Suchergebnisse

California's 2011 Public Safety Realignment created an unprecedented policy experiment by transferring the authority over lower-level felony offenders from the state correctional system to fifty-eight county jail and probation systems. While centered in California, these changes are reflective of an ongoing national conversation about the appropriate level of government at which to focus crime control efforts. In this article, we first situate Realignment in criminological and sociolegal literatures, showing how the reform offers opportunities to further inquiry as to the effectiveness of a wide variety of correctional strategies, implementation, and local variation in correctional law and policy. We then review early research focused on the statewide effect of Realignment on recidivism, which has produced mixed findings depending on the measure of recidivism applied. We then examine variation in recidivism outcomes across county sites and present findings that indicate there is an important relationship between local Realignment implementation strategies and recidivism outcomes. Throughout, we focus on two overarching themes. The first is the challenge of disentangling the roles of offender behavior from justice system response in meaningfully interpreting changes in recidivism outcomes. The second is the challenge of evaluating the effects of policy or practice changes under limited data. Although the need for better and more expansive data is a common theme, we highlight it here in the context of a larger data collection that we have under way.

India's written constitution, which is the world's longest, demonstrates how a democratic society in the Republic of India takes every effort to preserve its citizens' rights. If not the greatest, the provisions have at least given strive to ensure that their nationals' rights are safeguarded and not infringed, so that all inhabitants of the country live with the dignity that they deserve. In this pursuit, a lot of wrongdoers have been incarcerated for the crimes they committed. Often, when the criminals get punished for their actions, the society at large, view these convicts as a negative element and this perception, in a lot of cases, stay forever; thus, affirming a mindset of being perceived as a criminal their entire life. This leaves a very narrow scope for small-time prisoners to get back to the real world and be able to function in a society as a normal citizens after serving their time. As a result, these ex-convicts turn back to crime to conduct their daily livelihood. It is just one of the reasons why recidivism takes place. Which brings us to the question – What is recidivism?

This article reports rates of recidivism among initially substantiated and initially unsubstantiated child maltreatment events to determine if substantiation status is associated with higher risk of recidivism. This is an important question given recent concerns that unsubstantiated cases may have as high or almost as high a risk of recidivism as do substantiated cases. The data are analyzed at both the victim level and the case level, divided by type of maltreatment, and followed for 4.5 years. The data used are administrative and combine a series of state databases with census data. Analyses are performed at the bivariate and multivariate (Cox proportional hazards model) levels. The main finding is that unsubstantiated cases are at high risk for recidivism, in many cases as high a risk as substantiated cases. Implications for practice, policy, and research are presented with a focus on the importance of providing preventative services to unsubstantiated cases.

The current study focuses on adolescents with sex offense histories and examines sexual reoffending patterns within 2 years of a prior sex offense. We employed inductive statistical models using archival official records maintained by the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice (FDJJ), which provides social, offense, placement, and risk assessment history data for all youth referred for delinquent behavior. The predictive accuracy of the random forest models is tested using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves, the area under the curve (AUC), and precision/recall plots. The strongest predictor of sexual recidivism was the number of prior felony and misdemeanor sex offenses. The AUC values range between 0.71 and 0.65, suggesting modest predictive accuracy of the models presented. These results parallel the existing literature on sexual recidivism and highlight the challenges associated with predicting sex offense recidivism. Furthermore, results inform risk assessment literature by testing various factors recorded by an official institution.

State Succession — Judgments of Courts — Incorporation of Austria into German Reich — Conviction of Criminal by Court in Austria — Whether such Conviction Equivalent to Conviction Obtained in Germany — Liability to Punishment as Recidivist according to German Law.

"The campaign to tighten rent controls in California, as in every other jurisdiction where the issue is in play, relies on voters' ongoing ignorance and misunderstanding of the realities of the rental housing market." ~ Gary Galles