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Recently, developed and emerging countries have increasingly adopted the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR) to reduce waste. In 2003, South Korea replaced the waste deposit recycling (WDR) program with the EPR program. Previous comparative analyses between the WDR and EPR programs have been qualitative evaluations and have not yet quantitatively shown whether the change has increased benefits. The aim of this paper is to explore which program brings larger net benefits. Because of limited data availability, here we focus on metal packaging exclusively. We find that the recycling rate dropped from 59% in 2000 to 40% in 2011 and recycling volume dropped accordingly. Cost-benefit incidence analysis shows that net social benefits decreased by 2.8 billion won (2.5 million US dollars), while the net benefits to producers increased by 1.9 billion won (1.7 million US dollars) under the EPR program compared with the WDR program. The government of South Korea should set an ambitious recycling target and narrow the scope of the exemption from the mandatory recycling requirement.

The problem of sustainability represents one of the most important issues that the world has to face nowadays, not only in terms of energy consumption and of the consequent CO2 emissions, but also in terms of material waste streams that end in landfill. 38 million tons of glass waste are produced every year in the European Union and new targets have been set for 2020 towards a more sustainable management of such wastes. Nowadays, only the container glass industry has reached a considerable recycling rate, while for all the other sectors we are still witnessing downgrading processes. Looking at the world of construction, glass has been more and more employed as a structural material thanks to its high transparency and compression strength. Although the use of glass can be attractive under multiple aspects and its production is continuously increasing, once employed as a construction element, it is rarely reused or recycled due to the high-quality requirement demanded to the industry of production. Nevertheless, besides its main applications as a 2-dimensional element, the new technology of cast glass has been recognised as a potential mean of glass recycling. Here, glass is designed and used under the form of repetitive 3-dimensional units assembled in a whole geometrical shape. In fact, thanks to its higher load-bearing capacity under monolithic shapes, this glass can admit less restrictions and potentially incorporate different types of waste. For this reason, the aim of this experimental work is to find a possible combination between glass families, specifically soda-lime, borosilicate and lead-crystal glass, to be recycled as cast glass components. Each type of glass was powdered or grinded under the form of cullet and different mixtures were prepared to be melted at temperatures of 970°C, 1120°C and 1200°C through the kiln-cast tecnique. Finally, an experimental splitting test was performed to define a force trend and a fracture behaviour for each sample. Some preliminary results have been achieved drawing the guidelines for a further investigation. Soda-lime-silica glass and lead-crystal glass mixture revealed to be the most compliant glass recipe with the required physical and mechanical properties, when reheated at 1120°C. The decrease in the melting temperature of the compound and the higher transparency given by the addition of lead glass revealed the potential benefit, in terms of sustainability, for future projects.

A large, successful, residential food waste sorting (recycling) program in urban high-density housing was studied to elicit perceptions of the key elements of its success. An embedded mixed-methods approach was used with rigorous quantitative measures of weights and compositions of the waste to confirm the success of the program, combined with in-depth semi-structured interviews of stakeholders to reveal their opinions of the elements key for success. The program produced a 70% food waste capture rate slowly decreasing to 45% over 54 weeks, with <1% contamination. The key elements for success were found to relate to clarification of roles and responsibilities, and the usefulness of a 'broker' (here, an NGO) to co-develop new boundaries for stakeholder responsibilities. Residents who acknowledged their responsibility to sort their waste viewed it as civic duty, but first needed to be convinced of the serious intention of the local government to implement the policy. Residents with strong relationships with the local government – e.g. due to greater ongoing interactions – were perceived to perform better. The use of volunteers to demonstrate and interact on a personal level with residents was seen as a key element. The three month period of volunteer involvement was seen as key to good habit forming

The European Commission is taking serious steps towards realising the concepts of 'recycle, repair and re-use' and avoiding waste at all stages of the value chain with its EU circular economy package (December 2015). Besides setting new recycling and landfilling targets to enforce member states to climb up the waste hierarchy, the EU Commission also intends to harmonise the measuring of recycling and re-use rates in the European Union to make more transparent, how much is effectively recycled. Recycling of municipal waste has a long tradition in Germany, which is currently leading the EU recycling hierarchy. Only a few other countries are also on track for the new 2030 recycling targets. The United Kingdom, for instance, has undertaken huge efforts to intensify its recycling over the past decade, but many countries still need to improve further despite some positive developments in the past decade. For many member states, e.g. Romania, Slovakia and Latvia, recycling is still a foreign word. As a result, the majority of countries needs to push their recycling efforts significantly by increasing their recycling rate at higher speed until 2030 compared to the past decade. An EU-wide move towards more recycling is only realistic, if low-level recycling countries change their national waste treatment system and install a new waste management infrastructure. [.]

Abstract
We study the impact of the introduction of a pay as you throw tariff in Ferrara which presented a low status-quo level of waste recycling. We find that it increased the waste recycling share by 40 % points and decreased the total waste per capita by 30 % points. Our dataset allows the split of the overall effect on waste recycling, finding that 63 % of recycling is due to organic material and 37 % to multimaterial (paper, glass, and plastic). This result suggests that packaging does not constitute the major waste recycling collection. Moreover, we find both an increase in waste recycling and a decrease in total waste, contrary to other case studies with a higher starting level of waste recycling. This leads to the important conclusion that pricing waste is effective in reducing pollution if the waste recycling level is sufficiently low.

Environmental and operational performance of a full-scale small and decentralized construction and demolition waste (C&DW) recycling unit (SDRU) were evaluated. The SDRU was defined as having a production capacity of up to 5 m3 per hour, occupying up to 100 m2. The operational and environmental performance indicators of the SDRU were obtained from the literature and validated by expert judgment. Subsequently, the values of these indicators were obtained from a real-scale SDRU in Bahia state, Brazil. The results showed that the SDRU presented lower levels of noise emission, very small water and energy consumption, and inhalable-particle concentration values lower than the requirements of Brazilian environmental legislation. It was observed that 90% of the C&DW in the storage area had recycling potential. The characteristics of the fine recycled aggregate make it suitable for use in road or sidewalk paving, and the coarse recycled aggregate is suitable for use in concrete without structural function. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the SDRU was also applied and it was concluded that the use of the recycled aggregate for manufacturing concrete without structural function reduced the environmental impact in all the categories considered, compared with the impact of natural sand and gravel extraction from nature. It was possible to conclude that the implementation of the SRDU in developing countries can provide an effective step towards reducing environmental impacts from the construction sector. ; Environmental and operational performance of a full-scale small and decentralized construction and demolition waste (C&DW) recycling unit (SDRU) were evaluated. The SDRU was defined as having a production capacity of up to 5 m3 per hour, occupying up to 100 m2. The operational and environmental performance indicators of the SDRU were obtained from the literature and validated by expert judgment. Subsequently, the values of these indicators were obtained from a real-scale SDRU in Bahia state, Brazil. The results showed that the SDRU presented lower levels of noise emission, very small water and energy consumption, and inhalable-particle concentration values lower than the requirements of Brazilian environmental legislation. It was observed that 90% of the C&DW in the storage area had recycling potential. The characteristics of the fine recycled aggregate make it suitable for use in road or sidewalk paving, and the coarse recycled aggregate is suitable for use in concrete without structural function. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the SDRU was also applied and it was concluded that the use of the recycled aggregate for manufacturing concrete without structural function reduced the environmental impact in all the categories considered, compared with the impact of natural sand and gravel extraction from nature. It was possible to conclude that the implementation of the SRDU in developing countries can provide an effective step towards reducing environmental impacts from the construction sector. ; Avaliou-se o desempenho operacional e ambiental de uma unidade descentralizada e de pequeno porte (UDR) para a promoção da reciclagem de resíduos da construção e demolição (RCD). A UDR foi definida como aquela capaz de reciclar até 5 m³ por hora e ocupando uma área inferior a 100 m². Os indicadores de avaliação de desempenho foram obtidos por meio de ampla revisão de literatura e selecionados pelo julgamento de especialistas na área. Após essa etapa, obtiveram-se os valores desses indicadores em uma UDR implantada em escala real no estado da Bahia, Brasil. Os resultados mostraram que a UDR apresenta pequenos níveis de emissão de ruídos, consumo de água e energia. Ademais, os valores de emissão de concentração de partículas inaláveis foram sempre inferiores aos máximos permitidos na legislação ambiental brasileira. Observou-se que 90% dos RCD devidamente segregados possuíam potencial para reciclagem. Uma Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) da UDR foi realizada e permitiu concluir que o uso do agregado reciclado para produção de concreto sem função estrutural reduziu significativamente o impacto ambiental em todas as categorias selecionadas. As características do agregado reciclado atestam sua adequabilidade para uso em obras de pavimentação e fabricação de concreto sem função estrutural. Além dos reduzidos custos de investimento e operação, concluiu-se que a implementação dessas UDR em larga escala, nos países em desenvolvimento, pode ser uma importante iniciativa, representando um passo efetivo para redução dos impactos ambientais oriundos do setor de construção.

Front cover -- Half title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part 1 Organic waste: generation, composition, and health hazards -- Chapter 1 Organic waste: generation, composition and valorisation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sources, composition and characterization of the solid waste -- 1.2.1 Source-based classification -- 1.2.2 Type-based classification -- 1.2.3 Generation, composition and characterization of the solid waste -- 1.3 Wastes as a wealth and source of income -- 1.4 Valorization of organic solid waste -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Open dumping of organic waste: Associated fire, environmental pollution and health hazards -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Problems associated with the organic waste -- 2.1.2 Existing status of organic waste management -- 2.2 Fires at MSW landfills -- 2.2.1 Health hazards of landfill fires -- 2.2.2 Landfill fires impact on surrounding environment -- 2.3 Existing status of municipal solid waste management system -- 2.3.1 GHGs emissions -- 2.3.2 Organic waste degradation and its contribution to the greenhouse effect -- 2.4 Challenges and opportunities for organic waste treatment -- 2.4.1 Composting of organic waste -- 2.4.2 Biomethanation -- 2.4.3 Organic waste diversion -- 2.5 Approach required for sustainable organic waste management -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- Part 2 Resource recovery from organic waste -- Chapter 3 Composting and vermicomposting: Process optimization for the management of organic waste -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Compositing -- 3.2.1 Substrates suitable for compost -- 3.3 Types of composting and time optimization -- 3.3.1 Rotary drum composting -- 3.3.2 Vermicomposting -- 3.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Composting techniques: utilization of organic wastes in urban areas of Indian cities -- 4.1 Introduction.

Intro -- Contents -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Food Waste in the Sustainable Development Framework -- 1.1 The Triple Bottom Line: "People, Planet, and Profit" -- 1.2 Decoupling of Production from Fossil Feedstock and the Breakthrough of Renewable Resources -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2: Food Processing Industries, Food Waste Classification and Handling, Target Compounds -- 2.1 Fruits and Vegetables -- 2.1.1 Apple -- 2.1.2 Berries -- 2.1.3 Citrus Fruits -- 2.1.4 Exotic Fruits -- 2.1.5 Tomatoes -- 2.1.6 Pulses -- 2.2 Winemaking Industries -- 2.2.1 Winery By-Product for the Food Industry -- 2.2.2 Winery By-Product for Cosmetics and Pharmaceutical Industry -- 2.2.3 Winery By-Product for the Environment, Agriculture, and Animal Feeding -- 2.2.4 Winery By-Product as Biorefinery Feedstock -- 2.3 Cereals and Tubers -- 2.3.1 Soft and Durum Wheat Processing -- 2.3.2 ByProducts from Rice Processing (Oryza sativa L.) -- 2.3.3 Potatoes -- 2.4 Breweries -- 2.5 Olive Oil and Edible Oil Industry -- 2.6 Meat Products -- 2.7 Fishery -- 2.8 Dairy Products -- 2.9 Kitchen Waste -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3: Current State of Art of the Usual Food Waste Valorization -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Waste Hierarchy Applied to Biomass Residual and Food Wastes -- 3.3 Food Wastes for Animal Feed -- 3.4 Composting for Biofertilizers -- 3.5 Biofuels: First, Second and Third Generation -- 3.5.1 Biofuels Production and Technology Overview -- 3.5.2 Biodiesel (FAME/FAEE) by UCOs - Used Cooking Oil -- 3.5.3 Bioethanol by Fermentation of Carbohydrates -- 3.5.4 Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass Residues and Food Wastes -- 3.6 Technology Progress for Advanced Biofuels -- Bibliography -- Part II: Innovative Food Waste Upcycling -- Chapter 4: Biocascading: General Strategy for the Recovery of Valuable Substances from Food Waste -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Chemical Methods.

In response to one of the greatest challenges of our time, Never Waste A Good Crisis is shining a spotlight on 31 creative optimists who are working to reinvent our relationship with waste. From building with bacteria to designing for disassembly, this book offers an exciting glimpse into the many initiatives and experiments that are bringing us closer to a circular future.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Current Situations of Construction of Villages and Towns and Environmental Protection in China -- 1.2 Necessity of Differentiated Resourceful Utilization of Organic Wastes in Villages and Towns -- 1.3 Research Status of Resourceful Utilization of Organic Wastes in Villages and Towns -- 2 High-Efficient Anaerobic Fermentation Technology of Organic Wastes in Villages and Towns -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.1.1 Traditional Anaerobic Fermentation Process -- 2.1.2 Two-Phase Anaerobic Fermentation Process -- 2.1.3 Influence Factors of Anaerobic Fermentation -- 2.2 Pre-treatment Technologies of Anaerobic Fermentation -- 2.2.1 Hydrothermal Pre-treatment Technology of Putrescible Wastes -- 2.2.2 Pre-treatment Technology of Wastes with High Content of Lignocellulose -- 2.2.3 High-Efficient Pre-treatment Technology for Seed Sludge -- 2.3 Research on High-Efficient Anaerobic Fermentation Technology for Organic Wastes -- 2.3.1 High-Efficient Anaerobic Fermentation Technology of Kitchen Wastes -- 2.3.2 High-Efficient Anaerobic Fermentation Technology of Straws -- 2.3.3 TOC and TN Contents -- 2.3.4 Dry Anaerobic Fermentation Technology of Livestock Manure -- 2.4 Evaluation of Energy Consumption of Anaerobic Fermentation Process -- 2.4.1 Energy Consumption of Heat Preservation of Anaerobic Fermentation Tank -- 2.4.2 Energy Consumption in Feeding and Heating -- 2.4.3 Energy Output in Anaerobic Fermentation -- 2.5 Research and Development of Equipment -- 2.5.1 Simulation Device for Combined Hydrogen-Methane Production -- 2.5.2 Small and Vertical Dry Fermentation Equipment -- 2.5.3 Horizontal Energy-Saving Dry Fermentation Equipment -- 2.5.4 Container-Type Anaerobic Fermentation Equipment -- References -- 3 Bio-augmented Composting of Organic Wastes in Villages and Towns -- 3.1 Overview.