Small and medium-sized enterprises are the backbone of the European economy, and the most important creators of new jobs and economic growth, SMEs account for a large proportion of Europe's economic and professional activity. In practice, 99% of businesses in the European Union are SMEs, and they provide two-thirds of all private-sector jobs. So small firms are, in fact, the real giants of the European economy. Small and medium-sized businesses constitute an important part of added value and provide a major share of employment in every market economy. They are a most reliable guaranty for sustainable economic development, because they are flexible, quick in reacting to new up-coming threats and on a long-term base highly effective. That is why any state authority should be highly interested in a well developed SME sector. European Union – considers there are three types of smaller enterprise: micro, small and medium-sized. Each of these have differing employee, turnover and asset thresholds. These three size groups of non-subsidiary independent businesses make up what are termed small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The preoccupations of governments in small business policy also focus heavily on finance, information, advice and training. However, government spending on SME policy heavily reflects the preoccupations with finance, information and support. Through the financial instruments it has developed and funded, the European Commission is making it easier for SMEs to get loans from banks, by providing guarantees. It is also facilitating venture capital investment in SMEs. These financial instruments are managed by the European Investment Fund (EIF) on behalf of the Commission. The local business environment has an important effect on small businesses, wherever they are located. Most SMEs focus their activities in their own region. Moreover, policies to support and reinforce economic competitiveness are increasingly decided and implemented at local and regional levels. The European Union recognises the importance of regions in this field, and has developed a number of instruments to encourage regional development, to support initiatives by regional actors, and to promote networking between different EU regions. These instruments encourage entrepreneurship, support new enterprises, and make SMEs more competitive.
Small and medium-sized enterprises are the backbone of the European economy, and the most important creators of new jobs and economic growth, SMEs account for a large proportion of Europe's economic and professional activity. In practice, 99% of businesses in the European Union are SMEs, and they provide two-thirds of all private-sector jobs. So small firms are, in fact, the real giants of the European economy. Small and medium-sized businesses constitute an important part of added value and provide a major share of employment in every market economy. They are a most reliable guaranty for sustainable economic development, because they are flexible, quick in reacting to new up-coming threats and on a long-term base highly effective. That is why any state authority should be highly interested in a well developed SME sector. European Union – considers there are three types of smaller enterprise: micro, small and medium-sized. Each of these have differing employee, turnover and asset thresholds. These three size groups of non-subsidiary independent businesses make up what are termed small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The preoccupations of governments in small business policy also focus heavily on finance, information, advice and training. However, government spending on SME policy heavily reflects the preoccupations with finance, information and support. Through the financial instruments it has developed and funded, the European Commission is making it easier for SMEs to get loans from banks, by providing guarantees. It is also facilitating venture capital investment in SMEs. These financial instruments are managed by the European Investment Fund (EIF) on behalf of the Commission. The local business environment has an important effect on small businesses, wherever they are located. Most SMEs focus their activities in their own region. Moreover, policies to support and reinforce economic competitiveness are increasingly decided and implemented at local and regional levels. The European Union recognises the importance of regions in this field, and has developed a number of instruments to encourage regional development, to support initiatives by regional actors, and to promote networking between different EU regions. These instruments encourage entrepreneurship, support new enterprises, and make SMEs more competitive.
Public procurement represents 16.3% of gross domestic product therefore can be counted as a very important part of the economy. The volume of public procurement is constantly growing in both regional and EU single market levels. So the public and the private sector are interested in effective public procurement system as well as its opportunities to improve and adapt to social and economic conditions, technical and scientific progress in EU member countries. Every contracting authority must choose the appropriate procedure to ensure that the purchase would be carried out properly and in accordance with the principles of public procurement. This Master Thesis focuses on regulations of international public procurement procedures, their separation and clustering criteria, the particular purchase procedures as well as problems related to the application of these procedures in practice. As the public procurement directives are considered to be EU law secondary source, the thesis is not limited only by regulation of directives and analysis of practice of European Court of Justice but takes into account the national legislation of Lithuania in this field. According to logical, systematic, comparative, teleological, historical and linguistic methods, this paper comprehensively analyzes existing public procurement procedures, identifies the features and selection criteria of each procedure, reveals related problems and proposes effective solutions to the named problems.
Public procurement represents 16.3% of gross domestic product therefore can be counted as a very important part of the economy. The volume of public procurement is constantly growing in both regional and EU single market levels. So the public and the private sector are interested in effective public procurement system as well as its opportunities to improve and adapt to social and economic conditions, technical and scientific progress in EU member countries. Every contracting authority must choose the appropriate procedure to ensure that the purchase would be carried out properly and in accordance with the principles of public procurement. This Master Thesis focuses on regulations of international public procurement procedures, their separation and clustering criteria, the particular purchase procedures as well as problems related to the application of these procedures in practice. As the public procurement directives are considered to be EU law secondary source, the thesis is not limited only by regulation of directives and analysis of practice of European Court of Justice but takes into account the national legislation of Lithuania in this field. According to logical, systematic, comparative, teleological, historical and linguistic methods, this paper comprehensively analyzes existing public procurement procedures, identifies the features and selection criteria of each procedure, reveals related problems and proposes effective solutions to the named problems.
Public procurement represents 16.3% of gross domestic product therefore can be counted as a very important part of the economy. The volume of public procurement is constantly growing in both regional and EU single market levels. So the public and the private sector are interested in effective public procurement system as well as its opportunities to improve and adapt to social and economic conditions, technical and scientific progress in EU member countries. Every contracting authority must choose the appropriate procedure to ensure that the purchase would be carried out properly and in accordance with the principles of public procurement. This Master Thesis focuses on regulations of international public procurement procedures, their separation and clustering criteria, the particular purchase procedures as well as problems related to the application of these procedures in practice. As the public procurement directives are considered to be EU law secondary source, the thesis is not limited only by regulation of directives and analysis of practice of European Court of Justice but takes into account the national legislation of Lithuania in this field. According to logical, systematic, comparative, teleological, historical and linguistic methods, this paper comprehensively analyzes existing public procurement procedures, identifies the features and selection criteria of each procedure, reveals related problems and proposes effective solutions to the named problems.
Public procurement represents 16.3% of gross domestic product therefore can be counted as a very important part of the economy. The volume of public procurement is constantly growing in both regional and EU single market levels. So the public and the private sector are interested in effective public procurement system as well as its opportunities to improve and adapt to social and economic conditions, technical and scientific progress in EU member countries. Every contracting authority must choose the appropriate procedure to ensure that the purchase would be carried out properly and in accordance with the principles of public procurement. This Master Thesis focuses on regulations of international public procurement procedures, their separation and clustering criteria, the particular purchase procedures as well as problems related to the application of these procedures in practice. As the public procurement directives are considered to be EU law secondary source, the thesis is not limited only by regulation of directives and analysis of practice of European Court of Justice but takes into account the national legislation of Lithuania in this field. According to logical, systematic, comparative, teleological, historical and linguistic methods, this paper comprehensively analyzes existing public procurement procedures, identifies the features and selection criteria of each procedure, reveals related problems and proposes effective solutions to the named problems.
The main objective of this article is to assess the martial law situation repressive measures against the opposition of Catholic organizations, implemented by the authoritarian regime in Lithuania from 1930 to 1932. It also seeks to reveal how this repressive policy has been publicly criticized by the Catholic clergy. This study is based on the documents kept at the Lithuanian Central State Archive and published sources. Imposition of the martial law in the Republic of Lithuania (1919) changed the permanent internal legal regime, set in the Constitution, to exclusive, stricter, and setting greater limits on citizens' rights and liberties regime. At the very same time the practice of administration of justice changed. In 1920–1926 the decisions, concerning the martial law, were entered by democratically elected parliament members, following the procedures, laid down in the Constitution. Every such political step spurred hot debates between the parliamentary majority of Christian democrats, standing for greater limitation of civil rights and liberties, and their persistent though not effective opponents from the left wing, first of all social democrats. During the period of parliamentary democracy in Lithuania the Christian democrats (with their party ideology mostly based on the authority of the Catholic Church) remained the most influential political power in the country. The issue of the martial law had become the value dilemma for Lithuanian political elite, the situation where a compromise could hardly be found. The martial law limited Lithuanian citizens' possibilities to express their views in the press or public events. The permissions from the war superintendents, regional superiors were necessary for press and other printings, their making, organization of demonstrations, meetings, establishment of associations, parties. [.]
The main objective of this article is to assess the martial law situation repressive measures against the opposition of Catholic organizations, implemented by the authoritarian regime in Lithuania from 1930 to 1932. It also seeks to reveal how this repressive policy has been publicly criticized by the Catholic clergy. This study is based on the documents kept at the Lithuanian Central State Archive and published sources. Imposition of the martial law in the Republic of Lithuania (1919) changed the permanent internal legal regime, set in the Constitution, to exclusive, stricter, and setting greater limits on citizens' rights and liberties regime. At the very same time the practice of administration of justice changed. In 1920–1926 the decisions, concerning the martial law, were entered by democratically elected parliament members, following the procedures, laid down in the Constitution. Every such political step spurred hot debates between the parliamentary majority of Christian democrats, standing for greater limitation of civil rights and liberties, and their persistent though not effective opponents from the left wing, first of all social democrats. During the period of parliamentary democracy in Lithuania the Christian democrats (with their party ideology mostly based on the authority of the Catholic Church) remained the most influential political power in the country. The issue of the martial law had become the value dilemma for Lithuanian political elite, the situation where a compromise could hardly be found. The martial law limited Lithuanian citizens' possibilities to express their views in the press or public events. The permissions from the war superintendents, regional superiors were necessary for press and other printings, their making, organization of demonstrations, meetings, establishment of associations, parties. [.]
The main objective of this article is to assess the martial law situation repressive measures against the opposition of Catholic organizations, implemented by the authoritarian regime in Lithuania from 1930 to 1932. It also seeks to reveal how this repressive policy has been publicly criticized by the Catholic clergy. This study is based on the documents kept at the Lithuanian Central State Archive and published sources. Imposition of the martial law in the Republic of Lithuania (1919) changed the permanent internal legal regime, set in the Constitution, to exclusive, stricter, and setting greater limits on citizens' rights and liberties regime. At the very same time the practice of administration of justice changed. In 1920–1926 the decisions, concerning the martial law, were entered by democratically elected parliament members, following the procedures, laid down in the Constitution. Every such political step spurred hot debates between the parliamentary majority of Christian democrats, standing for greater limitation of civil rights and liberties, and their persistent though not effective opponents from the left wing, first of all social democrats. During the period of parliamentary democracy in Lithuania the Christian democrats (with their party ideology mostly based on the authority of the Catholic Church) remained the most influential political power in the country. The issue of the martial law had become the value dilemma for Lithuanian political elite, the situation where a compromise could hardly be found. The martial law limited Lithuanian citizens' possibilities to express their views in the press or public events. The permissions from the war superintendents, regional superiors were necessary for press and other printings, their making, organization of demonstrations, meetings, establishment of associations, parties. [.]
Disputes between the employee (public servant) and the employer (state or municipal authority) are inevitable in the public sector. Cases concerning this issue are solved in the country's regional administrative courts and the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania. This master's thesis dealt with the disputes concerning the public servant dismissal and its problematic aspects, the complex legal regulation and its application to practice. Final goal of the thesis – to assess the assurance of the interests of public servants in the process of disputes concerning dismissal from the public service, as well as to reveal the problematic aspects of the solution process of these disputes. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were made: 1) discuss the types of dismissal from the public service; 2) analyze the basic laws relating to the dismissal of public servants; 3) evaluate the institutions and their participation in the disputes concerning the dismissal of public servants; 4) analyze the basic principles which are implemented settling disputes concerning the dismissal of public servants, as well as their implementation in case law; 5) identify the problematic aspects of dispute concerning the dismissal of public servant resolution. Work methods: Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature analysis, statistical data analysis, summary of legislation and case law analysis. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the main theoretical concepts of dismissal of public servants – types of dismissal, dismissal legislation and the norms established in the law. The practical part of the thesis showcases the analysis of case law relating to the dismissal of public servants, as well as an empirical study – public servants questionnaire. The case law and questionnaire data analysis highlighted the problematic aspects of dispute resolution concerning the dismissal of public servants – complicated legal regulation and its uncertain application, complicated and unstable judicial practice, no pre-court settlement procedure for these type of disputes, lack of prohibitions to dismiss a certain public servant, an imbalance in the dismissal of public servant legal regulation and to the related guarantees, granting of payments and other rights and interests that should be implemented after a unfair dismissal of a public servant. The problems can be addressed and solved by adjusting the legal regulation, establishing a specified court for public service dispute resolution, applying the pre-court procedure for disputes concerning the dismissal of public servants, as well as including additional circumstances and prohibitions related to the dismissal of workers from the public service.
Disputes between the employee (public servant) and the employer (state or municipal authority) are inevitable in the public sector. Cases concerning this issue are solved in the country's regional administrative courts and the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania. This master's thesis dealt with the disputes concerning the public servant dismissal and its problematic aspects, the complex legal regulation and its application to practice. Final goal of the thesis – to assess the assurance of the interests of public servants in the process of disputes concerning dismissal from the public service, as well as to reveal the problematic aspects of the solution process of these disputes. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were made: 1) discuss the types of dismissal from the public service; 2) analyze the basic laws relating to the dismissal of public servants; 3) evaluate the institutions and their participation in the disputes concerning the dismissal of public servants; 4) analyze the basic principles which are implemented settling disputes concerning the dismissal of public servants, as well as their implementation in case law; 5) identify the problematic aspects of dispute concerning the dismissal of public servant resolution. Work methods: Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature analysis, statistical data analysis, summary of legislation and case law analysis. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the main theoretical concepts of dismissal of public servants – types of dismissal, dismissal legislation and the norms established in the law. The practical part of the thesis showcases the analysis of case law relating to the dismissal of public servants, as well as an empirical study – public servants questionnaire. The case law and questionnaire data analysis highlighted the problematic aspects of dispute resolution concerning the dismissal of public servants – complicated legal regulation and its uncertain application, complicated and unstable judicial practice, no pre-court settlement procedure for these type of disputes, lack of prohibitions to dismiss a certain public servant, an imbalance in the dismissal of public servant legal regulation and to the related guarantees, granting of payments and other rights and interests that should be implemented after a unfair dismissal of a public servant. The problems can be addressed and solved by adjusting the legal regulation, establishing a specified court for public service dispute resolution, applying the pre-court procedure for disputes concerning the dismissal of public servants, as well as including additional circumstances and prohibitions related to the dismissal of workers from the public service.
Summary Induced by information technologies, innovations and developing new social structures- globalization process increase every day. Information flows connects the world, starts to develop new mutual interests between countries. Many relevant national questions in one or another country become global. Today those problems slip from national power and so environmental, security, education, poverty questions becomes important for everyone. Actually countries start to collaborate by trying to stop or find certain decisions, how growing global problems could be controlled. That kind of collaboration illustrates not only development of foreign countries or increase of international relations, but also formation of international organizations. Although the authority institutions of all the highest international organizations plans the work politics, accepts certain international standards and member countries have to follow them and still every country that belongs to any international organization, can pursue national and global interest accomplishment. Even small politically and economically week countries can greatly contribute to solutions of global problems. Actually Lithuania is also that kind of country. Member of international organizations, this country pursue national and global goals. These goals can be accomplished by accurately planning actions, researching constantly changing environment and creating effective communication strategies. By applying actions and communication strategies of international organizations in Lithuania can be accomplished global goals of organization which is the object of this work. Selected and analyzed UNESCO and UNDP organizations, which are related with similar goals and mission. Active in Lithuania UNESCO and UNDP various ways reach for set tasks. In this work methods and communicative behavior of the organization will be analyzed. The goal of this work is to analyze in what ways global problems are solved in local context, what communication strategies are applied to accomplish international regional and local projects. Research revealed particular communicative strategies of organizations, that is to say information about the organization increase, society informative development also news and information exchange. Used analysis of secondary sources and qualitative interview methods gave the opportunity to analyze organizations more widely and closely. Activity reports showed specific communicative strategies accomplishment stages, steps, by which national and global goals of all international organizations are achieved. Interview method reveled, in what communication actions those steps are taken. After the research the presumption was proved, that important decisions are taken by using two – way flow of the information, when information spreads from member countries to headquarters of the organization, where structured information gets back to member countries in the form of various regulations, recommendations and conventions.
Summary Induced by information technologies, innovations and developing new social structures- globalization process increase every day. Information flows connects the world, starts to develop new mutual interests between countries. Many relevant national questions in one or another country become global. Today those problems slip from national power and so environmental, security, education, poverty questions becomes important for everyone. Actually countries start to collaborate by trying to stop or find certain decisions, how growing global problems could be controlled. That kind of collaboration illustrates not only development of foreign countries or increase of international relations, but also formation of international organizations. Although the authority institutions of all the highest international organizations plans the work politics, accepts certain international standards and member countries have to follow them and still every country that belongs to any international organization, can pursue national and global interest accomplishment. Even small politically and economically week countries can greatly contribute to solutions of global problems. Actually Lithuania is also that kind of country. Member of international organizations, this country pursue national and global goals. These goals can be accomplished by accurately planning actions, researching constantly changing environment and creating effective communication strategies. By applying actions and communication strategies of international organizations in Lithuania can be accomplished global goals of organization which is the object of this work. Selected and analyzed UNESCO and UNDP organizations, which are related with similar goals and mission. Active in Lithuania UNESCO and UNDP various ways reach for set tasks. In this work methods and communicative behavior of the organization will be analyzed. The goal of this work is to analyze in what ways global problems are solved in local context, what communication strategies are applied to accomplish international regional and local projects. Research revealed particular communicative strategies of organizations, that is to say information about the organization increase, society informative development also news and information exchange. Used analysis of secondary sources and qualitative interview methods gave the opportunity to analyze organizations more widely and closely. Activity reports showed specific communicative strategies accomplishment stages, steps, by which national and global goals of all international organizations are achieved. Interview method reveled, in what communication actions those steps are taken. After the research the presumption was proved, that important decisions are taken by using two – way flow of the information, when information spreads from member countries to headquarters of the organization, where structured information gets back to member countries in the form of various regulations, recommendations and conventions.
Summary Induced by information technologies, innovations and developing new social structures- globalization process increase every day. Information flows connects the world, starts to develop new mutual interests between countries. Many relevant national questions in one or another country become global. Today those problems slip from national power and so environmental, security, education, poverty questions becomes important for everyone. Actually countries start to collaborate by trying to stop or find certain decisions, how growing global problems could be controlled. That kind of collaboration illustrates not only development of foreign countries or increase of international relations, but also formation of international organizations. Although the authority institutions of all the highest international organizations plans the work politics, accepts certain international standards and member countries have to follow them and still every country that belongs to any international organization, can pursue national and global interest accomplishment. Even small politically and economically week countries can greatly contribute to solutions of global problems. Actually Lithuania is also that kind of country. Member of international organizations, this country pursue national and global goals. These goals can be accomplished by accurately planning actions, researching constantly changing environment and creating effective communication strategies. By applying actions and communication strategies of international organizations in Lithuania can be accomplished global goals of organization which is the object of this work. Selected and analyzed UNESCO and UNDP organizations, which are related with similar goals and mission. Active in Lithuania UNESCO and UNDP various ways reach for set tasks. In this work methods and communicative behavior of the organization will be analyzed. The goal of this work is to analyze in what ways global problems are solved in local context, what communication strategies are applied to accomplish international regional and local projects. Research revealed particular communicative strategies of organizations, that is to say information about the organization increase, society informative development also news and information exchange. Used analysis of secondary sources and qualitative interview methods gave the opportunity to analyze organizations more widely and closely. Activity reports showed specific communicative strategies accomplishment stages, steps, by which national and global goals of all international organizations are achieved. Interview method reveled, in what communication actions those steps are taken. After the research the presumption was proved, that important decisions are taken by using two – way flow of the information, when information spreads from member countries to headquarters of the organization, where structured information gets back to member countries in the form of various regulations, recommendations and conventions.
This aim of this Master's thesis is to carry out the analysis of health care quality of people serving imprisonment sentences. There are several works and studies of foreign authors on this theme, however Lithuania is unlikely to have at least one scientific work dealing with health care quality of prisoners. Non-governmental organizations and defenders of human rights draw attention to the serious existing problems of health care quality assurance in places of detention. The existing international, regional and national legislation establish a person's right to health, the best possible mental, emotional and social well-being. The prisoners are not an exception. It is noted that the freedoms of prisoners must be the same, equivalent health care services that are available in the country without discrimination based on their legal status. However, the practice is different. Persons that are in custodial places lose access to health care services that were available to them while they were outside of prison. Often in prison certain health care services are not available, what is more, when a person ends up in an imprisonment institution the treatment given while such person was free is unilaterally terminated and other treatment or no treatment at all is given, as an argument is given legal regulation, the treatment adjustment to the detention regime, as well as the environment. The paper has analyzed in detail the international, regional, national legislation and other documents, as well as case law of Lithuania and European Court of Human Rights relating to legal regulation and guarantee of health care of persons serving imprisonment sentences. In the international and regional level the right to health is established by common principles and standards, and in the national legislation according to the international and regional sources, the organizational features of the person's right to health care are provided in detail. As for the regulation of prisoners' health, it is a bit confusing in the same national law, i.e. the general and special regulations are intertwined. In the national law, in the norms of health protection the assurance features of prisoners' health care are often separately stated, and on the contrary, in some areas the prisoners' health care is determined exclusively by mere general regulation. Also, certain areas are regulated by both the general and the special laws. Concepts of general health health care includes preventive medical care, emergency medical services, diagnosis and treatment, rehabilitation, sanatorium treatment, and care. Prisoners' health care is derived from the principle of equality, and the content of this right is analogous to the content of the general concept of health care. Given the conditions of detention, treatment and other factors, the method of provision of these services and their scope may differ. However, these differences must be objectively and reasonably justified. Paper has analyzed the features of prisoner's health care according to the most problematic aspects. This part has been also intended to reveal the basic standards, principles and attitudes describing security of prisoners' health care. The right to quality mental health care is not assured for the persons serving prison sentences. Current legal regulations do not provide treatment according to the individual indications, ignores that individuals with mental illness are more vulnerable, and they need a higher level of constant care. The availability of adequate specialized health care institutions is not assured, the health care institutions of penitentiaries do not have authority to issue instructions for treatment in a specialized institution. Equivalent services are not assured, the general regulation of mental health care is not followed, forced hospitalization in specialized institutions is solved only on the basis of criminal law. It has also been found out that the persons serving imprisonment sentences are not guaranteed access to quality treatment of mental and behavior disorders caused by drugs or psychotropic substances. When a person ends up in an imprisonment institutions the continuity of treatment is not ensured, the treatment is unilaterally terminated by the prison doctor. The availability is not guaranteed, i.e. in places of detention such treatment that is available being free is not available (substitution supportive treatment). The access to rehabilitation for addiction is restricted, there are selection criteria, and violations of procedure deprive a person's right to rehabilitation for one year. Also, the persons serving imprisonment sentences are not guaranteed the right to good quality health care. If the person serving imprisonment sentence was recommended some treatment in a public health institution, but in the prison it is not possible to provide such treatment, it is replaced by a similar treatment or is terminated as unnecessary. Such treatment as rehabilitation is not possible at all. The main finding of the thesis is that health care services are ensured for the prisoners, but their quality is poor. It is officially declared that the health care services of equivalent quality must be available to prisoners as those available outside of prison, it is aimed to formally establish the provision of such services. However, the reality is different. There is stigmatization and discrimination of the prisoners' legal status from not only the prison authorities but also the courts. The equal health care is not ensured, as the existing legal regulation does not provide availability, continuity, and provision of health care services according to indications on individual and environmental factors, does not provide the strategy for health care services (for a dual legal regulation, the general and special, the legal clarity is lost). After a review of the European Court of Human Rights and the sources that discuss the prisoners' health, it must be concluded that because of the conditions of detention and the treatment itself, the objectively and reasonably justified differences in society and in prison in the area of health care vary in their extent, their method and order. However, the principle of equality ensures that the person does not lose the right to adequate, affordable preventive medical care, emergency medical services, diagnosis and treatment, rehabilitation, sanatorium treatment, and care. The study leads to the conclusion that the laws of the Republic of Lithuania do not guarantee high-quality health care services for the prisoners.
