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[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] The precedents of military interventional decisions by Western countries in the Middle East have been an uneasy topic with vague, long-term strategic objectives and increased questionable attitudes among domestic audiences. This article questions whether these precedents require an updated methodological approach. The aim of this article is to adopt a poliheuristic methodology as an analytic instrument for examining military intervention precedents in the Middle East. This article suggests an analytical solution based on a poliheuristic research methodology, previously defined by Alex Mintz and applied in foreign policy research. This article highlights the need to adopt the methodology to military interventional decisions with an inclusion of additional decision dimensions. The first part of the article reveals a synthesis of the theoretical notions of neoclassical realism. These notions are correlated with the elements of poliheuristic methodology. This path of analysis, applied to theoretical notions and the adopted poliheuristic methodology, reveals additional variables that have a transdimensional role in the military intervention decision process. The following are the variables that influence the cognitive and rational elements of the poliheuristic methodology: the competing dominance of normative or operational ideas, interventional experience and shifting notions of strategic culture. The final part of the article offers an empirical study that illustrates how the suggested poliheuristic methodology is to be applied. The case pays attention to the decision of Barack Obama's administration in 2013 to not escalate its military intervention into the Syrian conflict. Considerations of the Syrian case are also correlated to the previous multinational military campaign in Libya. ; [straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba] Straipsnio tikslas – modifikuoti poliheuristinę užsienio politikos sprendimų tyrimo metodiką ir adaptuoti ją Vakarų valstybių karinių intervencijų Vidurio Rytuose analizei. Poliheuristinė metodika performuluojama, pabrėžiant intervencinės aplinkos pažinimo ir racionalaus pasirinkimo sąveikos svarbą. Šios sąveikos išgryninimui identifikuojami papildomi kintamieji, kurie išvedami nuosekliai gretinant neoklasikinio realizmo prielaidas su poliheuristine metodika. Straipsnyje taip pat demonstruojamos patobulintos metodikos galimybės. Tam pasitelkiamas 2013 m. atvejis, kai Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų prezidentas Barackas Obama nusprendė nesiimti karinės intervencijos ir neeskaluoti Sirijos pilietinio konflikto.

The paper considers some essential aspects of the genesis of legal realism from the point of view of its philosophical foundations and their transformation in the field of legal knowledge and legal understand-ing. Legal realism, focused on the ontologization of social experience, shifted the attention of legal sci-ence to pragmatic and relativistic methods of analy-sis. As a result of these changes, the principle of knowledge of law was the beginning of irrational-ism, which was manifested in various aspects. The variability of empirical content in the field of legal philosophy was often the reason for refusing to search for regularities in it. In the 19th century, the philosophical attitudes of pragmatism and relativism became the basis for the substantial strengthening of the position of realistic approaches to law. One of the most revealing themes of the use and tenden-tious movement towards the principle of irrational-ism was the category of "normality".

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of illustrations -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- List of acronyms -- 1. Introduction -- Interdisciplinarity, health, and wellbeing -- Outline of the book contents -- The audience of the book -- PART I: Antinomies of mainstream interdisciplinarity -- 2. Overview of the contemporary literature -- Driving forces of interdisciplinarity -- Defining interdisciplinarity -- Interdisciplinarity without metatheory risks failure -- Preoccupation with personalism -- Institutional and organizational failings -- Bibliometric analysis of interdisciplinary research -- The absence of an adequate metatheoretical perspective -- 3. Contemporary ways to justify interdisciplinarity -- The pessimistic view -- The optimistic view -- The pragmatic view -- Some problems with mainstream metatheoretical strategies -- PART II: A critical realist general theory of interdisciplinarity -- 4. Core concepts of critical realism -- The role of philosophy -- Seriousness -- The nature of philosophical argument -- The nature of philosophy itself -- Enhanced reflexivity -- Critical realism and ontology -- A new ontology -- An immanent critique of Humean ontology -- The domains of the real, the actual, and the empirical -- The dialectic of science -- Three senses in which reality is structured -- 5. Critical realism and social science -- Structure and agency -- The individual and the collective -- Meaning and law -- Comparing the natural and social sciences -- A toolkit for social scientists -- 6. The ontological case for interdisciplinarity -- The DREI(C) and the RRREI(C) -- The stages of interdisciplinarity -- Conditions for interdisciplinarity -- 7. The seven steps to deeper understanding of ontology -- Step 1: being (ontology) is unavoidable and layered -- Step 2: being as process

In this paper I will consider the 1950s as a seminal period for the configuration of violence in modern drama and as a crucial moment for the fusion between violence and realism. In post-war drama, we will not see violence portrayed as an extreme action or as unbelievable acts. Violence becomes the natural way to express social and individual tensions, through class conflicts, strong language and war motives. Themes such as the display of physical violence, the failure of the human body, exposing dysfunctional families and war effects, becomes more and more common and attached to everyday life. This was fertile ground for John Osborne, Edward Bond or Arthur Miller, or for the British dramaturgy of the nineties, especially with the so-called in-yer-face theatre.Thus, I will focus on the effects this global discussion had on Portuguese culture and theatre. I will discuss two performances that are both representative of the Portuguese alternative culture of the time and that stage texts that deal with realistic violence: Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman by Experimental Theatre of Oporto (TEP), in 1954; and Mark Ravenhill's Shopping and Fucking, directed by Gonçalo Amorim, in 2007. Both performances represent straightforward approaches to the texts and raise several interesting aspects: how is violence portrayed inPortugal, in 1954, when a fascist dictatorship imposed a severe censorship on performances? And how is Ravenhill's violence replaced by irony in the performance by Gonçalo Amorim? ; En este artículo voy a conside- rar la década de 1950 como un período fundamental para la configuración de la violencia en el teatro moderno y como un momento crucial para la fusión entre la violencia y el realismo. En el drama de la posguerra, la violencia no se presenta como acciones extremas o actos increí- bles. La violencia se convierte en la forma natural de expresar las tensiones sociales e individuales, a través de los conflictos de clase, el uso del lenguaje y las alusio- nes a la guerra. Elementos tales como la visualización de la violencia física, el fra- caso del cuerpo humano, la familia dis- funcional y los efectos de guerra, se vuel- ven cada vez más comunes en la ficción como reflejo de la vida cotidiana. Estas referencias se vuelven recurrentes entre dramaturgos como John Osborne, Ed- ward Bond o Arthur Miller, así como para la corriente del teatro in-yer-face en los años noventa en Gran Bretaña. Este artículo centra su interés en el diá- logo que se establece entre la cultura portuguesa y el teatro de estas caracte- rísticas. Para ello, se describen dos pues- tas en escena representativas de la unión de este teatro y su representación en Portugal: Death of a Salesman, by the Teatro Experimental del Oporto (TEP), en 1954, de Arthur Miller; y de Mark Raven- hill, Shopping and Fucking, dirigido por Gonçalo Amorim, en 2007. Ambas repre- sentaciones siguen el texto fielmente y plantean varias preguntas interesantes: ¿cómo es violencia que se presenta en Portugal, en 1954, cuando una dictadura fascista impuso una censura severa en las actuaciones? ¿Y cómo está la violencia de Ravenhill sustituido por ironía en la ac- tuación de Amorim?

The papers main purpose is to expose the struggle between peace and war concepts in St. Augustine political work. The purpose will be to revise the psychological basements of St. Augustine Political Thought. Second, to expose the political consequences of ; El objetivo principal de los documentos es exponer la lucha entre los conceptos de paz y guerra en el trabajo político de San Agustín. El propósito será revisar los sótanos psicológicos del pensamiento político de San Agustín. En segundo lugar, exponer la