The aim of the article is to critically analyze communication of public sector of Creative industries (CI) and Cultural and Creative Sector (CCS) in Lithuania. The main attention is paid to explanation of important concepts of EU documents from the point of view of Critical discourse analysis and Critical hermeneutics: making of affects, an economy of experience, creative disruption, multiplicity of memories . The article considers the Green Book and The Impact of Culture on Creativity and other EU and Lithuanian documents, their ideas and relationships with power, economy and creativity in a perspective of communicative reason. The object of critique is analysis of the case of Fluxus ministry (NGO in Kaunas) and growth of tendencies of meritocracy. I interpret Critical discourse analysis and Critical hermeneutics in a way they were developed in the Critical theory and in the works of Jurgen Habermas devoted to analysis of communicative action and communicative reason. My interpretation of the role of dialogue and some concepts of poststructuralism where I support theories of M. Bakchtin's tradition differs from Habermas interpretation. Contemporary Critical theory includes not only former Cultural philosophy, but also elements of critique of Cultual industries (tradition of M. Horkheimer and T. Adorno), British Cultural studies and political economy devoted to the questions of CI. Besides, for interpretation of EU documents I use a number of concepts related to the poststructuralism: direct self-government, deliberative democracy, critics of nomenclature and meritocracy, self-spectaclization and creation of open society for diversities. [.]
The aim of the article is to critically analyze communication of public sector of Creative industries (CI) and Cultural and Creative Sector (CCS) in Lithuania. The main attention is paid to explanation of important concepts of EU documents from the point of view of Critical discourse analysis and Critical hermeneutics: making of affects, an economy of experience, creative disruption, multiplicity of memories . The article considers the Green Book and The Impact of Culture on Creativity and other EU and Lithuanian documents, their ideas and relationships with power, economy and creativity in a perspective of communicative reason. The object of critique is analysis of the case of Fluxus ministry (NGO in Kaunas) and growth of tendencies of meritocracy. I interpret Critical discourse analysis and Critical hermeneutics in a way they were developed in the Critical theory and in the works of Jurgen Habermas devoted to analysis of communicative action and communicative reason. My interpretation of the role of dialogue and some concepts of poststructuralism where I support theories of M. Bakchtin's tradition differs from Habermas interpretation. Contemporary Critical theory includes not only former Cultural philosophy, but also elements of critique of Cultual industries (tradition of M. Horkheimer and T. Adorno), British Cultural studies and political economy devoted to the questions of CI. Besides, for interpretation of EU documents I use a number of concepts related to the poststructuralism: direct self-government, deliberative democracy, critics of nomenclature and meritocracy, self-spectaclization and creation of open society for diversities. [.]
The aim of the article is to critically analyze communication of public sector of Creative industries (CI) and Cultural and Creative Sector (CCS) in Lithuania. The main attention is paid to explanation of important concepts of EU documents from the point of view of Critical discourse analysis and Critical hermeneutics: making of affects, an economy of experience, creative disruption, multiplicity of memories . The article considers the Green Book and The Impact of Culture on Creativity and other EU and Lithuanian documents, their ideas and relationships with power, economy and creativity in a perspective of communicative reason. The object of critique is analysis of the case of Fluxus ministry (NGO in Kaunas) and growth of tendencies of meritocracy. I interpret Critical discourse analysis and Critical hermeneutics in a way they were developed in the Critical theory and in the works of Jurgen Habermas devoted to analysis of communicative action and communicative reason. My interpretation of the role of dialogue and some concepts of poststructuralism where I support theories of M. Bakchtin's tradition differs from Habermas interpretation. Contemporary Critical theory includes not only former Cultural philosophy, but also elements of critique of Cultual industries (tradition of M. Horkheimer and T. Adorno), British Cultural studies and political economy devoted to the questions of CI. Besides, for interpretation of EU documents I use a number of concepts related to the poststructuralism: direct self-government, deliberative democracy, critics of nomenclature and meritocracy, self-spectaclization and creation of open society for diversities. [.]
The object of this study – reasons for road safety policy implementation failure. The main purpose of master study – to clarify the reasons of inefficient implementation of road safety policy in Lithuania. Main goals of this study are as follows: to analyze G. Morgan theory and indentify presumable reasons for implementation failure; to verify, do these reasons for implementation failure exist in Lithuanian road safety policy. There are plenty of organizations, which are responsible for road safety policy implementation In Lithuania, but still, road safety situation does not improve. Decisions are made by Government, ministries, departments, but there is no one coordinating institution, which is responsible for road safety. Consequently the hypothesis of master study is that inefficient implementation of road safety policy in Lithuania is determined by disarray inside institutional system. The problems in institution system: non-existence of coordination and control and organizational unity, ineffective change management and incapacity to adapt, inappropriate organizational structure, ineffective human resource management. The main question of analysis - which problems of institutional system determine inefficient road safety policy in Lithuania? Ineffective change management is one of the most significant reasons, why the road safety policy is inefficient in Lithuania. A permanent observation of environment and capacity to adapt are necessary for effective change management. In Lithuania there is inappropriate change management group, which is not competitive and qualified for effective environment scanning. The Road Safety Commission should be change management group, but because it fragmentary converge, and it's members are not road safety specialists, the Road safety commission can't properly react to emerging situations. The other aspect of inefficient road safety policy is concerned with inappropriate organizational structure. Present institutional structure of road safety limit operative organization, planning of targets and achievable results. There is a lack of control and coordination in such institutional structure, therefore the permanent institutional cooperation and collaboration is ineffective. The main targets of road safety policy are not achieved because of the lack of control. The functions of policy control are assigned to Road safety commission, but commission converge few times a year, accordingly control is fragmentary. The duplication of functions verifies the problem of coordination mechanism. Analyzed Road safety programme indicate, that problems concerned with the lack of control and coordination are known, but they are not ready to solve. In this programme the main goals are oriented to problems concerned with road participants' culture, road infrastructure, vehicles safety, legal base development, but there are no goals concerned with control or coordination. The main recommendation of this study is coherent with establishment of coordinating institution for road safety policy. This coordinating institution could ensure consistency of proceeding and interaction between all policy levels; permanently coordinate institutions responsible for traffic supervision and control; much more attention would be intended for analysis of road accidents in the cities; road safety commissions of cities and regions could be involved in road safety policy and the cooperation with local government could be promoted. Coordinating institution is essential and should be the main institution in Road safety policy. This master study could be useful for those interested in Road safety policy and its implementation, also for those intended to analyze this actual sphere.
The object of this study – reasons for road safety policy implementation failure. The main purpose of master study – to clarify the reasons of inefficient implementation of road safety policy in Lithuania. Main goals of this study are as follows: to analyze G. Morgan theory and indentify presumable reasons for implementation failure; to verify, do these reasons for implementation failure exist in Lithuanian road safety policy. There are plenty of organizations, which are responsible for road safety policy implementation In Lithuania, but still, road safety situation does not improve. Decisions are made by Government, ministries, departments, but there is no one coordinating institution, which is responsible for road safety. Consequently the hypothesis of master study is that inefficient implementation of road safety policy in Lithuania is determined by disarray inside institutional system. The problems in institution system: non-existence of coordination and control and organizational unity, ineffective change management and incapacity to adapt, inappropriate organizational structure, ineffective human resource management. The main question of analysis - which problems of institutional system determine inefficient road safety policy in Lithuania? Ineffective change management is one of the most significant reasons, why the road safety policy is inefficient in Lithuania. A permanent observation of environment and capacity to adapt are necessary for effective change management. In Lithuania there is inappropriate change management group, which is not competitive and qualified for effective environment scanning. The Road Safety Commission should be change management group, but because it fragmentary converge, and it's members are not road safety specialists, the Road safety commission can't properly react to emerging situations. The other aspect of inefficient road safety policy is concerned with inappropriate organizational structure. Present institutional structure of road safety limit operative organization, planning of targets and achievable results. There is a lack of control and coordination in such institutional structure, therefore the permanent institutional cooperation and collaboration is ineffective. The main targets of road safety policy are not achieved because of the lack of control. The functions of policy control are assigned to Road safety commission, but commission converge few times a year, accordingly control is fragmentary. The duplication of functions verifies the problem of coordination mechanism. Analyzed Road safety programme indicate, that problems concerned with the lack of control and coordination are known, but they are not ready to solve. In this programme the main goals are oriented to problems concerned with road participants' culture, road infrastructure, vehicles safety, legal base development, but there are no goals concerned with control or coordination. The main recommendation of this study is coherent with establishment of coordinating institution for road safety policy. This coordinating institution could ensure consistency of proceeding and interaction between all policy levels; permanently coordinate institutions responsible for traffic supervision and control; much more attention would be intended for analysis of road accidents in the cities; road safety commissions of cities and regions could be involved in road safety policy and the cooperation with local government could be promoted. Coordinating institution is essential and should be the main institution in Road safety policy. This master study could be useful for those interested in Road safety policy and its implementation, also for those intended to analyze this actual sphere.
The paper deals with unofficial labour-market in Lithuanian labour market: it has been analysed the singularities and factors of unofficial labour-market; policy of the national labour-market, also changes in historical attitude of labour-market. The forms of illegal labour market and different opinions of scientific papers about this aspect were discussed. The purpose of this task is to find out the policy measures and external forces that influence the formation of unofficial labour-market. Lithuanian labour market as many other countries faces of the problematic sector - unofficial labour market. This work deals with the problem of shadow labour existence. The essence of problem could be defined as following - to estimate Lithuanian labour market's forming reasons; also how to decrease the extent of unofficial labour market in Lithuania. In more details, this work performs analysis of theoretical research of various authors' interpretations for the underground labour market concept. It determines the efficiency of government policy and experience of some European Uninion countries. An empirical study was performed in order to estimate the reasons of shadow labour market existence and to create consequent decrease of it. Three hypothesis were made in order to verify methodological suppositions that had been made from theoretical analysis. To look over hypothesis an interview of employers and employees was performed. The purpose of the survey is to find out what are the forming reasons of illegal labour market, their attitude towards illegal activities. 6 basic questions from 5th to 10th (both for employers and for employees) make a questionnaire, also additional 4 questions – only for employers (see Appendix 2). 30 employers and 60 employees were interviewed. The research showed that black labour market is still widely spread and that many legislative law's shortcomings influence extension of illegal actions. The paper draws conclusions regarding the role of unemployment benefits in reducing the size of the informal labour sector. Policy implications are offered and forms of labour relations' development are investigated. The spread of the work is 58 pages. It consists of 9 images and 2 tables.
The paper deals with unofficial labour-market in Lithuanian labour market: it has been analysed the singularities and factors of unofficial labour-market; policy of the national labour-market, also changes in historical attitude of labour-market. The forms of illegal labour market and different opinions of scientific papers about this aspect were discussed. The purpose of this task is to find out the policy measures and external forces that influence the formation of unofficial labour-market. Lithuanian labour market as many other countries faces of the problematic sector - unofficial labour market. This work deals with the problem of shadow labour existence. The essence of problem could be defined as following - to estimate Lithuanian labour market's forming reasons; also how to decrease the extent of unofficial labour market in Lithuania. In more details, this work performs analysis of theoretical research of various authors' interpretations for the underground labour market concept. It determines the efficiency of government policy and experience of some European Uninion countries. An empirical study was performed in order to estimate the reasons of shadow labour market existence and to create consequent decrease of it. Three hypothesis were made in order to verify methodological suppositions that had been made from theoretical analysis. To look over hypothesis an interview of employers and employees was performed. The purpose of the survey is to find out what are the forming reasons of illegal labour market, their attitude towards illegal activities. 6 basic questions from 5th to 10th (both for employers and for employees) make a questionnaire, also additional 4 questions – only for employers (see Appendix 2). 30 employers and 60 employees were interviewed. The research showed that black labour market is still widely spread and that many legislative law's shortcomings influence extension of illegal actions. The paper draws conclusions regarding the role of unemployment benefits in reducing the size of the informal labour sector. Policy implications are offered and forms of labour relations' development are investigated. The spread of the work is 58 pages. It consists of 9 images and 2 tables.
The paper deals with unofficial labour-market in Lithuanian labour market: it has been analysed the singularities and factors of unofficial labour-market; policy of the national labour-market, also changes in historical attitude of labour-market. The forms of illegal labour market and different opinions of scientific papers about this aspect were discussed. The purpose of this task is to find out the policy measures and external forces that influence the formation of unofficial labour-market. Lithuanian labour market as many other countries faces of the problematic sector - unofficial labour market. This work deals with the problem of shadow labour existence. The essence of problem could be defined as following - to estimate Lithuanian labour market's forming reasons; also how to decrease the extent of unofficial labour market in Lithuania. In more details, this work performs analysis of theoretical research of various authors' interpretations for the underground labour market concept. It determines the efficiency of government policy and experience of some European Uninion countries. An empirical study was performed in order to estimate the reasons of shadow labour market existence and to create consequent decrease of it. Three hypothesis were made in order to verify methodological suppositions that had been made from theoretical analysis. To look over hypothesis an interview of employers and employees was performed. The purpose of the survey is to find out what are the forming reasons of illegal labour market, their attitude towards illegal activities. 6 basic questions from 5th to 10th (both for employers and for employees) make a questionnaire, also additional 4 questions – only for employers (see Appendix 2). 30 employers and 60 employees were interviewed. The research showed that black labour market is still widely spread and that many legislative law's shortcomings influence extension of illegal actions. The paper draws conclusions regarding the role of unemployment benefits in reducing the size of the informal labour sector. Policy implications are offered and forms of labour relations' development are investigated. The spread of the work is 58 pages. It consists of 9 images and 2 tables.
The paper deals with unofficial labour-market in Lithuanian labour market: it has been analysed the singularities and factors of unofficial labour-market; policy of the national labour-market, also changes in historical attitude of labour-market. The forms of illegal labour market and different opinions of scientific papers about this aspect were discussed. The purpose of this task is to find out the policy measures and external forces that influence the formation of unofficial labour-market. Lithuanian labour market as many other countries faces of the problematic sector - unofficial labour market. This work deals with the problem of shadow labour existence. The essence of problem could be defined as following - to estimate Lithuanian labour market's forming reasons; also how to decrease the extent of unofficial labour market in Lithuania. In more details, this work performs analysis of theoretical research of various authors' interpretations for the underground labour market concept. It determines the efficiency of government policy and experience of some European Uninion countries. An empirical study was performed in order to estimate the reasons of shadow labour market existence and to create consequent decrease of it. Three hypothesis were made in order to verify methodological suppositions that had been made from theoretical analysis. To look over hypothesis an interview of employers and employees was performed. The purpose of the survey is to find out what are the forming reasons of illegal labour market, their attitude towards illegal activities. 6 basic questions from 5th to 10th (both for employers and for employees) make a questionnaire, also additional 4 questions – only for employers (see Appendix 2). 30 employers and 60 employees were interviewed. The research showed that black labour market is still widely spread and that many legislative law's shortcomings influence extension of illegal actions. The paper draws conclusions regarding the role of unemployment benefits in reducing the size of the informal labour sector. Policy implications are offered and forms of labour relations' development are investigated. The spread of the work is 58 pages. It consists of 9 images and 2 tables.
Volunteering reveals the preparation and willingness of humans to assist each other without any reward while sacrificing their own free time in the society. Voluntary activity is one of the axis to create democratic state and civic society. Essential feature of it is the reciprocal help both sides: the common activity of people gives positive outcomes to the society, as well as to every volunteer separately. It is not common in our society for men to be active in volunteering. This research aims to answer, why certain men are involved in the volunteering and what are their main motivating factors. The aim of the research of subjective reasons of men involved into a voluntary activity is to reveal their common sense and reasoning for it. In order to research on the men involved into voluntary activity was chosen qualitative analysis, and the adequate reasoning for the choice is interpreting-constructive ontology. Research was based on the subjective-interpreting epistemology. Analyzing the subjective reasons of men involved into voluntary activities, the volunteering was described through expressing its unique features, as well as the features of non hegemonic masculinity and the motivating factors of men involved into voluntary activity. The participators of the research were 7 men, who are/were volunteers in organizations/institutions or while organizing different events. The intensity of volunteering was also considered. The volunteering activity was lasting not less than 4 weeks. For selecting the participators, the mixed selection was used, which is defined as non probabilistic selection of typical cases and the strategy of "Snowball". The results gotten from the research revealed the characteristics attributed by the research participators to the voluntary activity, and these are: dedication of free time, no reward, free will and willingness to help others. The research revealed the main traditional and widely accepted norms of the society according those men should be strong, strict, working for the well-being of their families and their support. The activity, which is requiring tutorial characteristics and caring about others, as well as emotionality, is considered as female task. The men who participated in the research revealed that they were persuaded by friends, families or other persons to take part in voluntary activities, as well as personal experience, gathering of information about voluntary activity pushed them to start it. The research revealed that volunteering causes different feelings before the start, during voluntary activity and afterwards. According to the data of the research the recommendations for the male volunteers, organizations, welcoming the male volunteers, social work students and for researchers interested in men volunteering are given in this paper.
Volunteering reveals the preparation and willingness of humans to assist each other without any reward while sacrificing their own free time in the society. Voluntary activity is one of the axis to create democratic state and civic society. Essential feature of it is the reciprocal help both sides: the common activity of people gives positive outcomes to the society, as well as to every volunteer separately. It is not common in our society for men to be active in volunteering. This research aims to answer, why certain men are involved in the volunteering and what are their main motivating factors. The aim of the research of subjective reasons of men involved into a voluntary activity is to reveal their common sense and reasoning for it. In order to research on the men involved into voluntary activity was chosen qualitative analysis, and the adequate reasoning for the choice is interpreting-constructive ontology. Research was based on the subjective-interpreting epistemology. Analyzing the subjective reasons of men involved into voluntary activities, the volunteering was described through expressing its unique features, as well as the features of non hegemonic masculinity and the motivating factors of men involved into voluntary activity. The participators of the research were 7 men, who are/were volunteers in organizations/institutions or while organizing different events. The intensity of volunteering was also considered. The volunteering activity was lasting not less than 4 weeks. For selecting the participators, the mixed selection was used, which is defined as non probabilistic selection of typical cases and the strategy of "Snowball". The results gotten from the research revealed the characteristics attributed by the research participators to the voluntary activity, and these are: dedication of free time, no reward, free will and willingness to help others. The research revealed the main traditional and widely accepted norms of the society according those men should be strong, strict, working for the well-being of their families and their support. The activity, which is requiring tutorial characteristics and caring about others, as well as emotionality, is considered as female task. The men who participated in the research revealed that they were persuaded by friends, families or other persons to take part in voluntary activities, as well as personal experience, gathering of information about voluntary activity pushed them to start it. The research revealed that volunteering causes different feelings before the start, during voluntary activity and afterwards. According to the data of the research the recommendations for the male volunteers, organizations, welcoming the male volunteers, social work students and for researchers interested in men volunteering are given in this paper.
Volunteering reveals the preparation and willingness of humans to assist each other without any reward while sacrificing their own free time in the society. Voluntary activity is one of the axis to create democratic state and civic society. Essential feature of it is the reciprocal help both sides: the common activity of people gives positive outcomes to the society, as well as to every volunteer separately. It is not common in our society for men to be active in volunteering. This research aims to answer, why certain men are involved in the volunteering and what are their main motivating factors. The aim of the research of subjective reasons of men involved into a voluntary activity is to reveal their common sense and reasoning for it. In order to research on the men involved into voluntary activity was chosen qualitative analysis, and the adequate reasoning for the choice is interpreting-constructive ontology. Research was based on the subjective-interpreting epistemology. Analyzing the subjective reasons of men involved into voluntary activities, the volunteering was described through expressing its unique features, as well as the features of non hegemonic masculinity and the motivating factors of men involved into voluntary activity. The participators of the research were 7 men, who are/were volunteers in organizations/institutions or while organizing different events. The intensity of volunteering was also considered. The volunteering activity was lasting not less than 4 weeks. For selecting the participators, the mixed selection was used, which is defined as non probabilistic selection of typical cases and the strategy of "Snowball". The results gotten from the research revealed the characteristics attributed by the research participators to the voluntary activity, and these are: dedication of free time, no reward, free will and willingness to help others. The research revealed the main traditional and widely accepted norms of the society according those men should be strong, strict, working for the well-being of their families and their support. The activity, which is requiring tutorial characteristics and caring about others, as well as emotionality, is considered as female task. The men who participated in the research revealed that they were persuaded by friends, families or other persons to take part in voluntary activities, as well as personal experience, gathering of information about voluntary activity pushed them to start it. The research revealed that volunteering causes different feelings before the start, during voluntary activity and afterwards. According to the data of the research the recommendations for the male volunteers, organizations, welcoming the male volunteers, social work students and for researchers interested in men volunteering are given in this paper.
Through Lithuania's integration into the global economy, there is an opportunity to promote positive economic, financial, cultural, intellectual development leading to the country's economic growth. On the other hand, the integration also encourages negative effects, including: increasing emigration, loss of investments that have been made in preparation of professionals, changes in local labour force, negative changes in the demographic structure, decreasing state revenues and increasing tax burden on the remaining population, and ultimately the country's loss of competitiveness because of the loss of skilled labour. The emigration issue is relevant in Lithuania, because of the large scale emigration that is a threat to social and economic stability. According to a variety of assessments, about 300 thousand inhabitants emigrated from Lithuania during the years of independence. This scale of Lithuanians' emigration has to be considered to be one of the most serious threats to the country's demographic development, economic growth and the preservation of cultural identity. Labour force emigration is influenced by many different types of factors. They can be grouped according to different criteria, depending on the research aim. Overall, among the causes of emigration, economic, political, ideological, racial, ethnic and other are often identified. Much attention is paid to the research into the emigration causes, because after finding the reasons that encourage people to migrate, concrete measures can be taken to regulate this process. [.]
Through Lithuania's integration into the global economy, there is an opportunity to promote positive economic, financial, cultural, intellectual development leading to the country's economic growth. On the other hand, the integration also encourages negative effects, including: increasing emigration, loss of investments that have been made in preparation of professionals, changes in local labour force, negative changes in the demographic structure, decreasing state revenues and increasing tax burden on the remaining population, and ultimately the country's loss of competitiveness because of the loss of skilled labour. The emigration issue is relevant in Lithuania, because of the large scale emigration that is a threat to social and economic stability. According to a variety of assessments, about 300 thousand inhabitants emigrated from Lithuania during the years of independence. This scale of Lithuanians' emigration has to be considered to be one of the most serious threats to the country's demographic development, economic growth and the preservation of cultural identity. Labour force emigration is influenced by many different types of factors. They can be grouped according to different criteria, depending on the research aim. Overall, among the causes of emigration, economic, political, ideological, racial, ethnic and other are often identified. Much attention is paid to the research into the emigration causes, because after finding the reasons that encourage people to migrate, concrete measures can be taken to regulate this process. [.]
There are several categories of quangos: first, non-departmental public bodies, such as executive NDPBs, advisory NDPBs, tribunal NDPBs, independent monitoring boards, second, nationalised industries and public corporations, such as BBC, Bank of England, Royal Mail, Royal Mint, Commonwealth development Corporation, etc., third, national health service bodies, fourth, next step agencies, fifth, non-ministerial government departments, such as Ofwat, OFGEM, GEMA, OFCOM, (POSTCOMM, Office of Rail Regulator, etc. Even more groups of quangos exist, e.g. local public spending bodies and ad-hoc groups of experts. It must be noted that there is a huge number of quangos in the UK. It gives a good background for politicians to speculate upon it. Before the elections, the leaders of the parties often promise to save millions by cutting quangos. But they fail. This article does not intend to answer the question why they fail. It's only goal is to present the phenomenon of British quangos to the Lithuanian reader, to give the definition of quangos, to crystallise the reasons of their establishment, to give a classification of quangos and to analyse the problems of their accountability.
