Suchergebnisse

Referendum lokalne jest przykładem demokracji bezpośredniej. Jego istota zawiera się w powszechnym i bezpośrednim udziale uprawnionych obywateli w głosowaniu, z których każdy dysponuje jednym głosem, a decydujące znaczenie ma wola większości. Jego przeprowadzenie wymaga ustalenia rodzaju referendum (wiążące lub opiniodawcze) oraz prawidłowego sformułowania pytania referendalnego. Idea referendum lokalnego niesie ze sobą pewne ograniczenia: przedmiotowe i organizacyjne (zakłada pewną aktywność obywateli; często trudno o pełny racjonalizm w dokonywanym wyborze; sama formuła głosowania ogranicza pole dla ewentualnego kompromisu; przeprowadzenie wymaga czasu oraz wiąże się z koniecznością poniesienia znaczących kosztów). ; A local referendum is an example of direct democracy. Its essence is contained in the universal and direct participation of eligible citizens in voting in which everyone has one vote, and the willpower of the majority is decisive. Prior to a referendum it must be decided whether it will be binding or opinion-making while the questions to be asked in a referendum must be correctly formulated.The idea of a local referendum carries certain objective and organisational limitations (it assumes a certain initiative of citizens; the full rationalism of the choice made is not always obvious; and the voting formula limits the field to a possible compromise; it is also time consuming and it entails significant cost).

This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Please check back later for the full article.Referendums are puzzling because they are ubiquitous. Described in the theoretical literature as "veto-player institutions," referendums are used as frequently by autocratic dictators as they are employed in constitutional democracies. As an institution championed by both Hitler and Churchill, as well as Augusto Pinochet and Woodrow Wilson it is not surprising that political scientists of an earlier generation felt that they defied all attempts to develop testable hypotheses and that referendums—in the words of Arend Lijphart from his 1984 book Democracies—"fail to fit any clear universal pattern."More recently, beginning in the 1990s, however scholars from both historical institutional as well as rational choice schools have begun to develop testable propositions as well as they have advanced explanations as to the origins, practice and consequences of the increased use of referendums. Further, in addition to general theories of voting behaviour in referendums, an emerging literature has been established, which has investigated the policy consequences of referendums. These consequences include, lower levels of inequality, higher levels of trust in government and lower levels of public spending. Compared to an earlier period characterised by ideographic single country studies, and a general pessimism regarding the prospect of developing general theories, the study of referendums has entered a 'revolutionary' phase in the Kuhnian sense of the word. While no general paradigm has emerged, scholars are increasingly confident that general recurrent patterns exist and that it is possible to develop law-like statements about the emergence, use, and implications of the use of the referendum.

Am 7. August votierten 60 Prozent derjenigen, die am Referendum teilnahmen, für die vom Militär verfasste, neue Verfassung. Wie ist dieses Ergebnis einzuschätzen und wie verändert es die Aussichten auf Demokratie in Thailand?

AbstractScholars often use referenda as the plural for
referendum. This choice is a hypercorrection—it
may sound like proper Latin, but it is not.
Referendums is always the correct choice.
However, we maintain that there is value in using
referendums for multiple events and
referenda for multiple propositions.

The importance of information in referendums -- The dynamics of a referendum campaign -- The context of the campaign -- The political parties' campaigns -- The yes and no camps -- The campaign in the news : polls, personalities and the multi-faceted issue -- The campaign in the news -- Elite framing of the issue -- Campaign effects on the public -- Public understanding of the referendum issue -- Polls, strategy news and political cynicism -- Priming public evaluations of political leaders -- Campaign effects on the vote -- The consequences of referendums -- Conclusions

Scholars often use referenda as the plural for referendum. This choice is a hypercorrection -- it may sound like proper Latin, but it is not. Referendums is always the correct choice. However, we maintain that there is value in using referendums for multiple events and referenda for multiple propositions. Adapted from the source document.

Referendum lokalne jest przykładem demokracji bezpośredniej. Jego istota zawiera się w powszechnym i bezpośrednim udziale uprawnionych obywateli w głosowaniu, z których każdy dysponuje jednym głosem, a decydujące znaczenie ma wola większości. Jego przeprowadzenie wymaga ustalenia rodzaju referendum (wiążące lub opiniodawcze) oraz prawidłowego sformułowania pytania referendalnego. Idea referendum lokalnego niesie ze sobą pewne ograniczenia: przedmiotowe i organizacyjne (zakłada pewną aktywność obywateli; często trudno o pełny racjonalizm w dokonywanym wyborze; sama formuła głosowania ogranicza pole dla ewentualnego kompromisu; przeprowadzenie wymaga czasu oraz wiąże się z koniecznością poniesienia znaczących kosztów).

The two years since the Scottish independence referendum have been a roller-coaster ride, with the SNP picking up close to a hundred thousand new members and triumphing in the 2015 General Election, taking all but three seats in Scotland; with David Cameron winning, against the collective wisdom of the pollsters, a Westminster majority, obliging him to call his promised EU referendum; with the SNP achieving an unprecedented third Holyrood term, but losing their absolute majority; with the Scottish Tories leapfrogging Scottish Labour into second place, usurping the role of 'official opposition' at Holyrood; with Jeremy Corbyn elected UK Labour leader – not once, but twice; and, to cap it all, the vote for Brexit on 23 June, its chaotic aftermath, and the reappearance of indyref2 at the top of the agenda.

Resumen: El referéndum, entendido como "la oportunidad de que los electores participen en el proceso de toma de decisión votando sobre una cuestión más o menos específica y determinada" (Uleri, 1996, p. 2), ha tomado históricamente infinidad de formas, con desenlaces diversos dependiendo del contexto en el que ha sido desarrollado. No obstante, tanto la proliferación como la relevancia que este mecanismo ha adquirido en las democracias contemporáneas plantean nuevas vías de estudio, entre las que se encuentra su potencial para encauzar una participación efectiva frente a su reducido uso tradicional como mero mecanismo de legitimación política. El artículo tiene como objetivo plantear las bases para la discusión del uso referéndum en relación a una concepción de la democracia que se extienda más allá de la lógica de la representatividad.Palabras clave: Referéndum, democracia directa, democracia representativa, participación, representación, iniciativa.Abstract: The referendum, understood as "the opportunity for electors to participate in a decision-making process by voting on an issue more or less specific and determined" (Uleri, 1996, p. 2), has historically taken an infinite amount of shapes, with diverse outcomes depending on the context in which it has taken place. However, the recent surge both in its use and its relevance in contemporary democracies raises new research lines, among which is its potential to channel an effective participation in contrast to its traditional use as a simple legitimation mechanism. The article's objective is to set the foundation for a discussion on the use of referendums in relation to a conception of democracy that goes beyond the logic of representation.Keywords: Referendum, direct democracy, representative democracy, participation, representation, initiative.