The main objective of this text is to present the results of a study on the transformations that in the last two decades has undergone the Colombian University, in the perspective of showing a broader historical context which goes beyond purely cyclical transformations. This text explores four aspects: firstly, some characteristics of the educational neoliberalism are addressed and the way how it is linked with capitalism in Colombia; secondly, it examines how neoliberalism has operated in the Colombian University in the last two decades, relating as a starting point the military spending and the education spending; subsequently, the Bill No. 112 is analyzed; and, finally, some aspects of the movement of protest against this project are identified.
Urban reform is expected in Italy since 1963, when a law for the reform of the urban regulation of 1942, which could have modified the quality of the following territorial transformations, was presented. Nevertheless, the Parliament didn't pass it because it would reduce radically the relevance of estate rent for the economy. Until now several measures have been approved, some of them positives, but not a new law; even for the confrontation between reformists, who stand for a new model of structural-strategic plan able of adapting to the new territorial realities in develop, and conservatives, who are against the improvement of the model established in the law of 1942. Opposite, the institutional frame has completely changed since the year 2003. Since then, the law competencies on urbanism have been transferred to regional governments and a kind of "urban federalism", provided of elements that lead to confusion, has been created. Nowadays a new national law for the constitutional review of the competencies of Estate-Regions is under discussion. This one returns to some of the main principles of urbanism, and also to a lot of solutions that have already been proved by several regional regulations. As these rules have been promoted by the Government, they will probably be approved, ending the long-term Italian urban reform. ; In Italia la riforma urbanistica è attesa dal 1963, quando fu presentata una legge di riforma della legge urbanistica del 1942 che avrebbe cambiato la qualità delle successive trasformazioni territoriali, ma che il Parlamento non approvò perché riduceva radicalmente il peso della rendita fondiaria nell'economia. Da allora sono stati approvati vari provvedimenti, anche positivi, ma non una nuova legge organica, anche per la contrapposizione che si è creata nel mondo dell'urbanistica tra riformisti, sostenitori di un nuovo modello di piano strutturale-strategico, capace di adattarsi alle nuove realtà territoriali in divenire e conservatori, contrai a superare il modello regolativo della legge del 1942. Mentre dal 2003 è cambiato completamente il quadro istituzionale, con il passaggio alle Regioni delle competenze legislative in materia urbanistica e la formazione di una sorta di "federalismo urbanistico", con molti elementi di confusione. Oggi è in discussione una nuova legge nazionale nell'ambito della revisione costituzionale delle competenze Stato-Regioni, che riprende alcuni dei principi fondamentali della riforma urbanistica e molte soluzioni già sperimentate dalle leggi delle varie Regioni. Essendo d'iniziativa governativa questa legge ha qualche probabilità di essere approvata, concludendo così il lungo percorso della riforma urbanistica italiana.
The aim of this research is idenify comprehensive view of Al-Taher bin Ashour's educational reforms, both theoretical and practical. This is an analytical-logical research done by content analysis method. the paper critiques reductionist approaches to this book by showing that Ibn Ashour's educational reforms are part and parcel of his larger reformist project delineated in Maqasid Al-Sharia Al-Islamiah (The Objectives of Islamic Sharia) and Usul Al-Nitham Al-Ijtimai fi Al-Islam (The Foundations of the Social System in Islam). This paper claims that Ibn Ashour had pioneering reformist views in education relative to the era he had inhabited. His family connections made the political environment conducive to his reforms, and he made use of the varied and multifarious knowledge he had accumulated, which made him more than a mere individual and more of a powerful force in the Tunisian and Arab-Islamic reformist process.
The article deals with the mechanisms that modern Constitutions establish for its own reform. It is divided into two sections. The first section explores the idea that Constitutions have a special relation to Politics and that the mechanisms for their reform are a consequence of that relationship. These mechanisms pursue two main goals, and both of them can be considered an expression of this Constitutional feature. These two goals are, in the first place, participation, establishing ways of popular intervention that exceed the ones that exist in representative democracy; and secondly, the generation of a certain level of political stability. The second section of this article studies the mechanisms set forth in Chilean Constitutions throughout the country's history, and analyzes them considering the two goals previously identified. ; El presente artículo se refiere a los mecanismos que las constituciones establecen para su modificación. Está dividido en dos secciones. En la primera de ellas, se postula que la Constitución es especial por su relación con la política y que sus mecanismos de reforma son una manifestación de dicha relación. A continuación, se plantea que la especialidad de los mecanismos de reforma constitucional responde esencialmente a dos objetivos, que son a su vez consecuencia de dicha relación: en primer lugar, garantizar vías de participación en el proceso de reforma, que excedan de los canales propios de la democracia representativa, y en segundo, generar estabilidad. En la segunda sección, se estudian los mecanismos de reforma que han regido en Chile a la luz de los criterios señalados.
The proposals to modify the Law number 100 of 1993 that were presented in the regional forum on social security held in Bogotá at the beginning of 1999 are examined. Based on 53 documents, the different kinds of proposals are presented, as well as the tendencies underlying them and the coincidences and divergences that are found between the different acting parts in the social security system. The most frequent subjects, in which most of the proposals were inscribed, were the mechanisms for government control, the subsidized regimen, the benefit plans, the information system and social participation. An outline for the analysis of the main problems that are recognized by the different acting parts in the social security system is presented, with emphasis on the need for scenarios of debate where the bases for guaranteeing the right to integral social security are discussed. ; Se examinan las propuestas de reforma a la Ley 100 de 1993, presentadas en el Foro Regional sobre Seguridad Social en Salud, llevado a cabo en Bogotá a comienzos de 1999. Con base en 53 documentos se describen los tipos de propuestas, las tendencias que subyacen a las mismas y algunas de las confluencias y divergencias que se encuentran entre diversos actores del Sistema de Seguridad Social. Los temas más frecuentes, en los cuales se inscribían las propuestas, fueron los mecanismos de control estatal, el régimen subsidiado, los planes de beneficios, el sistema de información y la participación social. Se presenta un esquema de análisis de los principales problemas que son reconocidos por actores del Sistema de Seguridad Social en Salud, y se remarca la necesidad de escenarios de debate donde se esclarezcan las bases para garantizar el derecho que tenemos a una íntegra seguridad social.
The Chilean health care system has been intensively reformed in the past 20 years. Reforms under the Pinochet government (1973-1990) aimed mainly at the decentralization of the system and the development of a private sector. Decentralization involved both a deconcentration process and the devolution of primary health care to municipalities. The democratic governments after 1990 chose to preserve the core organization but introduced reforms intended to correct the system's failures and to increase both efficiency and equity. The present article briefly explains the current organization of the Chilean health care system. It also reviews the different reforms introduced in the past 20 years, from the Pinochet regime to the democratic governments. Finally, a brief discussion describes the strengths and weaknesses of the system, as well as the challenges it currently faces. ; El sistema de salud chileno ha sido intensamente reformado en los últimos 20 años. Las reformas bajo el gobierno de Pinochet (1973-1990) apuntaron principalmente a la descentralización del sistema y al desarrollo del sector privado. La descentralización involucró un proceso de desconcentración y la devolución de las unidades de atención primaria a las municipalidades. Los gobiernos democráticos posteriores a 1990 escogieron preservar el núcleo organizacional, pero las reformas introducidas buscaron corregir las fallas del sistema y aumentar la eficacia y la equidad. El presente artículo explica brevemente la organización actual del sistema de salud chileno y revisa las diferentes reformas introducidas en los últimos 20 años desde el régimen de Pinochet hasta los gobiernos democráticos. Finalmente, presenta una discusión breve para describir las fortalezas y debilidades del sistema, así como los desafíos que enfrenta actualmente.
One of the institutions affected by the Labor Reform has been that of contractors and subcontractors. Royal Decree-Law 32/2021 has modified article 42 of the Workers' Statute to introduce changes in the matter referred to the applicable collective agreement of workers of the different companies. This paper analyzes the reformed aspects, their scope and consequences; but also, the aspects that require reform and on which we will probably see changes in the future. The aim is, therefore, to analyze the antecedents of the reform, the expectations of the social agents, governmental proposal, the jurisprudential evolution that has been determining the change; and the proposals for the future raised by the doctrine. ; Una de las instituciones afectadas por la Reforma laboral ha sido la de las contratas y subcontratas. El Real Decreto-Ley 32/2021, ha modificado el artículo 42 del Estatuto de los trabajadores para introducir cambios en la materia referida al convenio colectivo aplicable a los trabajadores de las empresas contratistas y subcontratistas. En el presente estudio analizaremos los aspectos reformados, su alcance y consecuencias; pero también los aspectos que precisan una reforma y sobre los que probablemente veamos cambios en un futuro. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es, por tanto, analizar los antecedentes de la reforma; las expectativas de los agentes sociales y las propuestas del Gobierno español; la evolución jurisprudencial que ha ido determinando el cambio a seguir; y las propuestas de futuro planteadas por la doctrina.
Una de las instituciones afectadas por la Reforma laboral ha sido la de las contratas y subcontratas. El Real Decreto-Ley 32/2021, ha modificado el artículo 42 del Estatuto de los trabajadores para introducir cambios en la materia referida al convenio colectivo aplicable a los trabajadores de las empresas contratistas y subcontratistas. En el presente estudio analizaremos los aspectos reformados, su alcance y consecuencias; pero también los aspectos que precisan una reforma y sobre los que probablemente veamos cambios en un futuro. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es, por tanto, analizar los antecedentes de la reforma; las expectativas de los agentes sociales y las propuestas del Gobierno español; la evolución jurisprudencial que ha ido determinando el cambio a seguir; y las propuestas de futuro planteadas por la doctrina. ; One of the institutions affected by the Labor Reform has been that of contractors and subcontractors. Royal Decree-Law 32/2021 has modified article 42 of the Workers' Statute to introduce changes in the matter referred to the applicable collective agreement of workers of the different companies. This paper analyzes the reformed aspects, their scope and consequences; but also, the aspects that require reform and on which we will probably see changes in the future. The aim is, therefore, to analyze the antecedents of the reform, the expectations of the social agents, governmental proposal, the jurisprudential evolution that has been determining the change; and the proposals for the future raised by the doctrine. ; Universidad de Sevilla US-1264479 ; Fondos FEDER US-1264479
Abstract:The author conducts a previous study on constitutional regulation concerning the Spanish constitutional reform, in order subsequently to establish guidelines to improve the reform procedure. To this end he bases his proposals in two principles: 1. The inclusion of intangibility clauses, regardless of the procedure to be followed. 2. The establishment of a single constitutional reform procedure, seizing the inertia of the current constitutional regulation, following either thequalified-majority system (similar to the one currently established in article 167) or the double legislature one (exemplified in article 168 stipulations), and resolving and simplifying in both cases the malfunctions that both procedures could present.Summary:Introduction: the housekeeper is evaluating the possibility of refurbishingthe kitchen. 1. Title X of the Spanish Constitution of 1978. 1.1. Constitutional reform initiative and its temporal limits (arts. 166 and 169). 1.2. The reform procedure under article 167. 1.3. The reform procedure under article 168. 2. Possible and desirable reforms or how the sleep of reason can produce monsters, although it should not. 2.1. Previous reflections. 2.2. Regarding the initiative in both procedures. 2.3. Regarding the considerations set out in article 167.2. 2.4. Regarding the stipulations set out in article 168. 3. Provided proposals. ; Resumen:El autor realiza un estudio previo de la regulación constitucional referida a la reforma constitucional en España, para posteriormente establecer pautas que puedan mejorar el procedimiento de reforma.Para ello basa sus propuestas en dos principios: 1. La inclusión de cláusulas de intangibilidad, independientemente del procedimiento a seguir. 2. Establecimiento de un único procedimiento de reforma constitucional, aprovechando la inercia de la actual regulación constitucional, bien siguiendo el sistema de mayoría cualificada (similar al establecido actualmente en el artículo 167 CE), bien el de doble Legislatura (ejemplificado en las previsiones prescritas en el artículo 168 CE), resolviendo las disfunciones que ambos procedimientos podrían atesorar, simplificando los mismos.Abstract:The author conducts a previous study on constitutional regulation concerning the Spanish constitutional reform, in order subsequently to establish guidelines to improve the reform procedure. To this end he bases his proposals in two principles: 1. The inclusion of intangibility clauses, regardless of the procedure to be followed. 2. The establishment of a single constitutional reform procedure, seizing the inertia of the current constitutional regulation, following either thequalified-majority system (similar to the one currently established in article 167) or the double legislature one (exemplified in article 168 stipulations), and resolving and simplifying in both cases the malfunctions that both procedures could present.Summary:Introduction: the housekeeper is evaluating the possibility of refurbishingthe kitchen. 1. Title X of the Spanish Constitution of 1978. 1.1. Constitutional reform initiative and its temporal limits (arts. 166 and 169). 1.2. The reform procedure under article 167. 1.3. The reform procedure under article 168. 2. Possible and desirable reforms or how the sleep of reason can produce monsters, although it should not. 2.1. Previous reflections. 2.2. Regarding the initiative in both procedures. 2.3. Regarding the considerations set out in article 167.2. 2.4. Regarding the stipulations set out in article 168. 3. Provided proposals.
Colombia's financial system has experienced important transformations during the last two decades. In order to illustrate the most significant modifications, Tables 1 and 2 present a summary of the financial system's structure during four different points in time: 1986- 1989, 1990, 1995, and 2001. Table 1 shows the assets of different types of banks (private domestic banks, foreign banks and state-owned banks), Savings and Loans corporations, and the rest of the financial system, all of them as a proportion of GDP. Table 2 complements the information by presenting the participation of each financial intermediary in the total assets of the financial system.
