Suchergebnisse

يتناول البحث مسألة أصولية، وهي العلة القاصرة، وحكم التعليل بها، وذكر الخلاف فيها بين الأصوليين.كما وضح البحث أن الخلاف لم يتوارد على محل واحد، إذ راعى الحنفية عملية القياس، وراعى الجمهور حقيقة العلة، وتبين أنه لا خلاف في عدم إجراء القياس بدون علة متعدية، ولا مانع من إبداء علة الحكم.وناقش الباحثان سبب الخلاف بين الأصوليين، وبينا فوائد التعليل بالعلة القاصرة.وبينا مسالك الأصوليين في الترجيح عند تعارض علتين: إحداهما قاصرة، والأخرى متعدية.وختما البحث بذكر أثر الاختلاف في التعليل بالعلة القاصرة. ; The research deals with a fundamental issue which is the restricted reasoning ; the possibility of using it for reasoning; and the dispute between the fundamentalists concerning it.The research clarified that the disagreement is theoretical, as the Hanafiah scholars took into account the process of measurement, and the majority of scholars took into account the truth of reasoning. It was found that there is no dispute in not making a measurement without a transitive reason, and there is no objection to explaining the reason for judgment.The two researchers discussed the reason for the disagreement between the fundamentalists, and showed the benefits of explaining the restricted reasoning.They showed the methods of the fundamentalists regarding the preference when two reasons conflict: one of them is restricted, and the other transitive.The research concluded by stating the effect of the difference in reasoning using the restricted reasoning

Two reasons are behind the seriousness of Unesco's crisis: first, for the first time one of the superpowers withdrew from the Organization and its remaining outside will put question marks on its universal character. Second, the Unesco's budget will be amputated of its third. The author analyses the role of Ahmad Muhtar Ambu and the attitude of the Arab states towards the Unesco's crisis. (DÜI-Sdt)

The Michigan guidelines on the internal protection alternative (1999) -- The Michigan guidelines on nexus to a convention ground (2001) -- The Michigan guidelines on well-founded fear (2004) -- The Michigan guidelines on protection elsewhere (2006) -- The Michigan guidelines on the right to work (2009) -- The Michigan guidelines on the exclusion of international criminals (2013) -- The Michigan guidelines on risk for reasons of political opinion (2015) -- The Michigan guidelines on refugee freedom of movement (2017)

Preface -- Introduction -- Translation of Rafʻ al-Malām ʻan al-A'immat al-Aʻlām -- Reasons behind the divergence of a scholar's opinion from a ḥadīth -- The opinions of scholars and the question of error -- Can a scholar who fails to adhere to the implications of a text be chastened -- The Purpose of Threats of punishment within textual evidence -- The implications of categorical and probable ḥadīths -- General and Specific Threats of Punishment -- Categorical Proof and the Threat of Punishment -- Threat(s) of Punishment in case of difference of Opinion -- The domain of ḥadīths comprising threats of Punishment -- Are the independent scholar (mujtahid) and the imitator (muqallid), beyond the jurisdiction of punishment? -- Conclusion -- Bibliography.

عنوان البحث: (مصطلح الحكومة عند الفقهاء جمعا ودراسة) يهدف هذا البحث إلى الكشف عن مصطلح الحكومة عند الفقهاء، والألفاظ ذات الصلة، والجنايات التي ذكر الفقهاء أن فيها حكومة، وكيفية تقديرها، وشروطها. وقد تكون البحث من مقدمة، وفصلين، وخاتمة، وفهرسي المصادر والمراجع والمحتويات. أما المقدمة: فقد تم فيها التعريف بأهمية الموضوع، وأسباب اختياره، وأهدافه، والدراسات السابقة، ومنهج البحث، وخطته. وقد تناول الفصل الأول: مفاهيم البحث ومقدماته، كتعريف الحكومة، وسبب تسمية الحكومة بهذا الاسم، والألفاظ ذات الصلة، وورود لفظ الحكومة في كتب الآثار. وتناول الفصل الثاني: الحكومات عند الفقهاء وتم فيه تناول 44 جناية غير مقدرة مما يطلق عليه الفقهاء لفظ الحكومة، وكيفية تقديرها، وشروطها. ثم الخاتمة: واشتملت على أهم النتائج والتوصيات. ثم ختم البحث بفهرس المصادر والمراجع، وفهرس الموضوعات. ; Research title: (The term government according to jurists, collection and study) This research aims to reveal the term government according to the jurists, and the related terms, and the crimes that the jurists mentioned that there is a government, how to assess it, and its conditions. The research consisted of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, and a catalog of sources, references and contents. As for the introduction: the importance of the topic, the reasons for choosing it, its objectives, previous studies, the research method, and its plan were defined. The first chapter dealt with the concepts and introductions of the research, such as the definition of the government, the reason for naming the government by this name, the related words, and the inclusion of the term government in antiquities books. The second chapter dealt with governments according to the jurists, in which 44 unquantified crimes were dealt with what the jurists call the term government, how to assess it, and its conditions. Then the conclusion: it included the most important results and recommendations. Then the research concluded with an index of sources and references, and an index of topics.

"Profit over Peace in Western Sahara examines the role of natural resources in the occupation of Africa's last colony. Not well known to the wider public, the territory of Western Sahara is considered by the United Nations to be awaiting decolonization. Its liberation from colonial rule has come to a standstill due to Morocco's continued military occupation of a part of the territory. The protracted conflict has dramatic consequences for the Sahrawi people of Western Sahara. This book details, among other things, a remarkable vote in the European Parliament in 2011 when EU offshore fisheries were rejected by the territory. The battle over the fisheries elegantly illustrates how the EU--for political reasons and financial self-interest--has ignored basic principles of international law. This publication is edited by Erik Hagen and the artist Mario Pfeifer, who has been researching the region since 2011 and provides visual material for the book. Erik Hagen has followed the issue of resources in Western Sahara since 2002, both as a journalist and as a campaigner for the organization Western Sahara Resource Watch. An essay by lawyer Jeffrey J. Smith examines the 2017 landmark judgment in South Africa concerning a bulk vessel carrying conflict minerals from the territory." (Publisher's description)

تهدف هذه الورقة البحثية للتطرق إلى موضوع الفساد بصفة عامة والفساد الإداري والمالي بصفة خاصـة، من خلال التركيز على تبيان أهم الأسباب المؤدية إلى بروز هذه الظاهرة وانتشارها بصفة سريعة في مختلف المجتمعات المتقدّمة والنامية بدرجة أعلى. إن تسليط الضوء على مسببات هذه الظاهرة من خلال تمحيصها وتحديد مجالاتها يساهم بشكل كبير في بناء استراتيجيات لمكافحتها بغية تحقيق مجتمعات خالية من هذه الممارسات والسلوكات السلبية. وستتم دراسة ذلك من خلال تقسيم هذا البحث إلى ثلاثة محاور أساسية، حيث يتناول المحور الأول مفهوم الفساد، خصائصه وأنواعه، فيما يركز المحور الثاني على الفساد الإداري والمالي، أشكاله وآثاره الاقتصاديـة، بينما سيتم في المحور الثالث التطرق إلى أسباب الفساد الإداري والمالي، وأهم الاستراتيجيات الممكنة لمكافحته. ; This article is designed to touch on the subject of corruption in general and administrative and financial corruption in particular, focusing on identifying the most important reasons leading to the emergence and spread of this phenomenon fast in various developed and developing societies, especially in the latter to a higher degree. Highlighting the causes of this phenomenon through the examination and identification of fields contribute significantly to building strategies to combat it, In order to reach out to communities without these practices and negative behaviours. This will be studied by organizing it into three main axes, where the first axis deals with the concept of corruption, its characteristics and types and the second focuses on administrative and financial corruption, its forms and its economic effects while the third will highlight the causes of administrative and financial corruption and the most important strategies to combat it.