Solid waste collectors play a key role in collecting domestic waste and recycling it. The negativities in the working environment and conditions of those who try to make a living by collecting solid waste affect their position in the social context. For this reason, in this study, the waste collection experiences of the actors in the solid waste collection sector were discussed. The economic and social disadvantages associated with their work were tried to be understood. In this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 participants (one of whom owns a waste sorting facility and two of whom are facility employees) who make a living by collecting solid waste in Ordu, Turkey. The sampling of the interviews was determined by sequential sampling. But there were also those who were determined by a little snowball sampling. The data collected through interviews were analyzed using descriptive and content analysis techniques. The findings of the study revealed the experiences of solid waste collectors and the challenges they face in the sector with their economic and social dimensions. In this way, ideas were obtained about the working conditions of solid waste collectors and their place in working life, migration experiences, poverty levels and stigma situations. It also allows policymakers to gain insight into improvements to waste collectors' working conditions and social status.
Bu çalışmada özellikle 2014 yılında uygulanmaya başlanan motorine yerli katkı olarak biyodizel katılması ile de günümüzde gittikçe daha önem kazanmakta olan biyodizel ve biyodizel üretiminde yağlı tohum kullanımına alternatif olarak yemeklik atık yağların kullanımı ve atık yağların geri dönüşümünde uygulanan tersine lojistik uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla öncelikle Türkiye'de yağlı tohumların ve ham yemeklik yağın istatistiksel verileri derlenerek, biyodizel üretiminde ÖTV uygulamaları, atık yağların değerlendirilmesi süreçleri incelenmiştir. Yemeklik atık yağların toplanması aşamasında dünyadaki farklı uygulamalar irdelenerek Türkiye'deki uygulamalar ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın ana materyalini biyodizel, yağlı tohumlar, ham yağlar ve atık yağların biyodizel üretiminde kullanımı esnasında uygulanan tersine lojistik uygulamaları ile ilgili literatür, rapor, istatistiki veriler, üniversitelerde yapılmış olan bilimsel araştırmalar, internet üzerinden elde edilmiş makaleler, degiler ve derlemeler oluşturmaktadır. Farklı kaynaklardan elde edilen verilerle yağlı tohumlar ve ham yağın Türkiye'deki durumu, biyodizel, atık yağların toplanması, biyodizelle ilgili vergisel mevzuat, dünyadaki uygulamalar ve Türkiye'de hali hazırda yapılmakta olan atık yağların toplanması ile ilgili uygulamalar incelenmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. Farklı ülkelerdeki uygulamaların incelenmesi sonucunda, biyodizel üretimi aşamasında devletin desteğinin ve üreticilere sağlanan mali teşviklerin biyodizel üretimini desteklemede büyük öneme sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Atık yağların toplanması aşamasında yerel halkın bilinçlendirilmesi ve gönüllü grupların atık yağ toplanması sürecinde yer almasının atık yağların daha etkin bir şekilde toplanmasına yol açtığı tespit edilmiştir. ; In this study, biodiesel which is gaining more and more importance nowadays especially after the decree of adding domestic biodiesel to diesel fuel, using waste cooking oil alternative to oil seeds to produce biodiesel and reverse logistics applications that are used in recycling of waste cooking oil, are analyzed. For this purpose, primarily the statistical data of oil seeds and raw edible oil are compiled and the process of excise tax applications in biodiesel production and evaluation of waste cooking oil are analyzed. The different implementations in waste cooking oil collection are explicated and are compared to the implementations in Turkey. The articles, journals and compilations acquired through internet, the scientific research carried out at the universities, literature, reports and statistical data about biodiesel, raw edible oil and the reverse logistics implementations applied during biodiesel production from waste edible oil, constitutes the main material of the study. Oilseeds, The case of raw oil in Turkey, biodiesel, collection of waste cooking oil, tax regulations about biodiesel, implementations throughout the World, the current applications about the waste cooking oil collection in Turkey are analyzed and assessed by the information gathered from various sources. After analyzing implications in different countries, it was seen that the support of the government and the financial incentives to the producers have gerat importance in supporting the biodiesel production. During the stage of waste cooking oil collection, it is determined that making local people conscious of the collection stage and making the voluntary groups take part in the collection process make the waste cooking oil collection process more efficient.
İnsanlar yaratılışından itibaren iletişim kurabilmek amacıyla farklı teknikler geliştirmiş ve geliştirmektedir. Mağara resimleri, dumanla iletişim, güvercinlerden başlayan bu serüven, günümüzde yoğun olarak kullanılan teknolojilerin de etkisiyle farklılaşmış ve daha da önemli bir duruma gelmiştir. İletişimin önemi ilk çağlardan beri ortaya çıkmakla birlikte günümüzde, siyasette de etkin olmak üzere pek çok alanda yeni uygulamalar kullanılmaktadır. Siyasette insanlarla etkileşim kurabilme, onları etkileyebilme ve siyasal rekabette daha etkili olabilmek adına iletişim tekniklerinin birçoğunun kullanıldığı görülmektedir. İnsanların hem kendilerini ifade edebilmeleri, hem de diğer insanlar tarafından anlaşılabilmeleri için iletişim büyük öneme sahiptir. Hayatın her alanında olduğu gibi siyasette de iletişimin önemi ortaya çıkmış ve siyasa aktörler de bunun bilincine varmışlardır. Özellikle siyasal rekabetin daha da artmasıyla birlikte iletişim tekniklerinin ve iletişim stratejilerinin siyaset alanında da fazlaca kullanıldığını görebilmekteyiz. Çalışmada, Türkiye'de mecliste bulunan siyasal partilerin internet temelli halkla ilişkiler ve siyasal iletişim faaliyetleri araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda özellikle 1 Kasım 2015 seçim dönemi öncesi ve sonrasında siyasi partilerle iletişime geçilmeye çalışılmış, seçim öncesi ve sonrası dönemlere ilişkin bir değerlendirme yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu süreçte siyasal partilerin internet adresleriyle iletişime geçilmiş ve elde edilen veriler çalışmada ortaya konulmuştur ; It has developed different techniques in order to communicate with people from creation and improving. Cave paintings, smoked communication, that the pigeon adventure started today, the impact of the heavily used differentiated technology and has become a more important situation. The importance of communication revealed that since the first ages being active in politics today, with de getting many new applications. Ability to create interaction with people in politics, in order to be more effective than them influence, and political competition many used communication techniques. People express themselves well, as well as communication of great importance in order to be understood by other people. As in all areas of life it emerged the importance of communication in politics and policy actors, as they are aware of it. In particular, we see that political competition with a further increase of communication techniques and communication strategies in the field of politics, much used. Political communication, political advertising, political Public Relations, political marketing concepts such as media, communication technologies, along with concepts such as public relations in politics among the new concepts that face us. The political actors who want to be more active in politics, tries to use these techniques as much as possible nowadays. Now concepts such as politics and communication in every area of our lives with each other in the works and can support you to success in politics. Public relations activities, but also is one of the methods in the realization of communication with, are among the methods used by the political parties. In the study, political parties which exist/that should be Public Relations activities and, therefore, the status of the attempted communication, and recycling phases of the process were investigated. As in all management functions of public relations it should be directed towards the communication function. Because a non-effective communication, away from the desired goal to achieve, can reveal much worse results. In our research of political parties in parliament, the Internetbased Public Relations and communication activities and whether they have conducted a study as to whether these characteristics are free of units. Thus with regard to political parties, trying to reach the address of a contact, and the findings were shared. As a result of our research on the websites of political parties in the Parliament after the elections on 7 June 2015 contact, which can be found from the columns were attempted to be contacted. In this process, in particular before 1 November 2015 elections, and then communication is established. In Parliament, The justice and Development Party the Republican People's Party, Peoples' Democratic Party and the Mationalist Action Party's internet sites were visited, and the presence of the public relations unit as a special unit were evaluated. Firstly, it appears that only the Justice and Development Party in Public Relations as a unit and the unique organizational structure. Other political parties in the website there is no information about such a unit. However, all political parties, "contact" column is found and in demand, request, complaint, suggestion, such as it can be said that these channels can be made with the assessments. Political parties by giving information about the work we are doing, questions were asked about the availability of the public relations unit. The Justice and Development Party, that are sent in automated emails, and a phone that can be achieved given the public relations unit of the names of persons in general has been mentioned. However, as a result of the search, the headquarters, instead of routing required and with where we are is not the answer. Similarly, the Nationalist Movement Party auto-reply sent from, the message of their receipt of the mail has been sent. No return has not been made on the subject. Besides, the Republican People's Party has not received any return from. In addition, instead of sending automatic mail Peoples' Democratic Party, any of the unit by mentioning that public relations is any communication that contains paths that can be followed in case of the need to switch to a notification e-mail was sent. The Web sites of political parties for one-way communication channel that you are using, in addition to the interactive or two-way political communication, and public relations activities, they did not use that it has emerged. Although there is a column communication in all political parties, is not in effective and efficient use of this application, the communication is one-sided, it is noted that with the presentation of web content was held. As a result, in Turkey political parties in the Parliament did not give enough attention to public relations activities in Internet use, existing Internet sites of Public Relations activities rather than the activities of the party, describing the history of the party, the leader of the party and that identifies the characteristics of nature. However, the increasing importance of Public Relations activity, reveals the necessity of being more active in the activities of political parties. One of the shortest ways to get to the party the use of the Internet, by the parties in the use of Public Relations activities has to be a way more efficient and convenient.
