Suchergebnisse

This work was supported by the European Research Council, Starting Grant ref. 306337, by the Spanish government and FEDER Fund, grant ref. TIN2015-71537-P (MINECO/FEDER,UE), and by the Icrea Academia Award. The work of Javier Vazquez-Corral was supported by the Spanish government grant IJCI-2014-19516.

In grappling with the micro-macro problem in sociology, philosophers of the field are finding it increasingly useful to associate micro-sociology with theory reduction. In this article I argue that the association is ungrounded and undesirable. Although of a reductive "disposition," micro-sociological theories instantiate something more like "reductive explanation," whereby the causal roles of social wholes are explained in terms of their psychological parts. In this form, micro-sociological theories may actually have a better shot at closing the sociology–psychology explanatory gap, and resist many antireductionist arguments, including the well-known argument from "multiple realization."

"Disaster Risk Reduction" published on by Oxford University Press.

Testimony issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "Americans spend billions of hours each year providing information to federal agencies by filling out information collections (forms, surveys, or questionnaires). A major aim of the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) is to minimize the burden that these collections impose on the public, while maximizing their public benefit. Under the act, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is to approve all such collections and to report annually on the agencies' estimates of the associated burden. In addition, agency Chief Information Officers (CIO) are to review information collections before they are submitted to OMB for approval and certify that the collections meet certain standards set forth in the act. For its testimony, GAO was asked to comment on OMB's burden report for 2004 and to discuss its recent study of PRA implementation (GAO-05-424), concentrating on CIO review and certification processes and describing alternative processes that two agencies have used to minimize burden. For its study, GAO reviewed a governmentwide sample of collections, reviewed processes and collections at four agencies that account for a large proportion of burden, and performed case studies of 12 approved collections."

The fallacies of the aggression-reducing strategies of control, catharsis, & cohabitation are examined. Aggression reduction through control or punishment may temporarily suppress aggressive behavior, but it has numerous side effects & fails to teach appropriate behavior. Aggression reduction through catharsis is a myth & has no legitimate basis in research. Cohabitation theory views aggression as an inevitable characteristic of human nature & offers little solution other than adaptation to its presence. Single-cause theories of aggression reduction overlook aggression's complexity. Aggression has multiple causes ranging from physiological predisposition to the presence of potential victims, & can best be reduced by a complex array of intervention modes introduced in an individualized manner. Emphasis should be placed on the unlearning of aggressive behavior.