Suchergebnisse

International audience ; 20 to 50 million tons of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in the world are produced, which could lead risks for the public health and the environment (CNIID and les Amis de la Terre, 2010). One of the peculiarities of the WEEE is their composition at the same time of toxic products and valuable products, in particular precious metals and rare earth. The WEEE requires a particular treatment to avoid the burying. The recycling is a key lever to limit the production of WEEE in the world. It allows the sustainable re-use of present materials in quantity limited on Earth (Grosse, 2010). It has for advantage the capacity to move back of a few years the risk of the end of natural resources, but cannot stop it. It remains necessary to develop other ways in parallel to slow down this problem. The prevention remains a priority for the policy concerning waste. The re-use is a fundamental lever to limit the impacts of the WEEE and the consumption of natural resources. However, in practice the recycling seems to prevail in France and goes away from other recommendations regarding prevention. ; 20 à 50 millions de tonnes de déchets d'équipements électriques et électroniques (DEEE) sont produits chaque année dans le monde, ce qui pourrait induire des risques pour la santé publique et l'environnement (CNIID et les Amis de la Terre, 2010). L'une des particularités des DEEE tient à leur composition à la fois de produits toxiques et de produits de valeur, notamment des métaux précieux et des terres rares. Aussi les DEEE requièrent un traitement particulier afin d'éviter l'enfouissement. Le recyclage est un levier clé pour valoriser certains constituants des DEEE. Il permet la réutilisation durable de matières présentes en quantité limitée sur Terre et retarde ainsi l'épuisement de ces ressources naturelles (Grosse, 2010). Cependant cette approche ne concerne qu'une partie des constituants des DEEE, et il est donc nécessaire de développer d'autres moyens en parallèle pour toucher une part ...

As carbon taxes gain traction and grow tighter in OECD countries, the question of their recycling becomes crucial for political acceptance. Considering the impact of the French carbon tax in the residential sector, we examine the trade-offs between fuel poverty alleviation, energy savings and economic leverage for two revenue-recycling options-as a lump-sum payment or as a subsidy for energy efficiency improvement, each restricted to low-income households-defined as those belonging to the first two quantiles of the income distribution. We do so using Res-IRF, a highly detailed energy-economy model that interacts housing features (single vs. multi-family, energy efficiency, heating fuel) with key household characteristics (tenancy status, income of both owners and occupants). We find that the energy efficiency subsidy recycling is superior to the lump-sum payment in all respects; it even fully offsets the regressive effect of the carbon tax from 2025 onwards. No recycling, however, effectively addresses fuel poverty in private, rented housing.

As carbon taxes gain traction and grow tighter in OECD countries, the question of their recycling becomes crucial for political acceptance. Considering the impact of the French carbon tax in the residential sector, we examine the trade-offs between fuel poverty alleviation, energy savings and economic leverage for two revenue-recycling options-as a lump-sum payment or as a subsidy for energy efficiency improvement, each restricted to low-income households-defined as those belonging to the first two quantiles of the income distribution. We do so using Res-IRF, a highly detailed energy-economy model that interacts housing features (single vs. multi-family, energy efficiency, heating fuel) with key household characteristics (tenancy status, income of both owners and occupants). We find that the energy efficiency subsidy recycling is superior to the lump-sum payment in all respects; it even fully offsets the regressive effect of the carbon tax from 2025 onwards. No recycling, however, effectively addresses fuel poverty in private, rented housing.

La 4e de couv. indique : "Le droit international privé est une matière mouvante dans le temps et dans l'espace. Les instruments se multiplient et se succèdent, au sein d'enceintes diverses (Conférence de La Haye, Union européenne...). Sur le plan spatial aussi, l'agencement des textes peut être abscons. Leurs champs d'application territoriaux varient, entrainant des superpositions, mais aussi parfois des espaces laissés au droit national. Le praticien doit apprendre à naviguer dans cet enchevêtrement à la fois complexe et mouvant. Les contributions du présent ouvrage se donnent pour objectif de passer en revue plusieurs réformes récentes en droit international privé familial, à savoir : L'agencement des sources et principes directeurs du statut personnel ; La reconnaissance du divorce non judiciaire ; Le port du nom ; Les obligations alimentaires en droit international privé ; La filiation à la suite d'une gestation pour autrui réalisée à l'étranger ; L'audition de l'enfant dans les litiges transnationaux."

Alors qu'il aura longtemps été la règle en droit administratif, le secret est aujourd'hui devenu l'exception. Le droit d'accès aux documents administratifs est consacré par la Constitution. Les législations relatives à la publicité de l'administration et celle relative à la motivation formelle des actes administratifs fixent les modalités d'application de ce droit fondamental pour le public. Il n'est toutefois pas absolu et le secret reste d'application dans certains domaines. Les hypothèses dans lesquelles le secret reste admis en droit administratif seront examinées, ainsi que le régime des habilitations de sécurité et la confidentialité des pièces devant le Conseil d'État

Innovation and public policies can help trigger and monitor sustainability transitions. This implies transformation processes that go beyond mere technological innovation. Such transition dynamics are still to be thoroughly analyzed. We chose to study two innovation cases within the recycling industry. We use the Multilevel Perspective (Geels, 2002, 2011) to shed light upon ongoing processes and dynamics. This literature makes links between three analytical levels: landscape, sociotechnical regime, and sociotechnical niche. The sociotechnical niche is a locus for emerging transformations and a space to shelter innovation development. Concrete projects can appear and strengthen while protected from regime selection. We focus on niche diffusion processes and regime transformation triggered by the niche. We discuss some notions upon empirical analysis and propose to draw a distinction between transition intermediaries and their contributions to the niche-regime link. ; La transition vers un modèle durable de société peut être impulsée et pilotée grâce à des politiques publiques et favorisée par l'innovation. Pour autant, elle suppose des transformations qui dépassent largement l'innovation technologique à proprement parler. Or ces dynamiques de transition restent encore peu étudiées. Nous avons choisi d'analyser en profondeur deux cas d'innovation dans le secteur du recyclage. Nous mobilisons l'approche sociotechnique de la transition (Geels, 2002, 2011) pour éclairer les processus à l'œuvre et les dynamiques enclenchées. Cette perspective articule trois niveaux : le paysage, le régime sociotechnique et la niche sociotechnique. La niche sociotechnique constitue un espace qui permet d'initier des transformations et dans lequel l'innovation se développe de manière privilégiée. Des projets concrets peuvent y éclore et se consolider, protégés de la sélection du régime sociotechnique. Nous nous intéressons aux mécanismes de diffusion de la niche et aux transformations que cette dernière suscite au niveau du régime. Nous ...

Innovation and public policies can help trigger and monitor sustainability transitions. This implies transformation processes that go beyond mere technological innovation. Such transition dynamics are still to be thoroughly analyzed. We chose to study two innovation cases within the recycling industry. We use the Multilevel Perspective (Geels, 2002, 2011) to shed light upon ongoing processes and dynamics. This literature makes links between three analytical levels: landscape, sociotechnical regime, and sociotechnical niche. The sociotechnical niche is a locus for emerging transformations and a space to shelter innovation development. Concrete projects can appear and strengthen while protected from regime selection. We focus on niche diffusion processes and regime transformation triggered by the niche. We discuss some notions upon empirical analysis and propose to draw a distinction between transition intermediaries and their contributions to the niche-regime link. ; La transition vers un modèle durable de société peut être impulsée et pilotée grâce à des politiques publiques et favorisée par l'innovation. Pour autant, elle suppose des transformations qui dépassent largement l'innovation technologique à proprement parler. Or ces dynamiques de transition restent encore peu étudiées. Nous avons choisi d'analyser en profondeur deux cas d'innovation dans le secteur du recyclage. Nous mobilisons l'approche sociotechnique de la transition (Geels, 2002, 2011) pour éclairer les processus à l'œuvre et les dynamiques enclenchées. Cette perspective articule trois niveaux : le paysage, le régime sociotechnique et la niche sociotechnique. La niche sociotechnique constitue un espace qui permet d'initier des transformations et dans lequel l'innovation se développe de manière privilégiée. Des projets concrets peuvent y éclore et se consolider, protégés de la sélection du régime sociotechnique. Nous nous intéressons aux mécanismes de diffusion de la niche et aux transformations que cette dernière suscite au niveau du régime. Nous discutons certaines de ces notions à partir du matériau empirique constitué. Nous proposons notamment de distinguer les différents types d'intermédiaires de transition, qui contribuent à établir ce lien entre niche et régime.

Innovation and public policies can help trigger and monitor sustainability transitions. This implies transformation processes that go beyond mere technological innovation. Such transition dynamics are still to be thoroughly analyzed. We chose to study two innovation cases within the recycling industry. We use the Multilevel Perspective (Geels, 2002, 2011) to shed light upon ongoing processes and dynamics. This literature makes links between three analytical levels: landscape, sociotechnical regime, and sociotechnical niche. The sociotechnical niche is a locus for emerging transformations and a space to shelter innovation development. Concrete projects can appear and strengthen while protected from regime selection. We focus on niche diffusion processes and regime transformation triggered by the niche. We discuss some notions upon empirical analysis and propose to draw a distinction between transition intermediaries and their contributions to the niche-regime link. ; La transition vers un modèle durable de société peut être impulsée et pilotée grâce à des politiques publiques et favorisée par l'innovation. Pour autant, elle suppose des transformations qui dépassent largement l'innovation technologique à proprement parler. Or ces dynamiques de transition restent encore peu étudiées. Nous avons choisi d'analyser en profondeur deux cas d'innovation dans le secteur du recyclage. Nous mobilisons l'approche sociotechnique de la transition (Geels, 2002, 2011) pour éclairer les processus à l'œuvre et les dynamiques enclenchées. Cette perspective articule trois niveaux : le paysage, le régime sociotechnique et la niche sociotechnique. La niche sociotechnique constitue un espace qui permet d'initier des transformations et dans lequel l'innovation se développe de manière privilégiée. Des projets concrets peuvent y éclore et se consolider, protégés de la sélection du régime sociotechnique. Nous nous intéressons aux mécanismes de diffusion de la niche et aux transformations que cette dernière suscite au niveau du régime. Nous discutons certaines de ces notions à partir du matériau empirique constitué. Nous proposons notamment de distinguer les différents types d'intermédiaires de transition, qui contribuent à établir ce lien entre niche et régime.

Since the beginning of the XXI century, we can recognize that several technical (r)evolutions have changed the way we conceived our world. New realities have appeared thanks to the information and communication technologies (e.g. Internet), peer-to-peer dynamics (e.g. open software/hardware, collaborative economy), new means of production (fablabs, hackerspaces), among others. One of the impacts of this technical ecosystem is the individual's empowerment that changes the relationship between consumer and producer. For instance, we observe an evolution of role passing from a passive consumer towards an active prosumer, where this latter considers not only economic aspects, but also social and environmental issues.This thesis is integrated in this global issue; indeed, throughout the manuscript we analyze about the impact of open-source (OS) Additive Manufacturing (AM) (also as known as open-source 3D printing or just 3D printing) in the light of the sustainability issues. The democratization of OS AM and the creation of spaces for co-creation (e.g. FabLabs) proved the interest for changes in the established roles. Therefore, we are interested in how this OS technology could develop sustainable waste management options through a polymer recycling process. In a first phase, we present the concept of additive manufacturing (AM) and its importance on sustainability issues. A systematic literature review related to the material recycling advances in the commercial and open-source (OS) AM is developed with a focus on thermoplastic polymer recycling.In a second phase, our aim is to validate open-source AM systems as a reliable manufacturing tool. We develop and test an experimental protocol in order to evaluate the dimensional performance using as case study a representative OS 3D printer: called FoldaRap. It was found that the International Standard Tolerance Grade of this machine is situated between IT14 and IT16. We conclude that the dimensional performance of this case study is comparable to the commercial AM ...

Since the beginning of the XXI century, we can recognize that several technical (r)evolutions have changed the way we conceived our world. New realities have appeared thanks to the information and communication technologies (e.g. Internet), peer-to-peer dynamics (e.g. open software/hardware, collaborative economy), new means of production (fablabs, hackerspaces), among others. One of the impacts of this technical ecosystem is the individual's empowerment that changes the relationship between consumer and producer. For instance, we observe an evolution of role passing from a passive consumer towards an active prosumer, where this latter considers not only economic aspects, but also social and environmental issues.This thesis is integrated in this global issue; indeed, throughout the manuscript we analyze about the impact of open-source (OS) Additive Manufacturing (AM) (also as known as open-source 3D printing or just 3D printing) in the light of the sustainability issues. The democratization of OS AM and the creation of spaces for co-creation (e.g. FabLabs) proved the interest for changes in the established roles. Therefore, we are interested in how this OS technology could develop sustainable waste management options through a polymer recycling process. In a first phase, we present the concept of additive manufacturing (AM) and its importance on sustainability issues. A systematic literature review related to the material recycling advances in the commercial and open-source (OS) AM is developed with a focus on thermoplastic polymer recycling.In a second phase, our aim is to validate open-source AM systems as a reliable manufacturing tool. We develop and test an experimental protocol in order to evaluate the dimensional performance using as case study a representative OS 3D printer: called FoldaRap. It was found that the International Standard Tolerance Grade of this machine is situated between IT14 and IT16. We conclude that the dimensional performance of this case study is comparable to the commercial AM ...