秦漢地方都官研究. ; Regional du-guan during the Qin and Han dynasties ; CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collection ; Qin Han di fang du guan yan jiu
先秦時期,隨著列國戰事的劇烈,各國君主對國內山林藪澤資源需求亦愈加增強。為加強對這些自然資源的掌控,便導致了本文的研究對象--「地方都官」的出現。所謂「都官」,即中央機構的總稱,同時包括了真正處於中央的機構,及它們設於地方的分支單位。這些位於地方的都官,與它們的中央主幹機構一樣,屬於非治民官,與郡、縣等直接面對人民的治民官有所不同。 ; 本文首先嘗試對秦漢「地方都官」實際包括的各種機構作出考釋,並嘗試歸納地方都官的命名方式,以及對地方的縣級都官在漢代官僚系統中的地位進行探討。其次,本文又嘗試以鹽、鐵、田、工四種地方都官為例子,復原地方都官的行政架構,結果顯示,雖然這四種地方都官各自經歷了行政組織上的變革,但整體來說,四種地方都官組織的基本結構大致相同,擁有一套共用的五層組織結構。而在地方都官的裁判權方面,地方都官雖然擁有治獄、訊獄、覆獄的權力,但這種權力無疑只在處理屬吏瀆職罪行的行政程序時方可體現。事實上,地方都官在制度上雖屬中央官,但本身在行政上的各方面皆從屬於所在的郡、縣;這種二重的特質,在田官的個案身上便得到徹底的展現。 ; 最後,這些掌控帝國山林藪澤資源、為皇家服務的地方都官,因維持其生產的成本極其巨大,故在西漢末時便漸漸被廢置。至東漢時,那些還未廢置的地方都官,亦正式劃歸地方,成為隸屬於郡的機構,不復以往中央官的性格。 ; During the Warring States period, there was an increasing demand over natural resources. To have better control over these strategic resources, the central government departments established certain regional branch-offices. Unlike commanderies 郡 and counties 縣, these branch-offices, which similar to their central counterparts, were not responsible for civil affairs and were regarded as Dū-guān 都官. For the sake of convenience, these branch-offices are entitled in a somewhat contradictory way through the article --"regional Dū-guān 地方都官. ; Chapter 3 details the macro-organization of regional Dū-guān established during Qin and Han, summarizing a total of 23 different types of regional Dū-guān. It further places the regional Dū-guān under the bureaucratic system as a whole, examining their responsibilities and roles in Han bureaucracy. ; Chapter 4 narrows the scope of investigation by selecting four regional Dū-guān, namely, Offices of Salt and Iron 鹽、鐵官, Offices of Farming 田官, and Offices of Workmen 工官, using them as examples to reconstruct the administrative framework of regional Dū-guān. Astonishingly, although these regional Dū-guān had their own specialties, they did maintain a parallel administrative framework, reflecting their nature of not committing to civilian administrations. ; Chapter 5 follows a study on the jurisdiction of regional Dū-guān, elaborates that given a complete right in investigation, adjudication, and lawsuits reviews, ...