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This article discusses the rapid formation of the Rule of Reason (ROR) approach in antitrust policy in the field of anti — competitive agreements. In many countries (the US, EU) there was a significant reduction of the use of per se approach (prohibition on the base of formal characteristics) in favor of the ROR approach, nowadays agreements are usually permitted or prohibited on the basis of the analysis of positive and negative effects. The article analyzes and summarizes the experience of these jurisdictions in the development of the ROR approach, the chronology for agreements of various types (horizontal, vertical agreements). The role of discussions in economic theory in this process was provided the argumentation for the expansion of effects evaluation. At the same time, the article examines the problems of this transformation, taking into account the problems of legal uncertainty, growing risks of type 2 errors.

In this paper the authors define and analyze the notion of a linguistic conflict, reveal the reasons for such kind of conflicts and give some particular examples. The article also focuses on the role of a linguistic conflict in the policy of states and their functioning.Purpose. To reveal the reasons for linguistic conflicts, analyze the effects of linguistic conflicts on state functioning.Methodology. The paper is based on general scientific principles of evolutionism, development, systematic, exact historic approaches, objectivity.Results. Awareness of theoretical foundations of modern conflict studies, initiation of experiences of complex linguo-conflictual research papers and political discourse.Practical implications. The main results of the paper can be applied in studying the following disciplines: «Modern political science in context of humanities», «Social linguistics», «Language policy and language planning». ; В данной статье авторы раскрывают понятие лингвистического конфликта, выявляют причины данных конфликтов, приводят конкретные примеры, подчеркивающие роль конфликтов в политике государств, анализируют влияние лингвистических конфликтов на функционирование государства.Цель: выявить причины лингвистических конфликтов, проанализировать влияние лингвистических конфликтов на функционирование государства.Метод или методология проведения работы. Исследование проводилось с опорой на общенаучные принципы эволюционизма, развития, системного, конкретно-исторического подходов, объективности.Результаты: знакомство с теоретическими основами современной лингвистической конфликтологии, инициация опыта комплексных лингвоконфликтологических исследований и политического дискурса.Область применения результатов: основные положения исследования могут найти свое отражение при изучении следующих дисциплин: «Современная политология в контексте новейшего гуманитарного знания», «Социолингвистика», «Языковая политика и языковое планирование».

Статья посвящена социально-политическому анализу причин усиления трудовой миграции в глобальном масштабе. Социально-экономические решения проблемы трудовой миграции на современном этапе его развития.

Since 1990s, the number of states conflicts decreased and they started saying that the classical wars disappeared but at the same time, the number of internal conflicts increased dramatically. The end of colonial regime in Africa didn't bring peace to the region - the new wave of internal conflicts and civil wars overwhelmed the region. In the given article the authors analyze political and complicated socio-economic situation in the Tropical Africa, describe the conflicts in this zone, their typology, results and factors. The authors attempt to analyze internal and external causes of conflicts in the studied region, taking into account all elements of each conflict and their interdependence. The subject of the article is the conflict as the social element presenting the important part of international reality. It is noted that the crisis in the region influences every part of economic, social, and political spheres, so the solution is not possible without structural changes. In this connection, conflicts are the logical results of regional crisis as well as uncertain activity of international society. This situation provokes the large wave of migrants from the region and inside it. The countries the Tropical Africa can't guarantee any suitable level of life for the citizens, and the situation can't be resolved without active role of international community.

The article considers the geo-historical, socio-economic, demographic, military-political and other conditions of the second world war, as well as its stages, from the perspective of the requirements of objective history. Special attention is drawn to those international events and facts that became the trigger for the appearance of casus belli (the reason for war).

The article analyzes the results of a sociological study of the historical memory of students about the World War II in general (and the Great Patriotic War in particular), conducted by the Russian Society of Sociologists in 2020, as well as materials from surveys of other research teams. The author comes to the conclusion that historical memory is formed, first of all, by the information field, set by state institutions or encouraged by them (school, mass media, network resources). Contradictory assessment of the events of the twentieth century led to the rupture of the historical memory of generations and the formation of a large group of people ready to accept the revision of the geopolitical results of the war from the standpoint of history falsifiers. The attitude of young people to the past, without taking into account the cause-and-effect liaison of the events of that time, is explained not only by the extinction of communicative memory for the departure of war generations, the desacralization of their life, deed, death. The range of factors is much wider. Since there is no integral picture of the history of the USSR, there is no value core for assessing events of the Great Patriotic War either. In the absence of historical hygiene in the Russian Federation, the entire Soviet period turns into historical antiques for new generations. They treat this in different ways: with reverence, condescension, aggressiveness, indifference, but it is excessive for the daily life of the majority. The slogan "If required, we repeat / can repeat", replicated on May 9, is nothing more than a short-term emotional reaction, including to PR management, but not the readiness / mindset / promise of action in a real war. The opposition of the state to the country, that is reflected in the popular among young people song of the group Lumen, actually testifies to alienation from both the state and the country, since there is no one without the other. Questions are inevitable: how adequate are the methodologies and techniques based on which social scientists choose the range of factors that form the portrait of modern youth and predict the direction of further socialization of its individual groups? How many meaningful collaborators should there be to lose / win a civilizational battle in which historical memory is only one of the components? According to the author, the conditions and opportunities for the realization of the desired worldview values ​​in modern Russia adjust the attitude to the present and the life strategies of young people to a greater extent than historical memory.

Reception of the general sight at a condition of religious extremism in Russia is
the purpose of the given work. Authors have shown the certain reasons of occurrence
of extremism and the basic methods of its overcoming. The special attention in article
is given to one of the major, in opinion of authors, directions of preventive maintenance of extremist moods - to an integral part of the general social policy of the state
and each separate region - to social work with the polyethnic population. The chromatic methodology and idea of development of innovative model of social work of
church social services with migrants appeared rather perspective ways of counteraction to extremism. Authors pay special attention to importance of social partnership
church, state and public organizations in work on preventive maintenance of religious
extremism. Reliability of the received results is provided with conformity of the
elected methodology to object and an object of research, deep development of the big
circle philosophical, religious and social - psychological sources.

The article is devoted to the study of the reasons and prerequisites for the emergence of state credit institutions in Russia. The author analyzes a vast time period from the beginning of the emergence of the Russian state as a state entity to the creation of the State Bank of the Russian Empire. The article shows the specifics of the development of credit institutions in Russia. The author notes that the emergence of credit institutions was caused by a number of objective socio-economic and political reasons associated with the development of the Russian state and the Russian economy. The prerequisites for the creation of state credit institutions are highlighted in detail. This article is of interest both for specialists and for everyone interested in the development of the Russian banking system and the lending system.

According to the theory of human capital improvement of education attainment
results in increase of income of human capital's owner. This issue is interest to majority of wage earners, all the more at the economic crisis. Authors of this paper analyze presence and closeness of connection between worker's education attainment
and amount of salary on data of Kaluga region. In the paper probable reasons and
discrepancy of revealed issue.

Раздел - "Международное право", рубрика - "Международное миграционное право" ; В статье рассматриваются понятие миграции населения, виды и причины миграционных перемещений. Анализируются различные трактовки определения «миграция населения», подходы к классификации видов миграции, последствия миграционных процессов. Предлагаются также меры по совершенствованию законодательства Республики Беларусь в сфере миграции населения. = The article deals with the concept of human migration, its types and reasons for migration movement. Different interpretations of the term «human migration», approaches to classifi cation of migration types and consequences of migration processes are analyzed. Some measures to improve the legislation of the Republic of Belarus in the sphere of human migration are proposed in the article.

The article considers the dependencies of interval variables–assessments (respondents' attitude to political parties, political leaders, satisfaction with the work of state bodies, attitude to the results of voting) from the nominal parameter "Political activity". To analyze the dependencies of both quantitative and nominal variables a new version of the author's method is applied. It became possible to talk about the dependence of a quantitative parameter on a multi-valued nominal variable and select strong dependencies for further description.

In this article Asia Voloshina's drama Patients is analysed in the context of the pathologies the characters deal with. The inspirations of her play are described, i.e. the films and memories of Luis Buñuel as well as medical cases from the practice of Oliver Sacks. The author also refers to Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy. In this perspective the analysed work is a text about fear that appears when the quest for freedom is abandoned. If in The Divine Comedy in hell and purgatory are people who are sinful and do not know Christ, in the universe of the clinic in "hell" there are all those who are afraid. Voloshina's play constitutes one out of a number of her works concerning the social and political situation in Russia. In the play, the author points to fear as the source of the viciousness of the collective consciousness. Voloshina raises a question that is characteristic of the post-Soviet space: the characters "hide from themselves and their fate". Voloshina, however, leads them towards it.

В статье рассматривается политическая коммуникация как речевая деятельность, изначально преследующая цель воздействия на адресата, его убеждения и побуждения к действиям, а не просто объективного изложения фактов и информирования масс.