinds of property may be distinguished: private, collective and common. All these kinds co-exists in any society, although trends of private property increase may be noticed. A right to private property is a natural human right, which is essential to his existence. Private property rights must be safeguarded and protected as private property is the foundation of the welfare of the society. The concept of public interest is rather vague, thus it should be clarified in case law. It is assumed that public interest is a social need of the society to reach for the general welfare. General welfare should be understood not as a goal, but as means providing the individuals better possibilities to reach for their own goals. An inappropriate interpretation of public interest concept may lead to unjust restrictions of private interests and human rights. The security of a Human right to private property is also public interest. Therefore this natural right may be restricted only on exceptional circumstances when it is an objectively necessary. In Lithuania this right is basically secured, although many restrictions exist, which most of them may be conditioned by public interest. According to the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, three cases of such private property restrictions may be distinguished: because of nature of an object; because of the actions of an owner; because of a need of the society. All these restrictions are possible to some extent. It is important that they were conditioned by objective circumstances, and not a subjective needs of particular groups to build a better society.

ISSUES CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRIVATE PROPERTY AND PUBLIC INTEREST This master thesis aims to reveal the relationship between private property and public interest, which mostly appears with various restrictions upon private property rights because of the public interest. Concepts of private property and public interest are analysed together with the importance of private property and exertion of public interest. Also the relationship between private property and public interest is systematically analysed according to Lithuanian legislation and jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court and evaluations on the justification of private property restrictions are presented. Three kinds of property may be distinguished: private, collective and common. All these kinds co-exists in any society, although trends of private property increase may be noticed. A right to private property is a natural human right, which is essential to his existence. Private property rights must be safeguarded and protected as private property is the foundation of the welfare of the society. The concept of public interest is rather vague, thus it should be clarified in case law. It is assumed that public interest is a social need of the society to reach for the general welfare. General welfare should be understood not as a goal, but as means providing the individuals better possibilities to reach for their own goals. An inappropriate interpretation of public interest concept may lead to unjust restrictions of private interests and human rights. The security of a Human right to private property is also public interest. Therefore this natural right may be restricted only on exceptional circumstances when it is an objectively necessary. In Lithuania this right is basically secured, although many restrictions exist, which most of them may be conditioned by public interest. According to the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, three cases of such private property restrictions may be distinguished: because of nature of an object; because of the actions of an owner; because of a need of the society. All these restrictions are possible to some extent. It is important that they were conditioned by objective circumstances, and not a subjective needs of particular groups to build a better society.

The monograph is based on the outcomes of the considerations that took place within the ambit of the project NEAR 2 – Network of European-Asian Rail Research Capacities - from 2012 to 2014. The monograph serves to bridge the gaps in knowledge and technology to improve the technical interoperability of railway, rail traffic safety regulations and risk assessment, and rolling stock maintenance system. It also analyses different railway infrastructure and identifies interoperability problems of the Eurasian Railways. This research considers three railway systems (geographical regions): first, the railways of the countries in the European Union; second, the Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian railways; and third, the railways of Asian countries. The monograph comprises seven chapters dealing with the particularities of rail safety regulation in different countries, technical aspects of safety and interoperability, infrastructure and signalling, track-side equipment and traffic management, locomotive slip and slide control rolling stock maintenance problems, and staff training & educational issues of Eurasian Railways. Overall concluding remarks identify future research needs and priorities that support the formulation of a relevant research agenda for the Eurasian land bridge; ascertain the common future research projects concerned with the main topics of the monograph, as well as to the combination of the interests of the Eurasian rail industry and undertakings.

The monograph is based on the outcomes of the considerations that took place within the ambit of the project NEAR 2 – Network of European-Asian Rail Research Capacities - from 2012 to 2014. The monograph serves to bridge the gaps in knowledge and technology to improve the technical interoperability of railway, rail traffic safety regulations and risk assessment, and rolling stock maintenance system. It also analyses different railway infrastructure and identifies interoperability problems of the Eurasian Railways. This research considers three railway systems (geographical regions): first, the railways of the countries in the European Union; second, the Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian railways; and third, the railways of Asian countries. The monograph comprises seven chapters dealing with the particularities of rail safety regulation in different countries, technical aspects of safety and interoperability, infrastructure and signalling, track-side equipment and traffic management, locomotive slip and slide control rolling stock maintenance problems, and staff training & educational issues of Eurasian Railways. Overall concluding remarks identify future research needs and priorities that support the formulation of a relevant research agenda for the Eurasian land bridge; ascertain the common future research projects concerned with the main topics of the monograph, as well as to the combination of the interests of the Eurasian rail industry and undertakings.